1
|
Boer DD, Siberie Q, Siegler MA, Ferber TH, Moritz DC, Hofmann JP, Hetterscheid DGH. On the Homogeneity of a Cobalt-Based Water Oxidation Catalyst. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4597-4607. [PMID: 35465245 PMCID: PMC9016703 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The homogeneity of
molecular Co-based water oxidation catalysts
(WOCs) has been a subject of debate over the last 10 years as assumed
various homogeneous Co-based WOCs were found to actually form CoOx under operating conditions. The homogeneity
of the Co(HL) (HL = N,N-bis(2,2′-bipyrid-6-yl)amine) system was investigated
with cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance,
and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained experimental results
were compared with heterogeneous CoOx.
Although it is shown that Co(HL) interacts with the electrode
during electrocatalysis, the formation of CoOx was not observed. Instead, a molecular deposit of Co(HL) was found to be formed on the electrode surface. This study
shows that deposition of catalytic material is not necessarily linked
to the decomposition of homogeneous cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daan den Boer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, RA, Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Quentin Siberie
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, RA, Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore 21218 Maryland, United States
| | - Thimo H. Ferber
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Dominik C. Moritz
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hessels J, Yu F, Detz RJ, Reek JNH. Potential- and Buffer-Dependent Catalyst Decomposition during Nickel-Based Water Oxidation Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5625-5631. [PMID: 32959962 PMCID: PMC7702101 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The production of hydrogen by water electrolysis benefits from the development of water oxidation catalysts. This development process can be aided by the postulation of design rules for catalytic systems. The analysis of the reactivity of molecular complexes can be complicated by their decomposition under catalytic conditions into nanoparticles that may also be active. Such a misinterpretation can lead to incorrect design rules. In this study, the nickel-based water oxidation catalyst [NiII (meso-L)](ClO4 )2 , which was previously thought to operate as a molecular catalyst, is found to decompose to form a NiOx layer in a pH 7.0 phosphate buffer under prolonged catalytic conditions, as indicated by controlled potential electrolysis, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Interestingly, the formed NiOx layer desorbs from the surface of the electrode under less anodic potentials. Therefore, no nickel species can be detected on the electrode after electrolysis. Catalyst decomposition is strongly dependent on the pH and buffer, as there is no indication of NiOx layer formation at pH 6.5 in phosphate buffer nor in a pH 7.0 acetate buffer. Under these conditions, the activity stems from a molecular species, but currents are much lower. This study demonstrates the importance of in situ characterization methods for catalyst decomposition and metal oxide layer formation, and previously proposed design elements for nickel-based catalysts need to be revised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Hessels
- HomogeneousSupramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan ‘t Hoff institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Fengshou Yu
- HomogeneousSupramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan ‘t Hoff institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Remko J. Detz
- TNO Energy Transition, Energy Transition StudiesRadarweg 601043 NTAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- HomogeneousSupramolecular and Bio-Inspired CatalysisVan ‘t Hoff institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdam (TheNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van Dijk B, Rodriguez GM, Wu L, Hofmann JP, Macchioni A, Hetterscheid DGH. The Influence of the Ligand in the Iridium Mediated Electrocatalyic Water Oxidation. ACS Catal 2020; 10:4398-4410. [PMID: 32280560 PMCID: PMC7137537 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Electrochemical
water oxidation is the bottleneck of electrolyzers
as even the best catalysts, iridium and ruthenium oxides, have to
operate at significant overpotentials. Previously, the position of
a hydroxyl on a series of hydroxylpicolinate ligands was found to
significantly influence the activity of molecular iridium catalysts
in sacrificial oxidant driven water oxidation. In this study, these
catalysts were tested under electrochemical conditions and benchmarked
to several other known molecular iridium catalysts under the exact
same conditions. This allowed us to compare these catalysts directly
and observe whether structure–activity relationships would
prevail under electrochemical conditions. Using both electrochemical
quartz crystal microbalance experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
we found that all studied iridium complexes form an iridium deposit
on the electrode with binding energies ranging from 62.4 to 62.7 eV
for the major Ir 4f7/2 species. These do not match the
binding energies found for the parent complexes, which have a broader
binding energy range from 61.7 to 62.7 eV and show a clear relationship
to the electronegativity induced by the ligands. Moreover, all catalysts
performed the electrochemical water oxidation in the same order of
magnitude as the maximum currents ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 mA cm–2 once more without clear structure–activity
relationships. In addition, by employing 1H NMR spectroscopy
we found evidence for Cp* breakdown products such as acetate. Electrodeposited
iridium oxide from ligand free [Ir(OH)6]2– or a colloidal iridium oxide nanoparticles solution produces currents
almost 2 orders of magnitude higher with a maximum current of 11 mA
cm–2. Also, this deposited material contains, apart
from an Ir 4f7/2 species at 62.4 eV, an Ir species at 63.6
eV, which is not observed for any deposit formed by the molecular
complexes. Thus, the electrodeposited material of the complexes cannot
be directly linked to bulk iridium oxide. Small IrOx clusters
containing few Ir atoms with partially incorporated ligand residues
are the most likely option for the catalytically active electrodeposit.
Our results emphasize that structure–activity relationships
obtained with sacrificial oxidants do not necessarily translate to
electrochemical conditions. Furthermore, other factors, such as electrodeposition
and catalyst degradation, play a major role in the electrochemically
driven water oxidation and should thus be considered when optimizing
molecular catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas van Dijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Menendez Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Longfei Wu
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CIRCC, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Olivares M, van der Ham CJM, Mdluli V, Schmidtendorf M, Müller‐Bunz H, Verhoeven TWGM, Li M, Niemantsverdriet JW(H, Hetterscheid DGH, Bernhard S, Albrecht M. Relevance of Chemical vs. Electrochemical Oxidation of Tunable Carbene Iridium Complexes for Catalytic Water Oxidation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Olivares
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3, CH ‐3012 Bern Switzerland
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | | | - Velabo Mdluli
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Helge Müller‐Bunz
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Tiny W. G. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3, CH ‐3012 Bern Switzerland
- School of Chemistry University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Buitendach BE, Conradie J, Malan FP, Niemantsverdriet JWH, Swarts JC. Synthesis, Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry in Relation to DFT Computed Energies of Ferrocene- and Ruthenocene-Containing -Diketonato Iridium(III) Heteroleptic Complexes. Structure of [(2-Pyridylphenyl) 2Ir(RcCOCHCOCH 3]. Molecules 2019; 24:E3923. [PMID: 31671705 PMCID: PMC6864483 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new ferrocene- and ruthenocene-containing iridium(III) heteroleptic complexes of the type [(ppy)2Ir(RCOCHCOR')], with ppy = 2-pyridylphenyl, R = Fc = FeII(η5-C5H4)(η5-C5H5) and R' = CH3 (1) or Fc (2), as well as R = Rc = RuII(η5-C5H4)(η5-C5H5) and R' = CH3 (3), Rc (4) or Fc (5) was synthesized via the reaction of appropriate metallocene-containing β-diketonato ligands with [(ppy)2(-Cl)Ir]2. The single crystal structure of 3 (monoclinic, P21/n, Z = 4) is described. Complexes 1-5 absorb light strongly in the region 280-480 nm the metallocenyl -diketonato substituents quench phosphorescence in 1-5. Cyclic and square wave voltammetric studies in CH2Cl2/[N(nBu)4][B(C6F5)4] allowed observation of a reversible IrIII/IV redox couple as well as well-resolved ferrocenyl (Fc) and ruthenocenyl (Rc) one-electron transfer steps in 1-5. The sequence of redox events is in the order Fc oxidation, then IrIII oxidation and finally ruthenocene oxidation, all in one-electron transfer steps. Generation of IrIV quenched phosphorescence in 6, [(ppy)2Ir(H3CCOCHCOCH3)]. This study made it possible to predict the IrIII/IV formal reduction potential from Gordy scale group electronegativities, χR and/or ΣχR' of -diketonato pendent side groups as well as from DFT-calculated energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the species involved in the IrIII/IV oxidation at a 98 % accuracy level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Frederick P Malan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | | | - Jannie C Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Langerman M, Hetterscheid DGH. Fast Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by a Copper(II) Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine Complex through a Stepwise Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12974-12978. [PMID: 31339205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic pathways for the reduction of dioxygen can either lead to the formation of water or peroxide as the reaction product. We demonstrate that the electrocatalytic reduction of O2 by the pyridylalkylamine copper complex [Cu(tmpa)(L)]2+ in a neutral aqueous solution follows a stepwise 4 e- /4 H+ pathway, in which H2 O2 is formed as a detectable intermediate and subsequently reduced to H2 O in two separate catalytic reactions. These homogeneous catalytic reactions are shown to be first order in catalyst. Coordination of O2 to CuI was found to be the rate-determining step in the formation of the peroxide intermediate. Furthermore, electrochemical studies of the reaction kinetics revealed a high turnover frequency of 1.5×105 s-1 , the highest reported for any molecular copper catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Langerman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis G H Hetterscheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, P.O Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Langerman M, Hetterscheid DGH. Fast Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by a Copper(II) Tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine Complex through a Stepwise Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Langerman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Gorlaeus Laboratories P.O Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dennis G. H. Hetterscheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Gorlaeus Laboratories P.O Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fukuzumi S, Lee YM, Nam W. Kinetics and mechanisms of catalytic water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:779-798. [PMID: 30560964 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms of thermal and photochemical oxidation of water with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, including conversion from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysts in the course of water oxidation, are discussed in this review article. Molecular and homogeneous catalysts have the advantage to clarify the catalytic mechanisms by detecting active intermediates in catalytic water oxidation. On the other hand, heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts have advantages for practical applications due to high catalytic activity, robustness and easier separation of catalysts by filtration as compared with molecular homogeneous precursors. Ligand oxidation of homogeneous catalysts sometimes results in the dissociation of ligands to form nanoparticles, which act as much more efficient catalysts for water oxidation. Since it is quite difficult to identify active intermediates on the heterogeneous catalyst surface, the mechanism of water oxidation has hardly been clarified under heterogeneous catalytic conditions. This review focuses on the kinetics and mechanisms of catalytic water oxidation with homogeneous catalysts, which may be converted to heterogeneous nanoparticle catalysts depending on various reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Activation pathways taking place at molecular copper precatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Hetterscheid DGH. In operando studies on the electrochemical oxidation of water mediated by molecular catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10622-10631. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This feature article describes on-line studies regarding the water oxidation reaction mediated by molecular catalysts.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abril P, del Rı́o MP, Tejel C, Verhoeven TWGM, Niemantsverdriet JWH, Van der Ham CJM, Kottrup KG, Hetterscheid DGH. Detangling Catalyst Modification Reactions from the Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Online Mass Spectrometry. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Abril
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Pilar del Rı́o
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Tejel
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis
Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tiny W. G. M. Verhoeven
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Konstantin G. Kottrup
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|