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Bose R, Jayawant M, Raut R, Lakkakula J, Roy A, Alghamdi S, Qusty NF, Sharma R, Verma D, Khandaker MU, Almujally A, Tamam N, Sulieman A. Cyclodextrin nanoparticles in targeted cancer theranostics. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1218867. [PMID: 37601050 PMCID: PMC10434568 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1218867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of cancer nanotheranostics is rapidly evolving, with cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanoparticles emerging as a promising tool. CDs, serving as nanocarriers, have higher adaptability and demonstrate immense potential in delivering powerful anti-cancer drugs, leading to promising and specific therapeutic outcomes for combating various types of cancer. The unique characteristics of CDs, combined with innovative nanocomplex creation techniques such as encapsulation, enable the development of potential theranostic treatments. The review here focuses mainly on the different techniques administered for effective nanotheranostics applications of CD-associated complex compounds in the domain of cancer treatments. The experimentations on various loaded drugs and their complex conjugates with CDs prove effective in in vivo results. Various cancers can have potential nanotheranostics cures using CDs as nanoparticles along with a highly efficient process of nanocomplex development and a drug delivery system. In conclusion, nanotheranostics holds immense potential for targeted drug delivery and improved therapeutic outcomes, offering a promising avenue for revolutionizing cancer treatments through continuous research and innovative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshnee Bose
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Maharsh Jayawant
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh Raut
- Department of Botany, The Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jaya Lakkakula
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Centre for Computational Biology and Translational Research, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naeem F. Qusty
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devvret Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Almujally
- Department of Biomedical Physics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nissren Tamam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Bhattacharya T, Shin GH, Kim JT. Carbon Dots: Opportunities and Challenges in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031019. [PMID: 36986879 PMCID: PMC10059251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, carbon dots (CDs) have been actively studied and reported for their various properties. In particular, the specific characteristics of carbon dots have been considered as a possible technique for cancer diagnosis and therapy. This is also a cutting-edge technology that offers fresh ideas for treating various disorders. Though carbon dots are still in their infancy and have not yet shown their value to society, their discovery has already resulted in some noteworthy advancements. The application of CDs indicates conversion in natural imaging. Photography using CDs has demonstrated extraordinary appropriateness in bio-imaging, the discovery of novel drugs, the delivery of targeted genes, bio-sensing, photodynamic therapy, and diagnosis. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of CDs, including their benefits, characteristics, applications, and mode of action. In this overview, many CD design strategies will be highlighted. In addition, we will discuss numerous studies on cytotoxic testing to demonstrate the safety of CDs. The current study will address the production method, mechanism, ongoing research, and application of CDs in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Bhattacharya
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye Hwa Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (G.H.S.); (J.T.K.)
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (G.H.S.); (J.T.K.)
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3
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Wei S, Shi X, Wang C, Zhang H, Jiang C, Sun G, Jiang C. Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots as sensitive fluorescence probes for selective recognition of cinnamaldehyde and l-Arginine/l-Lysine in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122039. [PMID: 36410179 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The disorder of amino acid metabolism and the abuse of small molecule drugs pose serious threats to public health. However, due to the limitations of existing detection technologies in sensing cinnamaldehyde (CAL) and l-Arginine/l-Lysine (l-Arg/l-Lys), there is an urgent need to develop new sensing strategies to meet the severe challenges currently facing. Herein, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were developed using a simple one-pot hydrothermal carbonization method. These N-CDs exhibited numerous distinctive characteristics such as excellent photoluminescence, high water dispersibility, favorable biocompatibility, and superior chemical inertness. Strikingly, the as-prepared CDs as a highly efficient fluorescent probe possessed significant sensitivity and selectivity toward CAL and l-Arg/l-Lys over other analytes with a low detection limit of 58 nM and 16 nM/18 nM, respectively. The fluorescence of N-CDs could be quenched by CAL through an electron transfer process. Then, the strong electrostatic interaction between l-Arg/l-Lys and N-CDs induced the efficient fluorescence recovery. More importantly, the outstanding biosafety and excellent analyte-responsive fluorescence characteristics of N-CDs have also been verified in living cells as well as in serum and urine. Overall, the N-CDs had a wide application prospect in the diagnosis of amino acid metabolic diseases and small molecule drug sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wei
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China; Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chenzhao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China; Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chunzhu Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Guoying Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China; Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, 2055 Yanan Street, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Chunhuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China.
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Saengsrichan A, Khemthong P, Wanmolee W, Youngjan S, Phanthasri J, Arjfuk P, Pongchaikul P, Ratchahat S, Posoknistakul P, Laosiripojana N, Wu KCW, Sakdaronnarong C. Platinum/carbon dots nanocomposites from palm bunch hydrothermal synthesis as highly efficient peroxidase mimics for ultra-low H2O2 sensing platform through dual mode of colorimetric and fluorescent detection. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1230:340368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Clustering of photoluminescent carbon quantum dots using biopolymers for biomedical applications. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Kundu S, Ghosh M, Sarkar N. State of the Art and Perspectives on the Biofunctionalization of Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters and Carbon Quantum Dots for Targeted Imaging and Drug Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9281-9301. [PMID: 34297580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interface of nanobio science and cancer nanomedicine is one of the most important current frontiers in research, being full of opportunities and challenges. Ultrasmall fluorescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising fluorescent nanomaterials due to their unique physicochemical and optical properties, facile surface functionalization, good photostability, biocompatibility, and aqueous dispersity. These characteristics make them advantageous over conventional fluorophores such as organic dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) for the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Recently, researchers have focused on the biofunctionalization strategy of the MNCs and CQDs which can tailor their physicochemical and biological properties and, in turn, can empower these biofunctionalized nanoprobes for diverse applications including imaging, drug delivery, theranostics, and other biomedical applications. In this invited feature article, we first discuss some fundamental structural and physicochemical characteristics of the fluorescent biocompatible quantum-sized nanomaterials which have some outstanding features for the development of multiplexed imaging probes, delivery vehicles, and cancer nanomedicine. We then demonstrate the diverse surface engineering of these fluorescent nanomaterials with reactive target specific functional groups which can help to construct multifunctional nanoprobes with improved targeting capabilities having minimal toxicity. The promising future of the biofunctionalized fluorescent quantum-sized nanomaterials in the field of bioanalytical and biomedical research is elaborately demonstrated, showing selected recent works with relevant applications. This invited feature article finally ends with a short discussion of the current challenges and future prospects of the development of these bioconjugated/biofunctionalized nanomaterials to provide insight into this burgeoning field of MNC- and CQD-based diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
| | - Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
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7
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Dzyazko Y, Ogenko V. Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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8
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Abstract
The tunable photoluminescent and photocatalytic properties of carbon dots (CDs) via chemical surface modification have drawn increased attention to this emerging class of carbon nanomaterials. Herein, we summarize the advances in CD synthesis and modification, with a focus on surface functionalization, element doping, passivation, and nanocomposite formation with metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides, or graphitic carbon nitrides. The effects of CD size and functionalization on photocatalytic properties are discussed, along with the photocatalytic applications of CDs in energy conversion, water splitting, hydrogen evolution, water treatment, and chemical degradation. In particular, the enzyme-mimetic and photodynamic applications of CDs for bio-related uses are thoroughly reviewed.
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Anthony AM, Murugan R, Subramanian R, Selvarangan GK, Pandurangan P, Dhanasekaran A, Sohrab A. Ultra-radiant photoluminescence of glutathione rigidified reduced carbon quantum dots (r-CQDs) derived from ice-biryani for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Sharma A, Das J. Small molecules derived carbon dots: synthesis and applications in sensing, catalysis, imaging, and biomedicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:92. [PMID: 31451110 PMCID: PMC6709552 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are the new fellow of carbon family having a size less than 10 nm and attracted much attention of researchers since the last decade because of their unique characteristics, such as inexpensive and facile synthesis methods, easy surface modification, excellent photoluminescence, outstanding water solubility, and low toxicity. Due to these unique characteristics, CDs have been extensively applied in different kind of scientific disciplines. For example in the photocatalytic reactions, drug-gene delivery system, in vitro and in vivo bioimaging, chemical and biological sensing as well as photodynamic and photothermal therapies. Mainly two types of methods are available in the literature to synthesize CDs: the top-down approach, which refers to breaking down a more massive carbon structure into nanoscale particles; the bottom-up approach, which refers to the synthesis of CDs from smaller carbon units (small organic molecules). Many review articles are available in the literature regarding the synthesis and applications of CDs. However, there is no such review article describing the synthesis and complete application of CDs derived from small organic molecules together. In this review, we have summarized the progress of research on CDs regarding its synthesis from small organic molecules (bottom-up approach) via hydrothermal/solvothermal treatment, microwave irradiation, ultrasonic treatment, and thermal decomposition techniques as well as applications in the field of bioimaging, drug/gene delivery system, fluorescence-based sensing, photocatalytic reactions, photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) and photo-thermal (PTT) therapy based on the available literature. Finally, the challenges and future direction of CDs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Solan, HP, 173229, India
| | - Joydeep Das
- School of Chemistry, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Solan, HP, 173229, India.
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11
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Hill SA, Sheikh S, Zhang Q, Sueiro Ballesteros L, Herman A, Davis SA, Morgan DJ, Berry M, Benito-Alifonso D, Galan MC. Selective photothermal killing of cancer cells using LED-activated nucleus targeting fluorescent carbon dots. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2840-2846. [PMID: 36133617 PMCID: PMC9417209 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective theranostic probes in cancer therapy is hampered due to issues with selectivity and off-target toxicity. We report the selective LED-photothermal ablation of cervical (HeLa) cancer cells over human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) using a new class of green-emissive fluorescent carbon dots (FCDs). The FCDs can be easily prepared in one pot using cheap and commercial starting materials. Physico-chemical characterization revealed that a surface coating of 2,5-deoxyfructosazine on a robust amorphous core gives rise to the nanomaterial's unique properties. We show that intracellular uptake mostly involves passive mechanisms in combination with intracellular DNA interactions to target the nucleus and that cancer cell selective killing is likely due to an increase in intracellular temperature in combination with ATP depletion, which is not observed upon exposure to either the "naked" core FCDs or the surface components individually. The selectivity of these nanoprobes and the lack of apparent production of toxic metabolic byproducts make these new nanomaterials promising agents in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Hill
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol UK
| | - Sadiyah Sheikh
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol UK
| | - Qiaoyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol UK
| | - Lorena Sueiro Ballesteros
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences Flow Cytometry Facility University Walk Bristol UK
| | - Andrew Herman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences Flow Cytometry Facility University Walk Bristol UK
| | - Sean A Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol UK
| | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff UK
| | - Monica Berry
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol UK
| | | | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol UK
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12
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Yan F, Sun Z, Zhang H, Sun X, Jiang Y, Bai Z. The fluorescence mechanism of carbon dots, and methods for tuning their emission color: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:583. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Ye W, Tang J, Wang Y, Cai X, Liu H, Lin J, Van der Bruggen B, Zhou S. Hierarchically structured carbon materials derived from lotus leaves as efficient electrocatalyst for microbial energy harvesting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:865-874. [PMID: 30818210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing a highly efficient, cost-effective, easily scalable and sustainable cathode for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a crucial challenge in terms of future "green" energy conversion technologies, e.g., microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, a natural and widely available lotus leaf with intrinsically hierarchical structure was employed to serve as the single precursor to prepare the catalyst applied as the MFC cathode. The hierarchically particle-coated bio‑carbon was self-constructed from the lotus leaf, which yielded a large specific surface area, highly porous structure and superhydrophobicity via facile pyrolysis coupling hydrothermal activation by ZnCl2/(NH4)2SO4. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrated that these natural leaf-derived carbons have an efficient ORR activity. Specifically, the HC-900 catalyst with hydrothermal activation achieved an onset potential of -0.015 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which was comparable to the commercial Pt/C catalyst (-0.010 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and was more efficient than the DC-900 catalyst through direct pyrolysis. Furthermore, the HC-900 catalyst achieved an outstanding ORR activity via a one-step and four-electron pathway, exhibiting a potential alternative to Pt/C as electrocatalyst in ORR, due to its better long-term durability and methanol resistance. Additionally, the HC-900 catalyst was applied as an effective electrocatalytic cathode in an MFC system with a maximum power density of 511.5 ± 25.6 mW⋅m-2, exhibiting a superior energy harvesting capacity to the Pt/C cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiahuan Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xixi Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiuyang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center for High-value Utilization Technology of Plant Resources, School of Environment and Resources, Qi Shan Campus, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, 350116 Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) is the newest member of carbon-based nanomaterials and one of the most promising for the development of new, advanced applications. Owing to their unique and unparalleled physicochemical and photoluminescent properties, they are considered to be a rising star among nanomaterials. During the last decade, many applications have been developed based on CNDs. Among others, they have been used as bioimaging agents to label cells and tissues. In this review, we will discuss the advancements in the applications of CNDs in in the field of imaging, in all types of organisms (i.e., prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and animals). Selective imaging of one type of cells over another, imaging of (bio)molecules inside cells and tumor-targeting imaging are some of the studies that will be discussed hereafter. We hope that this review will assist researchers with obtaining a holistic view of the developed applications and hit on new ideas so that more advanced applications can be developed in the near future.
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15
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Mintz KJ, Zhou Y, Leblanc RM. Recent development of carbon quantum dots regarding their optical properties, photoluminescence mechanism, and core structure. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4634-4652. [PMID: 30834912 PMCID: PMC6467229 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CDs) are a relatively new class of carbon nanomaterials which have been studied very much in the last fifteen years to improve their already favorable properties. The optical properties of CDs have drawn particular interest as they display the unusual trait of excitation-dependent emission, as well as high fluorescence quantum yields (QY), long photoluminescence (PL) decay lifetimes, and photostability. These qualities naturally lead researchers to apply CDs in the field of imaging (particularly bio-imaging) and sensing. Since the amount of publications regarding CDs has been growing nearly exponentially in the last ten years, many improvements have been made in the optical properties of CDs such as QY and PL lifetime. However, a great deal of confusion remains regarding the PL mechanism of CDs as well as their structural properties. Therefore, presented in this review is a summary and discussion of the QYs and PL lifetimes reported in recent years. The effect of method as well as precursor has been evaluated and discussed appropriately. The current theories regarding the PL mechanism of CDs are discussed, with special attention to the concept of surface state-controlled PL. With this knowledge, the improvement of preparation and applications of CDs related to their optical properties will be easily accomplished. Further improvements can be made to CDs through the understanding of their structural and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan J Mintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA.
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16
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Bhandari S, Mondal D, Nataraj SK, Balakrishna RG. Biomolecule-derived quantum dots for sustainable optoelectronics. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:913-936. [PMID: 36133200 PMCID: PMC9473190 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00332g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The diverse chemical functionalities and wide availability of biomolecules make them essential and cost-effective resources for the fabrication of zero-dimensional quantum dots (QDs, also known as bio-dots) with extraordinary properties, such as high photoluminescence quantum yield, tunable emission, photo and chemical stability, excellent aqueous solubility, scalability, and biocompatibility. The additional advantages of scalability, tunable optical features and presence of heteroatoms make them suitable alternatives to conventional metal-based semiconductor QDs in the field of bioimaging, biosensing, drug delivery, solar cells, photocatalysis, and light-emitting devices. Furthermore, a recent focus of the scientific community has been on QD-based sustainable optoelectronics due to the primary concern of partially mitigating the current energy demand without affecting the environment. Hence, it is noteworthy to focus on the sustainable optoelectronic applications of biomolecule-derived QDs, which have tunable optical features, biocompatibility and the scope of scalability. This review addresses the recent advances in the synthesis, properties, and optoelectronic applications of biomolecule-derived QDs (especially, carbon- and graphene-based QDs (C-QDs and G-QDs, respectively)) and discloses their merits and disadvantages, challenges and future prospects in the field of sustainable optoelectronics. In brief, the current review focuses on two major issues: (i) the advantages of two families of carbon nanomaterials (i.e. C-QDs and G-QDs) derived from biomolecules of various categories, for instance (a) plant extracts including fruits, flowers, leaves, seeds, peels, and vegetables; (b) simple sugars and polysaccharides; (c) different amino acids and proteins; (d) nucleic acids, bacteria and fungi; and (e) biomasses and their waste and (ii) their applications as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), display systems, solar cells, photocatalysts and photo detectors. This review will not only bring a new paradigm towards the construction of advanced, sustainable and environment-friendly optoelectronic devices using natural resources and waste, but also provides critical insights to inspire researchers ranging from material chemists and chemical engineers to biotechnologists to search for exciting developments of this field and consequently make an advance step towards future bio-optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyapriya Bhandari
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University) Jain Global Campus Bangalore 562112 India
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University) Jain Global Campus Bangalore 562112 India
| | - S K Nataraj
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University) Jain Global Campus Bangalore 562112 India
| | - R Geetha Balakrishna
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University) Jain Global Campus Bangalore 562112 India
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17
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Zhang Z, Lei Y, Yang X, Shi N, Geng L, Wang S, Zhang J, Shi S. High drug-loading system of hollow carbon dots-doxorubicin: preparation, in vitro release and pH-targeted research. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2130-2137. [PMID: 32073571 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hollow carbon dots (HCDs), as drug carriers, and doxorubicin (DOX), as a model drug, were selected to prepare a HCDs-DOX-loading system. First, HCDs were prepared by a hydrothermal method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), UV-vis absorption, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS). The HCDs were then used to load DOX. The drug-loading system of HCDs-DOX was characterized by zeta potential measurements, and UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. We then studied the drug loading, formation mechanism, cytotoxicity, in vitro release and pH-targeted properties. HCDs-DOX was found to have a high drug (DOX)-loading ratio (∼42.9%) and better sustained pH targeted-release and lower cytotoxicity than those of DOX. In the HCDs-DOX system, interactions between the HCDs and DOX were electrostatic resulting in the formation of -N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-via the coupling of -NH2 (on HCDs) and -C[double bond, length as m-dash]O (on DOX). In vitro release of HCDs-DOX conformed to the Weibull model and Fick diffusion, consistent with that of free DOX. We report, for the first time, that the: (i) functional groups on the HCD surfaces (not their hollow structure) play a key role in drug loading; (ii) the carrier (HCDs) did not change the in vitro release model or mechanism of DOX before and after loading by the HCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, P. R. China.
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18
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Fluorescent carbon dots as carriers for intracellular doxorubicin delivery and track. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Luminescent Sol-Gel Glasses from Silicate–Citrate–(Thio)Ureate Precursors. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in synthesis and analysis of the composites based on silica and carbon quantum dots have revealed great potential of such systems in bioimaging, sensor, as well as solid-state lighting applications. Most of the synthetic methods for obtaining such materials are still relatively complex and costly. The aim of this work was to study the luminescent properties of silica-based composites prepared by the simple sol-gel method using low-cost silicate–citrate–(thio)ureate precursors. The glassy composites were prepared by acid hydrolysis of ethyl silicate (40%) in aqueous solution of citric acid ureates or thioureates with the citric acid-to-(thio)urea molar ratio of 1:1, 1:1.5 or 1:3. The results of spectrofluorimetric analysis have shown that heat-treated at 270 °C such silica gels upon UV excitation (with an optimum at λexc = 360 nm) emit light in a visible spectrum (400–600 nm). Upon this, photoluminescence efficiency of ureate-derived glasses (quantum yield 70.53% for 1:1.5 sample) appeared to be much higher than that for thioureate-derived glasses (quantum yield 11.25% for 1:3 sample) suggesting that the preparation conditions to obtain the glasses with optimal photoluminescence characteristics are quite different in case of urea and thiourea. Thus, citrate–ureate-derived silica glasses already demonstrate very good potential to be efficient materials for different fluorescence-related applications.
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20
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Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) have been extensively utilized as responsive drug nanocarriers to deliver anticancer agents, owing to their facile preparation, excellent water solubility, good photostability, and high quantum yield. Herein, we summarize the protocols for the synthesis and application of responsive CDs toward anticancer drug delivery both in vitro and in vivo. Specially, this chapter includes the preparation and structural characterization of CDs and anticancer prodrug-loaded CDs, in vitro anticancer drug release, in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging, and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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21
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Ghosal K, Ghosh A. Carbon dots: The next generation platform for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 96:887-903. [PMID: 30606603 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the wide range of carbon family nanomaterials, carbon dots (CDs) one of the promising candidate which has attracted tremendous attention due to its unique advantages such as facile synthesis procedure, easy surface functionalization, outstanding water solubility, low toxicity and excellent photo-physical properties. Due to these unique advantages, CDs are extensively used in catalysis, electronics, sensing, power as well as in biological sectors. In this review we will discuss recent progress in synthesis, structure and fluorescence properties of CDs with special highlight on its biomedical applications, more precisely we will highlight on CDs, for drug/gene delivery, bioimaging and photothermal and photodynamic therapy applications. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges and future perspective of CDs in the field of biomedical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Ghosal
- Department of Polymer Science & Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
| | - Ashis Ghosh
- Materials Science Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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22
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Pei M, Pai JY, Du P, Liu P. Facile Synthesis of Fluorescent Hyper-Cross-Linked β-Cyclodextrin-Carbon Quantum Dot Hybrid Nanosponges for Tumor Theranostic Application with Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4084-4091. [PMID: 30040427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent hyper-cross-linked β-cyclodextrin-carbon quantum dot (β-CD-CQD) hybrid nanosponges of about 200 nm with excellent biocompatibility and strong bright blue fluorescence excited at 365 nm with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 38.0% were synthesized for tumor theranostic application by facile condensation polymerization of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) at a feeding ratio of 1:5. The DOX@β-CD-CQD theranostic nanomedicine, around 300 nm with DOX-loading capacity of 39.5% by loading doxorubicin (DOX) via host-guest complexation, showed a pH responsive controlled release and released DOX in the simulated tumor microenvironment in a sustained release mode, owing to the formation constant in the supramolecular complexation of DOX with the β-CD units in the β-CD-CQD nanosponges. The proposed DOX@β-CD-CQD theranostic nanomedicine could be internalized into HepG2 cells, and the released DOX was accumulated into the cell nuclei, demonstrating an antitumor efficacy more enhanced than that of the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Jui-Yu Pai
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30043 , Taiwan
| | - Pengcheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , China
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23
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Pal T, Mohiyuddin S, Packirisamy G. Facile and Green Synthesis of Multicolor Fluorescence Carbon Dots from Curcumin: In Vitro and in Vivo Bioimaging and Other Applications. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:831-843. [PMID: 30023790 PMCID: PMC6044881 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Early detection is the critical phase in the prognostic strategy of various life-threatening maladies like infectious diseases and cancer. The mortality rate caused by these diseases could be considerably reduced if they were diagnosed in the early stages of disease development. Carbon dots (C-dots), a relatively new and promising candidate in the fluorescent nanomaterial category, possess a perceptible impact on various bioapplications. Herein, we report a one-step facile hydrothermal synthesis that yields a novel surface-passivated carbon dot (CDP) from curcumin (as a green substrate) displaying high aqueous solubility. The physico-chemical characterization of thus synthesized C-dots was accomplished by an UV-visible spectrophotometer, fluorescence spectrophotometer, zetasizer, TEM, and FE-SEM to understand the formation of carbon dots with a 4-5 nm size near spherical nanoparticle with high colloidal stability. E. coli DH5α was engaged as the Gram-negative test organism and S. aureus as the Gram-positive in the biolabeling of bacteria. Cancer cell lines including colon cancer (HCT-15), lung cancer (A549), and mouse fibroblast (NIH 3T3) were evaluated and resulted in good biolabeling potential and less cytotoxicity. Zebrafish (ASWT) embryos as an animal model system were bioimaged, and in vivo toxicity was inferred. Moreover, the synthesized C-dots were shown to have free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner. The unpassivated C-dots (CD) were found to sense ferric ions at the micromolar concentration level. The findings of our study suggest that the multifunctional potentiality of CDPs serves as high-performance optical nanoprobes and can be a suitable alternative for various biolabeling and contrasting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tathagata Pal
- Nanobiotechnology
Laboratory, Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of
Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shanid Mohiyuddin
- Nanobiotechnology
Laboratory, Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of
Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Nanobiotechnology
Laboratory, Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of
Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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24
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Konar S, Samanta D, Mandal S, Das S, Mahto MK, Shaw M, Mandal M, Pathak A. Selective and sensitive detection of cinnamaldehyde by nitrogen and sulphur co-doped carbon dots: a detailed systematic study. RSC Adv 2018; 8:42361-42373. [PMID: 35558411 PMCID: PMC9092083 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09285k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots (NSCDs) have been used as a fluorescent probe for the sensitive and selective detection of clinically important organic aldehyde cinnamaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Konar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Dipanjan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - Subhajit Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata
- India
| | - Subhayan Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
| | | | - Manisha Shaw
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
| | - Amita Pathak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur
- India
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25
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Pandey S, Gedda GR, Thakur M, Bhaisare ML, Talib A, Khan MS, Wu SM, Wu HF. Theranostic carbon dots ‘clathrate-like’ nanostructures for targeted photo-chemotherapy and bioimaging of cancer. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Bright carbon dots as fluorescence sensing agents for bacteria and curcumin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 501:341-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Hill S, Galan MC. Fluorescent carbon dots from mono- and polysaccharides: synthesis, properties and applications. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:675-693. [PMID: 28503203 PMCID: PMC5405683 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots (FCDs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials made from carbon sources that have been hailed as potential non-toxic replacements to traditional semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Particularly in the areas of live imaging and drug delivery, due to their water solubility, low toxicity and photo- and chemical stability. Carbohydrates are readily available chiral biomolecules in nature which offer an attractive and cheap starting material from which to synthesise FCDs with distinct features and interesting applications. This mini-review article will cover the progress in the development of FCDs prepared from carbohydrate sources with an emphasis on their synthesis, functionalization and technical applications, including discussions on current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hill
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - M Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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28
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Liu Y, Zhou L, Li Y, Deng R, Zhang H. Highly fluorescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots with excellent thermal and photo stability applied as invisible ink for loading important information and anti-counterfeiting. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:491-496. [PMID: 27905619 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High quantum yields (QY) and stable performances are prerequisites for implementing carbon dots in practical applications. In this study, we demonstrate that nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs), which were prepared via the hydrothermal treatment of citric acid (CA) and tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl aminomethane (Tris), have a high QY of 75%, together with excellent thermal and photo stability. These N-CDs deliver an excellent thermal stability performance over the temperature range of 25 °C to 95 °C, and even at a heating temperature of 90 °C for 360 min. Upon exposure to UV illumination with a radiant intensity of 20 mW cm-2, 96% fluorescence intensity is retained. This florescence stability performance is probably due to the chemical composition and steric effect of the nitrogen-doping agent. Furthermore, the remarkable optical properties of these N-CDs allow them to be used as invisible ink for loading important information and advanced anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Krishna AS, Radhakumary C, Priya SS, Ramesan RM, Sreenivasan K. Methotrexate anchored carbon dots as theranostic probes: digitonin conjugation enhances cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11660d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Digitonin conjugation significantly improves the theranostic potential of methotrexate amended carbon dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Shanti Krishna
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis
- Bio Medical Technology Wing
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695012
- India
| | - C. Radhakumary
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis
- Bio Medical Technology Wing
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695012
- India
| | - S. S. Priya
- Division of Biosurface Technology
- Biomedical Technology Wing
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695012
- India
| | - Rekha M. Ramesan
- Division of Biosurface Technology
- Biomedical Technology Wing
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695012
- India
| | - K. Sreenivasan
- Laboratory for Polymer Analysis
- Bio Medical Technology Wing
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram-695012
- India
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30
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Yang C, Ogaki R, Hansen L, Kjems J, Teo BM. Theranostic carbon dots derived from garlic with efficient anti-oxidative effects towards macrophages. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16874k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent garlic carbon dots with superior photostability are synthesizedviamicrowave assisted heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Yang
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
| | - Ryosuke Ogaki
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
| | - Line Hansen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
| | - Boon Mian Teo
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
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