1
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Han L, Liu T, Wang H, Luan X. Palladium-Catalyzed Alkenyl C-H Activation/Diamination toward Tetrahydrocarbazole and Analogs Using Hydroxylamines as Single-Nitrogen Sources. Org Lett 2023; 25:58-63. [PMID: 36542630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed alkenyl C-H activation/diamination reaction of cycloalkenyl bromoarenes with hydroxylamines is described. A wide range of tetrahydrocarbazoles and analogs has been prepared using fine-tuning bifunctional secondary hydroxylamines as the single-nitrogen sources. Mechanistic investigations suggest that the selective alkenyl C-H activation/diamination cascade process should build the N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Tingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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2
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Van Emelen L, Lemmens V, Marquez C, Van Minnebruggen S, Usoltsev OA, Bugaev AL, Janssens K, Cheung KY, Van Velthoven N, De Vos DE. Cu-α-diimine Compounds Encapsulated in Porous Materials as Catalysts for Electrophilic Amination of Aromatic C-H Bonds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51867-51880. [PMID: 36349551 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic amination has emerged as a more environmentally benign approach to construct arene C-N bonds. However, heterogeneous catalysts remain largely unexplored in this area, even though their use could facilitate product purification and catalyst recovery. Here we investigate strategies to heterogenize a Cu(2,2'-bipyridine) catalyst for the amination of arenes lacking a directing group with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA). Besides immobilization of Cu on a metal-organic framework (MOF) or covalent organic framework (COF) with embedded 2,2'-bipyridines, a ship-in-a-bottle approach was followed in which the Cu complex is encapsulated in the pores of a zeolite. Recyclability and hot centrifugation tests show that zeolite Beta-entrapped CuII(2,2'-bipyridine) is superior in terms of stability. With N-methylmorpholine as a weakly coordinating, weak base, simple arenes, such as mesitylene, could be aminated with yields up to 59%, corresponding to a catalyst TON of 24. The zeolite could be used in three consecutive runs without a decrease in activity. Characterization of the catalyst by EPR and XAS showed that the active catalytic complex consisted of a site-isolated CuII species with one 2,2'-bipyridine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Van Emelen
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Post Box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Vincent Lemmens
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Post Box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Carlos Marquez
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Post Box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Sam Van Minnebruggen
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Post Box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Oleg A Usoltsev
- The Smart Materials Research Institute at the Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Aram L Bugaev
- The Smart Materials Research Institute at the Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Kwinten Janssens
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Post Box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Ka Yan Cheung
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Post Box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Niels Van Velthoven
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Post Box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Dirk E De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Post Box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium
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3
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Kong F, Chen S, Chen J, Liu C, Zhu W, Dickie DA, Schinski WL, Zhang S, Ess DH, Gunnoe TB. Cu(II) carboxylate arene C─H functionalization: Tuning for nonradical pathways. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1594. [PMID: 36001664 PMCID: PMC9401614 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report carbon-hydrogen acetoxylation of nondirected arenes benzene and toluene, as well as related functionalization with pivalate and 2-ethylhexanoate ester groups, using simple copper(II) [Cu(II)] salts with over 80% yield. By changing the ratio of benzene and Cu(II) salts, 2.4% conversion of benzene can be reached. Combined experimental and computational studies results indicate that the arene carbon-hydrogen functionalization likely occurs by a nonradical Cu(II)-mediated organometallic pathway. The Cu(II) salts used in the reaction can be isolated, recycled, and reused with little change in reactivity. In addition, the Cu(II) salts can be regenerated in situ using oxygen and, after the removal of the generated water, the arene carbon-hydrogen acetoxylation and related esterification reactions can be continued, which leads to a process that enables recycling of Cu(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanji Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Shusen Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA
| | - Junqi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Weihao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA
| | - T. Brent Gunnoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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4
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Van Emelen L, Henrion M, Lemmens R, De Vos D. C–N coupling reactions with arenes through C–H activation: the state-of-the-art versus the principles of green chemistry. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01827b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we discuss the state-of-the-art in arene C–N coupling through C–H activation and to what extent it complies with the principles of green chemistry, with a focus on heterogeneously catalysed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Van Emelen
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven Chem & Tech, Celestijnenlaan 200F Postbox 2454, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Henrion
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven Chem & Tech, Celestijnenlaan 200F Postbox 2454, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven Chem & Tech, Celestijnenlaan 200F Postbox 2454, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven Chem & Tech, Celestijnenlaan 200F Postbox 2454, Heverlee, Belgium
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5
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Shi Y, Bai W, Mu W, Li J, Yu J, Lian B. Research Progress on Density Functional Theory Study of Palladium-Catalyzed C—H Functionalization to Form C—X (X=O, N, F, I, …) Bonds. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Biswas A, Maity S, Pan S, Samanta R. Transition Metal‐Catalysed Direct C−H Bond Functionalizations of 2‐Pyridone Beyond C3‐Selectivity. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2092-2109. [PMID: 32500612 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Biswas
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
| | - Saurabh Maity
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
- Current Address: Institute of Organic and Biomolecular ChemistryGeorg-August University Goettingen 37077 Germany
| | - Subarna Pan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
| | - Rajarshi Samanta
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal India
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7
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Fan L, Hao J, Yu J, Ma X, Liu J, Luan X. Hydroxylamines As Bifunctional Single-Nitrogen Sources for the Rapid Assembly of Diverse Tricyclic Indole Scaffolds. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6698-6707. [PMID: 32182059 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Conventional approaches on using hydroxylamine derivatives as single nitrogen sources, for the construction of n-membered (n > 3) N-heterocycles, rely upon two chemical operations by involving sequential nucleophilic and electrophilic C-N bond formations. Here, we report a highly efficient cascade of alkyne insertion/C-H activation/amination for the rapid preparation of a myriad of tricyclic indoles, in a single-step transformation, by using bifunctional secondary hydroxylamines. It is noteworthy that judicious selection of applicable amino agents, for enabling the prior oxidative addition of aryl iodide to initial Pd(0) species and subsequent two C-N bonds formation, was the key to the success of this reaction. Control experiments indicated that a five-membered palladacyclic intermediate played a crucial role in promoting the final aminative ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jiamao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jingxun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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8
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Xin J, Leng F. N‐Arylation of Fluoroalkylamine and Trifluoroacetamide through Cu–Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xin
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesCapital Medical University No.11 Xitoutiao outside You'anmen Beijing 100069 P. R. China
| | - Faqiang Leng
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesCapital Medical University No.11 Xitoutiao outside You'anmen Beijing 100069 P. R. China
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9
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Cabrera PJ, Lee M, Sanford MS. Second-Generation Palladium Catalyst System for Transannular C-H Functionalization of Azabicycloalkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5599-5606. [PMID: 29652497 PMCID: PMC5956530 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a second-generation catalyst system for the transannular C-H functionalization of alicyclic amines. Pyridine- and quinoline-carboxylate ligands are shown to be highly effective for increasing the reaction rate, yield, and scope of Pd-catalyzed transannular C-H arylation reactions of azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, and piperidine derivatives. Mechanistic studies reveal that the pyridine/quinoline-carboxylates play a role in impeding both reversible and irreversible catalyst decomposition pathways. These ligands enable the first reported examples of the transannular C-H arylation of the ubiquitous tropane, 7-azanorbornane, and homotropane cores. Finally, the pyridine/quinoline-carboxylates are shown to promote both transannular C-H arylation and transannular C-H dehydrogenation on a homotropane substrate.
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10
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Wang D, Weinstein AB, White PB, Stahl SS. Ligand-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation Reactions. Chem Rev 2017; 118:2636-2679. [PMID: 28975795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions have been the focus of industrial application and extensive research efforts for nearly 60 years. A significant transition occurred in this field approximately 20 years ago, with the introduction of catalysts supported by ancillary ligands. The ligands play crucial roles in the reactions, including promotion of direct oxidation of palladium(0) by O2, bypassing the typical requirement for Cu salts or related redox cocatalysts to facilitate oxidation of the reduced Pd catalyst; facilitation of key bond-breaking and bond-forming steps during substrate oxidation; and modulation of chemo-, regio-, or stereoselectivity of a reaction. The use of ligands has contributed to significant expansion of the scope of accessible aerobic oxidation reactions. Increased understanding of the role of ancillary ligands should promote the development of new synthetic transformations, enable improved control over the reaction selectivity, and improve catalyst activity and stability. This review surveys the different ligands that have been used to support palladium-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions and, where possible, describes mechanistic insights into the role played by the ancillary ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Adam B Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Paul B White
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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11
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Wang A, Venditto NJ, Darcy JW, Emmert MH. Nondirected, Cu-Catalyzed sp 3 C-H Aminations with Hydroxylamine-Based Amination Reagents: Catalytic and Mechanistic Studies. Organometallics 2017; 36:1259-1268. [PMID: 31223182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the use of hydroxylamine-based amination reagents RSO2NH-OAc for the nondirected, Cu-catalyzed amination of benzylic C-H bonds. The amination reagents can be prepared on a gram scale, are benchtop stable, and provide benzylic C-H amination products with up to 86% yield. Mechanistic studies of the established reactivity with toluene as substrate reveal a ligand-promoted, Cu-catalyzed mechanism proceeding through Ph-CH2(NTsOAc) as a major intermediate. Stoichiometric reactivity of Ph-CH2(NTsOAc) to produce Ph-CH2-NHTs suggests a two-cycle, radical pathway for C-H amination, in which the decomposition of the employed diimine ligands plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Nicholas J Venditto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Julia W Darcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Marion H Emmert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
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12
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Park J, Lee J, Buckley C, Chang S. Iterative C-H Functionalization Leading to Multiple Amidations of Anilides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4256-4260. [PMID: 28294489 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyaminobenzenes were synthesized by the ruthenium-catalyzed iterative C-H amidation of anilides using dioxazolones as an amino source. This strategy could be implemented by the sequential activation of C-H bonds of formerly generated compounds by cascade chelation assistance of newly installed amide groups. Computational studies provided a rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Park J, Lee J, Chang S. Iterative C−H Functionalization Leading to Multiple Amidations of Anilides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juhyeon Park
- Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jia Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization; Institute for Basic Science (IBS); Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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14
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Iturmendi A, Sanz Miguel PJ, Popoola SA, Al-Saadi AA, Iglesias M, Oro LA. Dimethylphosphinate bridged binuclear Rh(i) catalysts for the alkoxycarbonylation of aromatic C–H bonds. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:16955-16965. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of binuclear rhodium(i) complexes featuring two bridging dimethylphosphinate ligands ((CH3)2PO2−) have been prepared and tested in the alkoxycarbonylation of aromatic C–H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Iturmendi
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza – CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Pablo J. Sanz Miguel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza – CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Saheed A. Popoola
- Chemistry Department
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Al-Saadi
- Chemistry Department
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Manuel Iglesias
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza – CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Luis A. Oro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica – Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH
- Universidad de Zaragoza – CSIC
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
- Center of Research Excellence in Petroleum Refining & Petrochemicals
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