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Kim DH, Lee HJ, Park D, Yim JH, Choi HK. Fabrication of a nanoscale 2D PEDOT pattern via the combination of colloidal lithography and vapor phase polymerization for application in transparent, highly sensitive bending sensors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4620-4627. [PMID: 36776102 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07104e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in flexible, stretchable, and wearable electronics have necessitated the development of more diverse and complex device structures; high-resolution patterning strategies for conducting polymers are therefore urgently required to enable the fabrication of these devices. In this study, we report a nanoscale patterning strategy for conductive polymer films that utilizes a combination of vapor phase polymerization (VPP) and colloidal lithography. Here, hemispherical non-close-packed colloidal crystals are used as an effective lithographic mask for patterning oxidants on a substrate; subsequently, two-dimensional honeycomb-structured porous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films are fabricated via VPP using the prepatterned oxidant. The resulting films closely resemble the morphology of the preceding oxidant structure; furthermore, the film porosity can be altered by adjusting the polymerization time. These patterned PEDOT films exhibit high transparency owing to the presence of voids, and high electrical sensitivity to bending stresses, which were concentrated in the narrow-patterned area. As the described fabrication methods are facile and reliable, this approach therefore provides an effective route for the fabrication of various conducting polymer frameworks in the micro- to nanoscale range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 31080, South Korea.
| | - Ho Joon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 31080, South Korea.
| | - Daedong Park
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 31080, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Heong Yim
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 31080, South Korea.
| | - Hong Kyoon Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24Cheonan-daero, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, 31080, South Korea.
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2
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Sun H, Fang X, Fang Z, Zhao L, Tian B, Verma P, Maeda R, Jiang Z. An ultrasensitive and stretchable strain sensor based on a microcrack structure for motion monitoring. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:111. [PMID: 36187892 PMCID: PMC9522852 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are promising candidates for intelligent wearable devices. Among previous studies, although crack-based sensors have attracted a lot of attention due to their ultrahigh sensitivity, large strain usually causes fractures in the conductive paths. Because of the unstable crack structure, the tradeoff between sensitivity and workable strain range is still a challenge. As carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) can form a strong interface with the thermoplastic substrate and strengthen the conductive network by capillary force during water evaporation, CNTs and AgNWs were deposited on electrospun TPU fiber mats via vacuum-assisted filtration in this work. The prestretching treatment constructed a microcrack structure that endowed the sensor with the combined characteristics of a wide working range (0~171% strain), ultrahigh sensitivity (a gauge factor of 691 within 0~102% strain, ~2 × 104 within 102~135% strain, and >11 × 104 within 135~171% strain), a fast response time (~65 ms), small hysteresis, and superior durability (>2000 cycles). Subsequently, the sensing mechanism of the sensor was studied. Distributed microcrack propagation based on the "island-bridge" structure was explained in detail, and its influence on the strain-sensing behavior of the sensor was analyzed. Finally, the sensor was assembled to monitor various vibration signals and human motions, demonstrating its potential applications in the fields of electronic skin and human health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Xudong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Nano Measurement Technologies Discipline Innovation, and Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an, China
| | - Ziyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Libo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Nano Measurement Technologies Discipline Innovation, and Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an, China
| | - Bian Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Nano Measurement Technologies Discipline Innovation, and Xi’an Jiaotong University (Yantai) Research Institute for Intelligent Sensing Technology and System, Xi’an, China
| | - Prateek Verma
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Ryutaro Maeda
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
| | - Zhuangde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
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3
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Liu L, Zhang X. A Focused Review on the Flexible Wearable Sensors for Sports: From Kinematics to Physiologies. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081356. [PMID: 36014277 PMCID: PMC9412724 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important branch of wearable electronics, highly flexible and wearable sensors are gaining huge attention due to their emerging applications. In recent years, the participation of wearable devices in sports has revolutionized the way to capture the kinematical and physiological status of athletes. This review focuses on the rapid development of flexible and wearable sensor technologies for sports. We identify and discuss the indicators that reveal the performance and physical condition of players. The kinematical indicators are mentioned according to the relevant body parts, and the physiological indicators are classified into vital signs and metabolisms. Additionally, the available wearable devices and their significant applications in monitoring these kinematical and physiological parameters are described with emphasis. The potential challenges and prospects for the future developments of wearable sensors in sports are discussed comprehensively. This review paper will assist both athletic individuals and researchers to have a comprehensive glimpse of the wearable techniques applied in different sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Sports, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nano Materials and Technology, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.Z.)
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Ullah H, Wahab MA, Will G, Karim MR, Pan T, Gao M, Lai D, Lin Y, Miraz MH. Recent Advances in Stretchable and Wearable Capacitive Electrophysiological Sensors for Long-Term Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080630. [PMID: 36005025 PMCID: PMC9406032 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, wearable electrophysiological sensors with stretchability have received significant research attention because of their capability to continuously monitor electrophysiological signals from the human body with minimal body motion artifacts, long-term tracking, and comfort for real-time health monitoring. Among the four different sensors, i.e., piezoresistive, piezoelectric, iontronic, and capacitive, capacitive sensors are the most advantageous owing to their reusability, high durability, device sterilization ability, and minimum leakage currents between the electrode and the body to reduce the health risk arising from any short circuit. This review focuses on the development of wearable, flexible capacitive sensors for monitoring electrophysiological conditions, including the electrode materials and configuration, the sensing mechanisms, and the fabrication strategies. In addition, several design strategies of flexible/stretchable electrodes, body-to-electrode signal transduction, and measurements have been critically evaluated. We have also highlighted the gaps and opportunities needed for enhancing the suitability and practical applicability of wearable capacitive sensors. Finally, the potential applications, research challenges, and future research directions on stretchable and wearable capacitive sensors are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadaate Ullah
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Md A. Wahab
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Will
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, George St Brisbane, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad R. Karim
- Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
- K.A. CARE Energy Research and Innovation Center, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Dakun Lai
- Biomedical Imaging and Electrophysiology Laboratory, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Corporation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Mahdi H. Miraz
- School of Computing and Data Science, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
- School of Computing, Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, Wrexham Glyndŵr University, Wrexham LL112AW, UK
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5
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Chu Z, Li G, Gong X, Zhao Z, Tan Y, Jiang Z. Hierarchical Wrinkles for Tunable Strain Sensing Based on Programmable, Anisotropic, and Patterned Graphene Hybrids. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142800. [PMID: 35890576 PMCID: PMC9322441 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible, stretchable, wearable, and stable electronic materials are widely studied, owing to their applications in wearable devices and the Internet of Things. Because of the demands for both strain-insensitive resistors and high gauge factor (GF) strain-sensitive materials, anisotropic strain sensitivity has been an important aspect of electronic materials. In addition, the materials should have adjustable strain sensitivities. In this work, such properties are demonstrated in reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with hierarchical oriented wrinkle microstructures, generated using the two-step shrinkage of a rubber substrate. The GF values range from 0.15 to 28.32 at 100% strain. For device demonstrations, macrostructure patterns are designed to prepare patterned wrinkling graphene at rubber substrate (PWG@R). Serpentiform curves can be used for the constant-value resistor, combined with the first-grade wrinkles. Strip lines can increase the strain-sensing property, along with the second-grade wrinkles. The patterned sensor exhibits improved GF values range from 0.05 to 49.5. The assembled sensor shows an excellent stability (>99% retention after 600 cycles) with a high GF (49.5). It can monitor the vital signs of the throat and wrist and sense large motions of fingers. Thus, PWG@R-based strain sensors have great potential in various health or motion monitoring fields.
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Research Progress on the Preparation and Applications of Laser-Induced Graphene Technology. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142336. [PMID: 35889560 PMCID: PMC9317010 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene has been regarded as a potential application material in the field of new energy conversion and storage because of its unique two-dimensional structure and excellent physical and chemical properties. However, traditional graphene preparation methods are complicated in-process and difficult to form patterned structures. In recent years, laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology has received a large amount of attention from scholars and has a wide range of applications in supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, air filters, water treatment, etc. In this paper, we summarized a variety of preparation methods for graphene. The effects of laser processing parameters, laser type, precursor materials, and process atmosphere on the properties of the prepared LIG were reviewed. Then, two strategies for large-scale production of LIG were briefly described. We also discussed the wide applications of LIG in the fields of signal sensing, environmental protection, and energy storage. Finally, we briefly outlined the future trends of this research direction.
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7
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Meng X, Sun T, Liu L, Zhang C, Zhao H, Wang D, Zhang J, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L. Flexible Equivalent Strain Sensor with Ordered Concentric Circular Curved Cracks Inspired by Scorpion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29441-29450. [PMID: 35700417 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Slit sensillum, a unique sensing organ on the scorpion's legs, is composed of several cracks with curved shapes. In fact, it is just its particular morphological distribution and structure that endows the scorpions with ultrasensitive sensing capacity. Here, a scorpion-inspired flexible strain sensor with an ordered concentric circular curved crack array (CCA) was designed and fabricated by using an optimized solvent-induced and template transfer combined method. The morphology of the cracks can be effectively controlled by the heating temperature and the lasting time. Instead of the nonuniform stress distribution induced by disordered cracks, ordered concentric circle curved structures are introduced to generate a uniform stress distribution and larger deformation, which can significantly improve the performance of the strain sensor. Thus, the CCA sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity (GF ∼ 7878.6), excellent stability (over 16 000 cycles), and fast response time (110 ms). Furthermore, the CCA sensor was demonstrated to be feasible for monitoring human motions and detecting noncontact vibration signals, indicating its great potential in human-health monitoring and vibration signal detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Changchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Houqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dakai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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Liu Z, Zhu T, Wang J, Zheng Z, Li Y, Li J, Lai Y. Functionalized Fiber-Based Strain Sensors: Pathway to Next-Generation Wearable Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:61. [PMID: 35165824 PMCID: PMC8844338 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors are arousing increasing research interests in recent years on account of their potentials in motion detection, personal and public healthcare, future entertainment, man-machine interaction, artificial intelligence, and so forth. Much research has focused on fiber-based sensors due to the appealing performance of fibers, including processing flexibility, wearing comfortability, outstanding lifetime and serviceability, low-cost and large-scale capacity. Herein, we review the latest advances in functionalization and device fabrication of fiber materials toward applications in fiber-based wearable strain sensors. We describe the approaches for preparing conductive fibers such as spinning, surface modification, and structural transformation. We also introduce the fabrication and sensing mechanisms of state-of-the-art sensors and analyze their merits and demerits. The applications toward motion detection, healthcare, man-machine interaction, future entertainment, and multifunctional sensing are summarized with typical examples. We finally critically analyze tough challenges and future remarks of fiber-based strain sensors, aiming to implement them in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Liu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tianxue Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Junru Wang
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Jiashen Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Yuekun Lai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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Wang W, Lu L, Li Z, Lin L, Liang Z, Lu X, Xie Y. Fingerprint-Inspired Strain Sensor with Balanced Sensitivity and Strain Range Using Laser-Induced Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1315-1325. [PMID: 34931519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity and strain range are two mutually exclusive features of strain sensors, where a significant improvement in flexibility is usually accompanied by a reduction in sensitivity. The skin of a human fingertip, due to its undulating fingerprint pattern, can easily detect environmental signals and enhances sensitivity without losing elasticity. Inspired by this characteristic, laser-induced graphene (LIG) with a fingerprint structure is prepared in one step on a polyimide (PI) film and transferred into an Ecoflex substrate to assemble resistive strain sensors. Experimentally, the fingerprint-inspired strain sensor exhibits a superfast response time (∼70 ms), balanced sensitivity and strain range (a gauge factor of 191.55 in the 42-50% strain range), and good reliability (>1500 cycles). Self-organized microcracks, initiated in weak mechanical areas, cause prominent resistance changes during reconnection/disconnection but irreversibly fail after excessive stretching. The robust function of fingerprint-inspired sensors is further demonstrated by real-time monitoring of tiny pulses, large body movements, gestures, and voice recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Longsheng Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zehong Li
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lihui Lin
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhanbo Liang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yingxi Xie
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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10
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Li Z, Li B, Chen B, Zhang J, Li Y. 3D printed graphene/polyurethane wearable pressure sensor for motion fitness monitoring. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:395503. [PMID: 34126609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac0b1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The structural design of three-dimensional (3D) flexible wearable sensors using conductive polymer composites is a hot spot in current research. In this paper, honeycomb-shaped flexible resistive pressure sensors with three different support structures were manufactured by using thermoplastic polyurethane and graphene nanoplatelets composites based on fused deposition 3D printing technology. Based on the various 3D conductive network of the sensors, the flexible sensor exhibit excellent piezoresistive performance, such as adjustable gauge factor (GF) (13.70-54.58), exceptional durability and stability. A combination of representative volume element and finite element simulations was used to simulate the stress distribution of sensors with different structures to predict the structure's effect on the sensor GF. In addition, the sensor can be attached to human body to monitor the body's swallowing and walking behaviors. The sensor has prospective process applications for intelligent wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqi Chen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhao P, Zhang R, Tong Y, Zhao X, Zhang T, Tang Q, Liu Y. Strain-Discriminable Pressure/Proximity Sensing of Transparent Stretchable Electronic Skin Based on PEDOT:PSS/SWCNT Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55083-55093. [PMID: 33232130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pressure/proximity sensing as the essential function of electronic skin (e-skin) has become an emerging technological goal for new-generation electronic devices in a wide variety of application fields, for example, smart electronics, human-machine interaction, and prosthetics. However, the current research lacks pressure/proximity detection of the stretched e-skin, which ignores the key elastic characteristic of skin and hinders the development of e-skin. Here, the pressure/proximity detection of the transparent e-skin in the stretching state is demonstrated based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). The high transparency of the e-skin realizes the visual imperception for wearable electronic systems. The perfect combination of stretchable SWCNT and highly conductive PEDOT:PSS endows the sensors with high stretchability and high discrimination capability toward strain, providing an effective way to overcome the interference of strain to realize accurate pressure/proximity detection of stretched e-skin at different strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ruimin Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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12
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The Balance Strategy between Structural Safety and Sensing Accuracy Inspired by Slit-Based Mechanical Sensilla. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10248778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In engineering, cracks are typically regarded as defects due to enormous stress amplification at tip of the crack. Conversely, scorpion ingeniously utilizes the “risky” near-tip stress field of a crack-shaped slit to accurately detect weak vibration signal without causing catastrophic crack propagation from the slit tip. The present paper focuses on the balance strategy between structural safety and sensing accuracy of slit-based mechanical sensilla. We performed a detailed structural and mechanical property study of tissue around the slit wake utilizing a complementary combination of various experimental methods. The results indicate that there is a special thin surface membrane covering the slit wake and the elastic moduli of the membrane and exoskeleton are 0.562 GPa and 5.829 GPa, respectively. In addition, the ratio of bending stiffness between exoskeleton and membrane tissue is about 8 × 104. The theoretical and simulation analysis show that the surface membrane—with appropriate elastic modulus and bending stiffness—can achieve different forms of deformation with the change of slit width for protecting the mechanosensory structure without sacrificing the sensing accuracy. This finding offers a crucial theoretical basis for the further design of bionic mechanical sensors based on the near-tip stress field of artificial cracks.
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Ma X, Zhang Q, Guo P, Tong X, Zhao Y, Wang A. Residual Compressive Stress Enabled 2D-to-3D Junction Transformation in Amorphous Carbon Films for Stretchable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45549-45557. [PMID: 32901487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Usually, two-dimensional (2D) flexible strain sensors based on cracks have very high sensitivities but small measuring ranges, while the three-dimensional (3D) ones behave in the opposite way. Here, by utilizing the large residual compressive stress of an amorphous carbon (a-C) film and the flexibility of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), we developed a facile and economic strategy to fabricate a high-sensitive a-C/PDMS stretchable strain sensor. Results showed that for the first time, the a-C film ranging from 25 nm to 1 μm changed the shape and orientation of conductive scales, as well as made a one-step 2D-to-3D electrical junction transformation in integrated sensors. In particular, the sensor with a 1 μm thick a-C film exhibited the best comprehensive performance, displaying a maximum gauge factor of 746.7 and strain range up to 0.5. However, the linearity decreased slightly as the strain range went beyond 0.43. Additionally, the sensor showed a satisfactory repeatability for 5000 cycles, together with excellent time and temperature drift performances at zero position of 75 ppm full scale (FS) and 25 ppm FS·°C-1 in the range of -20 to 155 °C, respectively. The sensor has large potentials for wearable devices used in the monitoring of various human motions and physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaoshan Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yulong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Aiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Printability of the Screen-Printed Strain Sensor with Carbon Black/Silver Paste for Sensitive Wearable Electronics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Printing technology enables not only high-volume, multipurpose, low-impact, low-cost manufacturing, but also the introduction of flexible electronic devices, such as displays, actuators, and sensors, to a wide range of consumer markets. Consequently, in the past few decades, printed electronic products have attracted considerable interest. Although flexible printed electronic products are attracting increasing attention from the scientific and industrial communities, a systematic study on their sensing performance based on printability has not been reported so far. In this study, carbon black/Ag nanocomposites were utilized as pastes for a flexible wearable strain sensor. The effects of the rheological property of the pastes and the pattern dimensions of the printed electrodes on the sensor’s performance were investigated. Consequently, the printed sensor demonstrated a high gauge factor of 444.5 for an applied strain of 0.6% to 1.4% with a durability of 1000 cycles and a linearity of R2 = 0.9974. The sensor was also stable under tough environmental conditions.
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Chen D, Liu Q, Han Z, Zhang J, Song H, Wang K, Song Z, Wen S, Zhou Y, Yan C, Shi Y. 4D Printing Strain Self-Sensing and Temperature Self-Sensing Integrated Sensor-Actuator with Bioinspired Gradient Gaps. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000584. [PMID: 32670768 PMCID: PMC7341108 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sensor-actuators with exciting functionalities, such as action self-sensing, position self-sensing, posture self-sensing, or active sensing, are promising for applications in biomedical device, human-machine interaction, intelligent self-protection devices, and humanoid robots. Despite recent progress, it remains challenging to achieve a macroscopical integrated sensor-actuator in a material system with microstructures. To address this critical challenge, a 4D printing bioinspired microstructure strategy is reported to design a high-performance integrated sensor-actuator capable of simultaneous actuation and sensation. Decoupled thermal stimulation and strain sensation is achieved by combining nanocarbon black/polylactic acid composites with bioinspired gradient microgap structures. As a result, printed integrated sensor-actuators can actively touch objects triggered by thermal stimulation and self-sense the touching state through the resistance change. It is anticipated that the basic design principle underlying this behavior can be used to develop integrated sensor-actuators of various shapes and functionalities to meet desirable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daobing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Qingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - HongLie Song
- Applied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Kejun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Shifeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of GeosciencesWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
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Wang L, Wang D, Wu Z, Luo J, Huang X, Gao Q, Lai X, Tang LC, Xue H, Gao J. Self-Derived Superhydrophobic and Multifunctional Polymer Sponge Composite with Excellent Joule Heating and Photothermal Performance for Strain/Pressure Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13316-13326. [PMID: 32125146 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain or pressure sensors have potential applications in electronic skin, healthcare, etc. It remains a challenge to explore multifunctional strain or pressure sensors that possess excellent water repellent and heating performance and hence can be used in harsh environments such as high moisture and low-temperature conditions. Here, a self-derived superhydrophobic and multifunctional polymer composite foam is prepared by adsorption of the Ag precursor in tetrahydrofuran (THF) onto the rubber sponge followed by reduction of Ag+ to Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). During the Ag+ reduction in hydrazine solution, the swollen rubber sponge by THF is partially precipitated based on the nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS). The NIPS creates a porous structure on the sponge surface and thus a high surface roughness, contributing to the material superhydrophobicity. The precipitated polymer wrapping the AgNPs could enhance the interaction between the individual AgNPs. The obtained conductive sponge composite possesses excellent Joule heating and photothermal performance and can be used as both a strain and pressure sensor. The conductive sponge composite sensor possesses good reliability and durability and can be applied to real-time monitoring of human body movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Zefeng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Junchen Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Xuewu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Xuejun Lai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Long-Cheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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Dinh Le TS, An J, Huang Y, Vo Q, Boonruangkan J, Tran T, Kim SW, Sun G, Kim YJ. Ultrasensitive Anti-Interference Voice Recognition by Bio-Inspired Skin-Attachable Self-Cleaning Acoustic Sensors. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13293-13303. [PMID: 31687810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human voice recognition systems (VRSs) are a prerequisite for voice-controlled human-machine interfaces (HMIs). In order to avoid interference from unexpected background noises, skin-attachable VRSs are proposed to directly detect physiological mechanoacoustic signals based on the vibrations of vocal cords. However, the sensitivity and response time of existing VRSs are bottlenecks for efficient HMIs. In addition, water-based contaminants in our daily lives, such as skin moisture and raindrops, normally result in performance degradation or even functional failure of VRSs. Herein, we present a skin-attachable self-cleaning ultrasensitive and ultrafast acoustic sensor based on a reduced graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane composite film with bioinspired microcracks and hierarchical surface textures. Benefitting from the synergetic effect of the spider-slit-organ-like multiscale jagged microcracks and the lotus-leaf-like hierarchical structures, our superhydrophobic VRS exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor, GF = 8699), an ultralow detection limit (ε = 0.000 064%), an ultrafast response/recovery behavior, an excellent device durability (>10 000 cycles), and reliable detection of acoustic vibrations over the audible frequency range (20-20 000 Hz) with high signal-to-noise ratios. These superb performances endow our skin-attachable VRS with anti-interference perception of human voices with high precision even in noisy environments, which will expedite the voice-controlled HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Son Dinh Le
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jianing An
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Quoc Vo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jeeranan Boonruangkan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Tuan Tran
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Science Town, Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University , 127 West Youyi Road , Xi'an 710072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Science Town, Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
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Yu H, Lian Y, Sun T, Yang X, Wang Y, Xie G, Du X, Gou J, Li W, Tai H. Two-Sided Topological Architecture on a Monolithic Flexible Substrate for Ultrasensitive Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43543-43552. [PMID: 31657198 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible ultrasensitive strain sensors are highly desirable in view of their widespread applications in wearable electronics, health monitoring systems, and smart robots, where subtle strain detection is required. However, traditional fabrication of such sensors was done to prepare sensitive layers on bare or single-sided structural substrates, leading to limited sensitivity. Herein, a stretchable resistive-type strain sensor was demonstrated by self-assembling conductive networks onto a monolithic polydimethylsiloxane substrate with a two-sided topological design, for example, a sinusoid/auxetic binary architecture. The sensitivity of the obtained sensor was greatly improved by 22-fold as compared to the traditional counterpart with a bare substrate. The remarkably good agreement between the experimental results and finite element analysis predictions confirmed that the superior sensitivity is a synergistic effect of local strain enhancement derived from the topological structure on the foreside and an additional strain concentration and a reduced Poisson's ratio from the auxetic arrays on the backside. Furthermore, this sensor can withstand an extreme mechanical force (>750 N) because of the shear stiffening characteristic of the auxetic structure. Benefiting from the characteristics of ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor ∼1744 at 5%), low detection limit (<0.05%), and long-term durability (>500 loading cycles), this as-prepared sensor shows promise in practical applications of high-performance wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Yunlu Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Teng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Guangzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Jun Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Weizhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
| | - Huiling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Flims and Intergrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , 610054 Chengdu , Sichuan , P. R. China
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A Low-Cost Strain Gauge Displacement Sensor Fabricated via Shadow Mask Printing. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19214713. [PMID: 31671560 PMCID: PMC6864542 DOI: 10.3390/s19214713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a cost-effective shadow mask printing approach to fabricate flexible sensors. The liquid-state sensing material can be directly brushed on a flexible substrate through a shadow mask. The ink leakage issue which often occurs in printed electronics is addressed with a custom taping scheme. A simple thermal compression bonding approach is also proposed to package the functional area of the sensor. To verify the feasibility and robustness of the proposed fabrication approach, a prototyped strain gauge displacement sensor is fabricated using carbon ink as the sensing material and a flexible polyimide (PI) film as the substrate. Once the substrate is deformed, cracks in the solidified ink layer can cause an increased resistance in the conductive path, thus achieving function of stable displacement/strain sensing. As a demonstration for displacement sensing application, this sensor is evaluated by studying its real-time resistance response under both static and dynamic mechanical loading. The fabricated sensor shows a comparable performance (with a gauge factor of ~17.6) to those fabricated using costly lithography or inkjet printing schemes, while with a significantly lower production cost.
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Sun H, Dai K, Zhai W, Zhou Y, Li J, Zheng G, Li B, Liu C, Shen C. A Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Yarn Strain Sensor for Human Motion Tracking Utilizing a Wrinkle-Assisted Crack Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36052-36062. [PMID: 31498581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the booming development of flexible electronics, the need for a multifunctional and high-performance strain sensor has become increasingly important. Although significant progress has been made in designing new microstructures with sensing capabilities, the tradeoff between sensitivity and workable strain range has prevented the development of a strain sensor that is both highly sensitive and also stretchable. Here, a wrinkle-assisted crack microstructure is designed and fabricated via prestretching the multiwalled carbon nanotubes ink (CNTs ink)/polyurethane yarn (PU yarn). This designed structure originates from the mismatch in Young's modulus and elasticity between the CNTs ink and PU yarn during the stretching process. The structure endows the sensor with combined characteristics of a high sensitivity toward stretching strain (gauge factor of 1344.1 at 200% strain), an ultralow limit of detection (<0.1% strain), excellent durability (>10 000 cycles), a wide workable strain range (0-200%), and outstanding response and stability toward bending deformation. This high-performance strain sensor will see widespread improved performance across applications such as intelligent fabrics, electrical skins, and fatigue detection for full-range human motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Wei Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Henan Building Materials Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Villanova University , Villanova , Pennsylvania 19085 , United States
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
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Wang Z, Zhang Q, Yue Y, Xu J, Xu W, Sun X, Chen Y, Jiang J, Liu Y. 3D printed graphene/polydimethylsiloxane composite for stretchable strain sensor with tunable sensitivity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:345501. [PMID: 30901769 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Materials with tunable and high strain sensitivities have a great potential to be used in next generation flexible electronic devices. Conventional methods, which focus on tailoring the material composition to obtain controllable sensitivities, face the issues of complicated fabrication process and instability, restricting their use in real applications. In this work, we propose the idea of tuning the sensitivities through precisely controlled micro-structures. Based on 3D printing technique, we successfully fabricate graphene/polydimethylsiloxane composites with long range ordered porous structures. The resultant composites present tunable and high gauge factors, along with excellent durability. The tunable sensitivity comes from different strain distributions on the composites under stretching, arising from the different micro-structures constructed. Taking full advantage of the composites in terms of sensitivity and durability, we demonstrate the application of the 3D printed porous sensors as wearable human motion detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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Jung YH, Park B, Kim JU, Kim TI. Bioinspired Electronics for Artificial Sensory Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803637. [PMID: 30345558 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Humans have a myriad of sensory receptors in different sense organs that form the five traditionally recognized senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. These receptors detect diverse stimuli originating from the world and turn them into brain-interpretable electrical impulses for sensory cognitive processing, enabling us to communicate and socialize. Developments in biologically inspired electronics have led to the demonstration of a wide range of electronic sensors in all five traditional categories, with the potential to impact a broad spectrum of applications. Here, recent advances in bioinspired electronics that can function as potential artificial sensory systems, including prosthesis and humanoid robots are reviewed. The mechanisms and demonstrations in mimicking biological sensory systems are individually discussed and the remaining future challenges that must be solved for their versatile use are analyzed. Recent progress in bioinspired electronic sensors shows that the five traditional senses are successfully mimicked using novel electronic components and the performance regarding sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy have improved to levels that outperform human sensory organs. Finally, neural interfacing techniques for connecting artificial sensors to the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yei Hwan Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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23
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Jang S, Kim J, Kim DW, Kim JW, Chun S, Lee HJ, Yi GR, Pang C. Carbon-Based, Ultraelastic, Hierarchically Coated Fiber Strain Sensors with Crack-Controllable Beads. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15079-15087. [PMID: 30920201 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based electronics or textronics are spotlighted as a promising strategy to develop stretchable and wearable devices for conformable machine-human interface and ubiquitous healthcare systems. We have prepared a highly sensitive fiber-type strain sensor (maximum gauge factor (GF) = 863) with a broad range of strain (ε < 400%) by introducing a single active layer onto the fiber. In contrast to other metal-based fiber-type electronics, our hierarchical fiber sensors are based on coating carbon-based nanomaterials with responsive microbeads onto elastic fibers. Utilizing the formation of uniform cracks around the microbeads, the device performance was maximized by adjusting the number of microbeads in the carbon-coating layer. We overcoated the carbon-based coating layer of the elastic fiber with a protective polymeric layer and verified no effects on the GF and the range of strain. Our fiber sensors were repeatedly tested more than 5000 times, exhibiting excellent cyclic responses to on/off switching behaviors. For practical applications, the hierarchical fiber sensors were sewed into electrical fabric bands, which are integrable to a wireless transmitter to monitor waveforms of pulsations, respirations, and various postures of level of bending a spinal cord.
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Luo Z, Hu X, Tian X, Luo C, Xu H, Li Q, Li Q, Zhang J, Qiao F, Wu X, Borisenko VE, Chu J. Structure-Property Relationships in Graphene-Based Strain and Pressure Sensors for Potential Artificial Intelligence Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E1250. [PMID: 30871069 PMCID: PMC6427630 DOI: 10.3390/s19051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronic sensing devices are deemed to be a crucial technology of smart personal electronics. Strain and pressure sensors, one of the most popular research directions in recent years, are the key components of smart and flexible electronics. Graphene, as an advanced nanomaterial, exerts pre-eminent characteristics including high electrical conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, and flexibility. The above advantages of graphene provide great potential for applications in mechatronics, robotics, automation, human-machine interaction, etc.: graphene with diverse structures and leverages, strain and pressure sensors with new functionalities. Herein, the recent progress in graphene-based strain and pressure sensors is presented. The sensing materials are classified into four structures including 0D fullerene, 1D fiber, 2D film, and 3D porous structures. Different structures of graphene-based strain and pressure sensors provide various properties and multifunctions in crucial parameters such as sensitivity, linearity, and hysteresis. The recent and potential applications for graphene-based sensors are also discussed, especially in the field of human motion detection. Finally, the perspectives of graphene-based strain and pressure sensors used in human motion detection combined with artificial intelligence are surveyed. Challenges such as the biocompatibility, integration, and additivity of the sensors are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xiaotong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xiyue Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Chen Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Hejun Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Quanling Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Qianhao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xing Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - V E Borisenko
- Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, P. Browka 6, 220013 Minsk, Belarus.
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe Shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Junhao Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100084, China.
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25
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Zhou Y, Zhan P, Ren M, Zheng G, Dai K, Mi L, Liu C, Shen C. Significant Stretchability Enhancement of a Crack-Based Strain Sensor Combined with High Sensitivity and Superior Durability for Motion Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7405-7414. [PMID: 30698944 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have attracted tremendous interest due to their potential application as intelligent wearable sensing devices. Among them, crack-based flexible strain sensors have been studied extensively owing to their ultrahigh sensitivity. Nevertheless, the detection range of a crack-based sensor is quite narrow, limiting its application. In this work, a stretchable strain sensor based on a designed crack structure was fabricated by spray-coating carbon nanotube (CNT) ink onto an electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous mat and prestretching treatment to overcome the trade-off relationship. Our sensor exhibited combined features of high sensitivity in a greatly widened workable sensing range [a gauge factor of 428.5 within 100% strain, 9268.8 for a strain of 100-220%, and larger than 83982.8 for a strain of 220-300%], a fast response time (about 70 ms), superior durability (>10 000 stretching-releasing cycles), and excellent response toward bending. The microstructural evolution of CNT branches extending from two edges of the cracks and the excellent stretchability of TPU fibrous mats are mainly related to the remarkable sensing properties. Our sensor is then assembled to detect various human motions and physical vibrational signals, demonstrating its potential applications in intelligent devices, electronic skins, and wearable healthcare monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Miaoning Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Liwei Mi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering , Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007 , China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
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26
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Liu X, Liu D, Lee JH, Zheng Q, Du X, Zhang X, Xu H, Wang Z, Wu Y, Shen X, Cui J, Mai YW, Kim JK. Spider-Web-Inspired Stretchable Graphene Woven Fabric for Highly Sensitive, Transparent, Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2282-2294. [PMID: 30582684 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Advanced wearable strain sensors with high sensitivity and stretchability are an essential component of flexible and soft electronic devices. Conventional metal- and semiconductor-based strain sensors are rigid, fragile, and opaque, restricting their applications in wearable electronics. Graphene-based percolative structures possess high flexibility and transparency but lack high sensitivity and stretchability. Inspired by the highly flexible spider web architecture, we propose semitransparent, ultrasensitive, and wearable strain sensors made from an elastomer-filled graphene woven fabric (E-GWF) for monitoring human physiological signals. The highly flexible elastomer microskeleton and the hierarchical structure of a graphene tube offer the strain sensor with both excellent sensing and switching capabilities. Two different types of E-GWF sensors, including freestanding E-GWF and E-GWF/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites, are developed. When their structure is controlled and optimized, the E-GWF strain sensors simultaneously exhibit extraordinary characteristics, such as a high gauge factor (70 at 10% strain, which ascends to 282 at 20%) in respect to other semitransparent or transparent strain sensors, a broad sensing range up to 30%, and excellent linearity. The E-GWF/PDMS composite sensor shows a unique reversible switching behavior at a high strain level of 30-50%, making it a suitable material for fast and reversible strain switching required in many early warning systems. With a view to real-world applications of these sensors and switches, we demonstrate human motion detection and switch controls of light-emitting-diode lamps and liquid-crystal-display circuits. Their unique structure and capabilities can find a wide range of practical applications, such as health monitoring, medical diagnosis, early warning systems for structural failure, and wearable displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
- Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong
| | - Xiaohan Du
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Hongru Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Jiang Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Yiu-Wing Mai
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology, School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
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27
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Song J, Tan Y, Chu Z, Xiao M, Li G, Jiang Z, Wang J, Hu T. Hierarchical Reduced Graphene Oxide Ridges for Stretchable, Wearable, and Washable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1283-1293. [PMID: 30525398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible and wearable devices are increasingly in demand and graphene has been widely used due to its exceptional chemical, mechanical and electrical properties. Building complex buckling patterns of graphene is an essential strategy to increase its flexible and stretchable properties. Herein, a facile dimensionally controlled four-dimensional (4D) shrinking method was proposed to generate hierarchical reduced graphene oxide (rGO) buckling patterns on curved substrates mimicking different parts of the uniforms. The reduced graphene oxide ridges (rGORs) generated on the spherical substrate seem isotropic, while those generated on the cylindrical substrate are obviously more hierarchical or oriented, especially when the cylindrical substrate are shrinking via two steps. The oriented rGORs are superhydrophobic and strain sensitive but obviously anisotropic along the axial and circumferential directions. The sensitivity of rGORs along the axial direction is much higher than those along the circumferential direction. In addition, the intrinsic solvent barrier property of graphene enables the crack-free rGORs an excellent chemical protective performance, withstanding DCM immersion for more than 2.5 h. The flexible rGORs-based strain sensors can be used to detect both large and subtle human motions and activities by achieving high sensitivity (maximum gauge factor up to 48), high unidirectional stretchability (300-530%), and ultrahigh areal stretchability (up to 2690%). Excellent durability was also demonstrated for human motion monitoring with resistance to hand rubbing, ultrasonic cleaning, machine washing, and chemical immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Yinlong Tan
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Zengyong Chu
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Min Xiao
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Gongyi Li
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
| | - Tianjiao Hu
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , National University of Defense Technology , Changsha 410073 , P. R. China
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28
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Oh S, Kim J, Chang ST. Highly sensitive metal-grid strain sensors via water-based solution processing. RSC Adv 2018; 8:42153-42159. [PMID: 35558796 PMCID: PMC9092150 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08721k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain sensor technologies have been spotlighted for their versatility for healthcare, soft robot, and human-robot applications. Expecting large future demands for such technology, extensive studies have investigated flexible and stretchable strain sensors based on various nanomaterials and metal films. However, it is still challenging to simultaneously satisfy parameters such as sensitivity, stretchability, linearity, hysteresis, and mass producibility. In this work, we demonstrate a novel approach for producing highly sensitive metal-grid strain sensors based on an all-solution process, which is suitable for mass production. We investigated the effects of the width of the metal grid and width/spacing ratio on the piezoresistivity of the strain sensors. The metal grid strain sensors exhibited high sensitivity (gauge factor of 4685.9 at 5% strain), rapid response time (∼18.6 ms), and superior strain range (≤5%) compared to other metal-based sensors. We demonstrated that the sensors could successfully convert voice signals and tiny movements of fingers and muscles into electrical signals. In addition, the metal-grid strain sensors were produced using a low-cost procedure without toxic solvent via an all water-based solution process, which is expected to allow the integration of such metal-grid strain sensors into future highly sensitive physical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoo Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Tai Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
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29
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Han Z, Liu L, Zhang J, Han Q, Wang K, Song H, Wang Z, Jiao Z, Niu S, Ren L. High-performance flexible strain sensor with bio-inspired crack arrays. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15178-15186. [PMID: 29892757 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02514b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic sensor technology is always superior to existing human technologies. The scorpion, especially the forest scorpion, has a unique ability to detect subtle vibrations, which is attributed to the microcrack-shaped slit sensillum on its legs. Here, the biological sensing mechanism of the typical scorpion (Heterometrus petersii) was intensively studied in order to newly design and significantly improve the flexible strain sensors. Benefiting from the easy-crack property of polystyrene (PS) and using the solvent-induced swelling as well as double template transferring method, regular and controllable microcrack arrays were successfully fabricated on top of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Using this method, any physical damage to PDMS could be effectively avoided. More fortunately, this bio-inspired crack arrays fabricated in this work also had a radial-like pattern similar to the slit sensillum of the scorpion, which was another unexpected imitation. The gauge factor (GF) of the sensor was conservatively evaluated at 5888.89 upon 2% strain and the response time was 297 ms. Afterward, it was demonstrated that the bio-inspired regular microcrack arrays could also significantly enhance the performance of traditional strain sensors, especially in terms of the sensitivity and response time. The practical applications, such as the detection of human motions and surface folding, were also tested in this work, with the results showing significant potential applications in numerous fields. This work changes the traditional waste cracks on some damaged products into valuable things for ultrasensitive mechanical sensors. Moreover, with this manufacturing technique, we could easily realize the simple, low cost and large-scale fabrication of advanced bioinpired sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 130022, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Liang B, Lin Z, Chen W, He Z, Zhong J, Zhu H, Tang Z, Gui X. Ultra-stretchable and highly sensitive strain sensor based on gradient structure carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13599-13606. [PMID: 29978867 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High stretchability and sensitivity of strain sensors are two properties that are very difficult to combine together into one material, due to the intrinsic dilemma of the opposite requirements of robustness of the conductive network. Therefore, the improvement of one property is always achieved at the expense of decreasing the other property, and preventing its practical application. Inspired by the micro-structure of the copolymer, which consists of stretchable amorphous and strong crystal domains, we developed a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor, based on innovative gradient carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By integrating randomly oriented and well aligned CNTs, acting as sensitive and stretchable conductive elements, respectively, into a continuous changing structure, our strain sensors successfully combine both a high sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) = 13.5) and ultra-stretchability (>550%). With a fast response speed (<33 ms) and recovery speed (<60 ms), lossless detection of a 8 Hz mechanical signal has been easily realized. In addition, the gradient CNTs strain sensors also showed great durability in a dynamic test of 12 000 cycles, as well as extraordinary linearity and ultra-low working voltage (10 mV). These outstanding features mean our sensors have enormous potential for applications in health monitoring, sports performance monitoring and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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31
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Liu Y, Wang H, Zhao W, Zhang M, Qin H, Xie Y. Flexible, Stretchable Sensors for Wearable Health Monitoring: Sensing Mechanisms, Materials, Fabrication Strategies and Features. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E645. [PMID: 29470408 PMCID: PMC5856015 DOI: 10.3390/s18020645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wearable health monitoring systems have gained considerable interest in recent years owing to their tremendous promise for personal portable health watching and remote medical practices. The sensors with excellent flexibility and stretchability are crucial components that can provide health monitoring systems with the capability of continuously tracking physiological signals of human body without conspicuous uncomfortableness and invasiveness. The signals acquired by these sensors, such as body motion, heart rate, breath, skin temperature and metabolism parameter, are closely associated with personal health conditions. This review attempts to summarize the recent progress in flexible and stretchable sensors, concerning the detected health indicators, sensing mechanisms, functional materials, fabrication strategies, basic and desired features. The potential challenges and future perspectives of wearable health monitoring system are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Hai Wang
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Hongbo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design, Ministry of Education, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China.
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32
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Yin B, Wen Y, Hong T, Xie Z, Yuan G, Ji Q, Jia H. Highly Stretchable, Ultrasensitive, and Wearable Strain Sensors Based on Facilely Prepared Reduced Graphene Oxide Woven Fabrics in an Ethanol Flame. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:32054-32064. [PMID: 28853856 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The recent booming development of wearable electronics urgently calls for high-performance flexible strain sensors. To date, it is still a challenge to manufacture flexible strain sensors with superb sensitivity and a large workable strain range simultaneously. Herein, a facile, quick, cost-effective, and scalable strategy is adopted to fabricate novel strain sensors based on reduced graphene oxide woven fabrics (GWF). By pyrolyzing commercial cotton bandages coated with graphene oxide (GO) sheets in an ethanol flame, the reduction of GO and the pyrolysis of the cotton bandage template can be synchronously completed in tens of seconds. Due to the unique hierarchical structure of the GWF, the strain sensor based on GWF exhibits large stretchability (57% strain) with high sensitivity, inconspicuous drift, and durability. The GWF strain sensor is successfully used to monitor full-range (both subtle and vigorous) human activities or physical vibrational signals of the local environment. The present work offers an effective strategy to rapidly prepare low-cost flexible strain sensors with potential applications in the fields of wearable electronics, artificial intelligence devices, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yin
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, ‡Institute of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, §School of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Wen
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, ‡Institute of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, §School of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Tao Hong
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, ‡Institute of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, §School of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Zhongshuai Xie
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, ‡Institute of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, §School of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, ‡Institute of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, §School of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qingmin Ji
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, ‡Institute of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, §School of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Jia
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, ‡Institute of Bio-Analytical Chemistry, §School of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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33
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Chen W, Gui X, Liang B, Yang R, Zheng Y, Zhao C, Li X, Zhu H, Tang Z. Structural Engineering for High Sensitivity, Ultrathin Pressure Sensors Based on Wrinkled Graphene and Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membrane. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24111-24117. [PMID: 28657288 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nature-motivated pressure sensors have been greatly important components integrated into flexible electronics and applied in artificial intelligence. Here, we report a high sensitivity, ultrathin, and transparent pressure sensor based on wrinkled graphene prepared by a facile liquid-phase shrink method. Two pieces of wrinkled graphene are face to face assembled into a pressure sensor, in which a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane with the thickness of only 200 nm was used to insulate the two layers of graphene. The pressure sensor exhibits ultrahigh operating sensitivity (6.92 kPa-1), resulting from the insulation in its inactive state and conduction under compression. Formation of current pathways is attributed to the contact of graphene wrinkles through the pores of AAO membrane. In addition, the pressure sensor is also an on/off and energy saving device, due to the complete isolation between the two graphene layers when the sensor is not subjected to any pressure. We believe that our high-performance pressure sensor is an ideal candidate for integration in flexible electronics, but also paves the way for other 2D materials to be involved in the fabrication of pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinming Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Zikang Tang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
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34
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Lee T, Choi YW, Lee G, Kim SM, Kang D, Choi M. Crack-based strain sensor with diverse metal films by inserting an inter-layer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05837c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a mechanical crack-based strain sensor with metal films by introducing an inter-layer. Two inter-layers are used; Cr layer is for generating cracks and MoO3layer for enhancing the adhesion between the substrate and the metal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taemin Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems
| | - Yong Whan Choi
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhee Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems
| | - Sang Moon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Incheon National University
- Incheon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Daeshik Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Ajou University
- Suwon 443-749
- Republic of Korea
| | - Mansoo Choi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-742
- Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy Systems
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