1
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Schoonover KG, Hsieh CM, Sengoden M, Ahmed N, Sivaperuman Kalairaj M, Ware TH, Darensbourg DJ, Pentzer EB, Wei P. Bridging polymer architecture, printability, and properties by digital light processing of block copolycarbonates. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04593a. [PMID: 39144463 PMCID: PMC11318375 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
CO2-based aliphatic polycarbonates (aPCs), produced through the alternating copolymerization of epoxides with CO2, present an appealing option for sustainable polymeric materials owing to their renewable feedstock and degradable characteristics. An ongoing challenge in working with aPCs is modifying their mechanical properties to meet specific demands. Herein, we report that monomer ratio and polymer architecture of aPCs impact not only printability by digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing, but also dictate the thermomechanical and degradation properties of the printed objects. We found that block copolymers exhibit tailorable thermomechanical properties ranging from soft elastomeric to strong and brittle as the proportion of hard blocks increases, whereas the homopolymer blend failed to print objects and statistical copolymers delaminated or overcured, displaying the weakest mechanical properties. In addition, the hydrolytic degradation of the prints was demonstrated under various conditions, revealing that BCP prints containing a higher proportion of hard blocks had slower degradation and that statistical copolymer prints degraded more slowly than their BCP counterparts. This study underscores that polymer composition and architecture both play key roles in resin printability and bulk properties, offering significant prospects for advancing sustainable materials in additive manufacturing through polymer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista G Schoonover
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Chia-Min Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Mani Sengoden
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Naushad Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | | | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Donald J Darensbourg
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Emily B Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University 3003 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Peiran Wei
- Soft Matter Facility, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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2
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Randhawa A, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Patil TV, Lim KT. Manufacturing 3D Biomimetic Tissue: A Strategy Involving the Integration of Electrospun Nanofibers with a 3D-Printed Framework for Enhanced Tissue Regeneration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309269. [PMID: 38308170 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
3D printing and electrospinning are versatile techniques employed to produce 3D structures, such as scaffolds and ultrathin fibers, facilitating the creation of a cellular microenvironment in vitro. These two approaches operate on distinct working principles and utilize different polymeric materials to generate the desired structure. This review provides an extensive overview of these techniques and their potential roles in biomedical applications. Despite their potential role in fabricating complex structures, each technique has its own limitations. Electrospun fibers may have ambiguous geometry, while 3D-printed constructs may exhibit poor resolution with limited mechanical complexity. Consequently, the integration of electrospinning and 3D-printing methods may be explored to maximize the benefits and overcome the individual limitations of these techniques. This review highlights recent advancements in combined techniques for generating structures with controlled porosities on the micro-nano scale, leading to improved mechanical structural integrity. Collectively, these techniques also allow the fabrication of nature-inspired structures, contributing to a paradigm shift in research and technology. Finally, the review concludes by examining the advantages, disadvantages, and future outlooks of existing technologies in addressing challenges and exploring potential opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Randhawa
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
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3
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Hosseinzadeh E, Bosques-Palomo B, Carmona-Arriaga F, Fabiani MA, Aguirre-Soto A. Fabrication of Soft Transparent Patient-Specific Vascular Models with Stereolithographic 3D printing and Thiol-Based Photopolymerizable Coatings. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300611. [PMID: 38158746 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
An ideal vascular phantom should be anatomically accurate, have mechanical properties as close as possible to the tissue, and be sufficiently transparent for ease of visualization. However, materials that enable the convergence of these characteristics have remained elusive. The fabrication of patient-specific vascular phantoms with high anatomical fidelity, optical transparency, and mechanical properties close to those of vascular tissue is reported. These final properties are achieved by 3D printing patient-specific vascular models with commercial elastomeric acrylic-based resins before coating them with thiol-based photopolymerizable resins. Ternary thiol-ene-acrylate chemistry is found optimal. A PETMP/allyl glycerol ether (AGE)/polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) coating with a 30/70% AGE/PEGDA ratio applied on a flexible resin yielded elastic modulus, UTS, and elongation of 3.41 MPa, 1.76 MPa, and 63.2%, respectively, in range with the human aortic wall. The PETMP/AGE/PEGDA coating doubled the optical transmission from 40% to 80%, approaching 88% of the benchmark silicone-based elastomer. Higher transparency correlates with a decrease in surface roughness from 2000 to 90 nm after coating. Coated 3D-printed anatomical replicas are showcased for pre-procedural planning and medical training with good radio-opacity and echogenicity. Thiol-click chemistry coatings, as a surface treatment for elastomeric stereolithographic 3D-printed objects, address inherent limitations of photopolymer-based additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Hosseinzadeh
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
| | - Beatriz Bosques-Palomo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
| | | | - Mario Alejandro Fabiani
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64710, México
| | - Alan Aguirre-Soto
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Monterrey, 64849, México
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4
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Kainz M, Perak S, Stubauer G, Kopp S, Kauscheder S, Hemetzberger J, Martínez Cendrero A, Díaz Lantada A, Tupe D, Major Z, Hanetseder D, Hruschka V, Wolbank S, Marolt Presen D, Mühlberger M, Guillén E. Additive and Lithographic Manufacturing of Biomedical Scaffold Structures Using a Versatile Thiol-Ene Photocurable Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:655. [PMID: 38475341 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive and lithographic manufacturing technologies using photopolymerisation provide a powerful tool for fabricating multiscale structures, which is especially interesting for biomimetic scaffolds and biointerfaces. However, most resins are tailored to one particular fabrication technology, showing drawbacks for versatile use. Hence, we used a resin based on thiol-ene chemistry, leveraging its numerous advantages such as low oxygen inhibition, minimal shrinkage and high monomer conversion. The resin is tailored to applications in additive and lithographic technologies for future biofabrication where fast curing kinetics in the presence of oxygen are required, namely 3D inkjet printing, digital light processing and nanoimprint lithography. These technologies enable us to fabricate scaffolds over a span of six orders of magnitude with a maximum of 10 mm and a minimum of 150 nm in height, including bioinspired porous structures with controlled architecture, hole-patterned plates and micro/submicro patterned surfaces. Such versatile properties, combined with noncytotoxicity, degradability and the commercial availability of all the components render the resin as a prototyping material for tissue engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kainz
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Stjepan Perak
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Gerald Stubauer
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Sonja Kopp
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Sebastian Kauscheder
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Julia Hemetzberger
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | | | - Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Disha Tupe
- Institute of Polymer Product Engineering, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Zoltan Major
- Institute of Polymer Product Engineering, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Dominik Hanetseder
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Hruschka
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Wolbank
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Darja Marolt Presen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mühlberger
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | - Elena Guillén
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
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5
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Khan N, Sengupta P. Technological Advancement and Trend in Selective Bioanalytical Sample Extraction through State of the Art 3-D Printing Techniques Aiming 'Sorbent Customization as per need'. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38319592 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2305275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The inherent complexity of biological matrices and presence of several interfering substances in biological samples make them unsuitable for direct analysis. An effective sample preparation technique assists in analyte enrichment, improving selectivity and sensitivity of bioanalytical method. Because of several key benefits of employing 3D printed sorbent in sample extraction, it has recently gained popularity across a variety of industries. Applications for 3D printing in the field of bioanalytical research have grown recently, particularly in the areas of miniaturization, (bio)sensing, sample preparation, and separation sciences. Due to the high expense of the solid phase microextraction cartridge, researcher approaches in-lab production of sorbent material for the extraction of analyte from biological samples. Owing to its distinct advantages such as low costs, automation capabilities, capacity to produce products in a variety of shapes, and reduction of tedious steps of sample preparation, 3D printed sorbents are gaining increased attention in the field of bioanalysis. It is also reported to offer high selectivity and assist in achieving a much lower limit of detection. In this review, we have discussed current advancements in different types of 3D printed sorbents, production methods, and their applications in the field of bioanalytical sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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6
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Lipilin DL, Zubkov MO, Kosobokov MD, Dilman AD. Direct conversion of carboxylic acids to free thiols via radical relay acridine photocatalysis enabled by N-O bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2024; 15:644-650. [PMID: 38179514 PMCID: PMC10762721 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05513b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxylic acids and thiols are basic chemical compounds with diverse utility and widespread reactivity. However, the direct conversion of unprotected acids to thiols is hampered due to a fundamental problem - free thiols are incompatible with the alkyl radicals formed on decarboxylation of carboxylic acids. Herein, we describe a concept for the direct photocatalytic thiolation of unprotected acids allowing unprotected thiols and their derivatives to be obtained. The method is based on the application of a thionocarbonate reagent featuring the N-O bond. The reagent serves both for the rapid trapping of alkyl radicals and for the facile regeneration of the acridine-type photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry L Lipilin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail D Kosobokov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Leninsky Prosp. 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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7
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Gauci SC, Vranic A, Blasco E, Bräse S, Wegener M, Barner-Kowollik C. Photochemically Activated 3D Printing Inks: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306468. [PMID: 37681744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing with light is enabled by the photochemistry underpinning it. Without fine control over the ability to photochemically gate covalent bond formation by the light at a certain wavelength and intensity, advanced photoresists with functions spanning from on-demand degradability, adaptability, rapid printing speeds, and tailored functionality are impossible to design. Herein, recent advances in photoresist design for light-driven 3D printing applications are critically assessed, and an outlook of the outstanding challenges and opportunities is provided. This is achieved by classing the discussed photoresists in chemistries that function photoinitiator-free and those that require a photoinitiator to proceed. Such a taxonomy is based on the efficiency with which photons are able to generate covalent bonds, with each concept featuring distinct advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Gauci
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Vranic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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8
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Wang Z, Zhang W, Bai G, Lu Q, Li X, Zhou Y, Yang C, Xiao Y, Lang M. Highly resilient and fatigue-resistant poly(4-methyl- ε-caprolactone) porous scaffold fabricated via thiol-yne photo-crosslinking/salt-templating for soft tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:311-325. [PMID: 37334070 PMCID: PMC10275743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastomeric scaffolds, individually customized to mimic the structural and mechanical properties of natural tissues have been used for tissue regeneration. In this regard, polyester elastic scaffolds with tunable mechanical properties and exceptional biological properties have been reported to provide mechanical support and structural integrity for tissue repair. Herein, poly(4-methyl-ε-caprolactone) (PMCL) was first double-terminated by alkynylation (PMCL-DY) as a liquid precursor at room temperature. Subsequently, three-dimensional porous scaffolds with custom shapes were fabricated from PMCL-DY via thiol-yne photocrosslinking using a practical salt template method. By manipulating the Mn of the precursor, the modulus of compression of the scaffold was easily adjusted. As evidenced by the complete recovery from 90% compression, the rapid recovery rate of >500 mm min-1, the extremely low energy loss coefficient of <0.1, and the superior fatigue resistance, the PMCL20-DY porous scaffold was confirmed to harbor excellent elastic properties. In addition, the high resilience of the scaffold was confirmed to endow it with a minimally invasive application potential. In vitro testing revealed that the 3D porous scaffold was biocompatible with rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), inducing BMSCs to differentiate into chondrogenic cells. In addition, the elastic porous scaffold demonstrated good regenerative efficiency in a 12-week rabbit cartilage defect model. Thus, the novel polyester scaffold with adaptable mechanical properties may have extensive applications in soft tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochuang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery of Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Guo Bai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery of Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Qiaohui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Chi Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral Surgery of Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Meidong Lang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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9
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Salas A, Zanatta M, Sans V, Roppolo I. Chemistry in light-induced 3D printing. CHEMTEXTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-022-00176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn the last few years, 3D printing has evolved from its original niche applications, such as rapid prototyping and hobbyists, towards many applications in industry, research and everyday life. This involved an evolution in terms of equipment, software and, most of all, in materials. Among the different available 3D printing technologies, the light activated ones need particular attention from a chemical point of view, since those are based on photocurable formulations and in situ rapid solidification via photopolymerization. In this article, the chemical aspects beyond the preparation of a formulation for light-induced 3D printing are analyzed and explained, aiming at giving more tools for the development of new photocurable materials that can be used for the fabrication of innovative 3D printable devices.
Graphical abstract
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10
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Randhawa A, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Patel DK, Patil TV, Lim KT. Recent Advances in 3D Printing of Photocurable Polymers: Types, Mechanism, and Tissue Engineering Application. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200278. [PMID: 36177687 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of liquid resin into solid structures upon exposure to light of a specific wavelength is known as photopolymerization. In recent years, photopolymerization-based 3D printing has gained enormous attention for constructing complex tissue-specific constructs. Due to the economic and environmental benefits of the biopolymers employed, photo-curable 3D printing is considered an alternative method for replacing damaged tissues. However, the lack of suitable bio-based photopolymers, their characterization, effective crosslinking strategies, and optimal printing conditions are hindering the extensive application of 3D printed materials in the global market. This review highlights the present status of various photopolymers, their synthesis, and their optimization parameters for biomedical applications. Moreover, a glimpse of various photopolymerization techniques currently employed for 3D printing is also discussed. Furthermore, various naturally derived nanomaterials reinforced polymerization and their influence on printability and shape fidelity are also reviewed. Finally, the ultimate use of those photopolymerized hydrogel scaffolds in tissue engineering is also discussed. Taken together, it is believed that photopolymerized 3D printing has a great future, whereas conventional 3D printing requires considerable sophistication, and this review can provide readers with a comprehensive approach to developing light-mediated 3D printing for tissue-engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Randhawa
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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11
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Advanced Formulations Based on Poly(ionic liquid) Materials for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235121. [PMID: 36501514 PMCID: PMC9735564 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovation in materials specially formulated for additive manufacturing is of great interest and can generate new opportunities for designing cost-effective smart materials for next-generation devices and engineering applications. Nevertheless, advanced molecular and nanostructured systems are frequently not possible to integrate into 3D printable materials, thus limiting their technological transferability. In some cases, this challenge can be overcome using polymeric macromolecules of ionic nature, such as polymeric ionic liquids (PILs). Due to their tuneability, wide variety in molecular composition, and macromolecular architecture, they show a remarkable ability to stabilize molecular and nanostructured materials. The technology resulting from 3D-printable PIL-based formulations represents an untapped array of potential applications, including optoelectronic, antimicrobial, catalysis, photoactive, conductive, and redox applications.
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12
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Badria A, Hutchinson DJ, Sanz del Olmo N, Malkoch M. Acrylate‐free tough
3D
printable thiol‐ene thermosets and composites for biomedical applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Badria
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Hutchinson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Natalia Sanz del Olmo
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
| | - Michael Malkoch
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden
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13
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Schwartz JJ. Additive manufacturing: Frameworks for chemical understanding and advancement in vat photopolymerization. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:628-641. [PMID: 35845754 PMCID: PMC9274636 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing, or additive manufacturing (AM), is a broad term for a wide range of fabrication methods utilizing materials such as small-molecule, polymer, and metal feedstocks. Each method requires different chemical, physical, and engineering needs to be successful. This article will discuss some of the considerations for polymer-based AM methods. Ultimately, we focus on the chemistries of vat photopolymerization, in which light is used to cure a resin from liquid to solid, to provide an example of how chemical advancements have led to increased speed, resolution, and multimaterial printing capabilities not previously possible.
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14
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Muralidharan A, Crespo-Cuevas V, Ferguson VL, McLeod RR, Bryant SJ. Effects of Kinetic Chain Length on the Degradation of Poly(β-amino ester)-Based Networks and Use in 3D Printing by Projection Microstereolithography. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3272-3285. [PMID: 35793134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(β-amino ester)-diacrylates (PBAE-dAs) are promising resins for three-dimensional (3D) printing. This study investigated the degradation of two PBAEs with different chemistries and kinetic chain lengths. PBAE-dA monomers were synthesized from benzhydrazide and poly(ethylene glycol) (A6) or butanediol (B6) diacrylate and then photopolymerized with pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate), which formed thiol-polyacrylate kinetic chains. This tetrathiol acts as a cross-linker and chain-transfer agent that controls the polyacrylate kinetic chain length. A6 networks exhibited bulk degradation, while B6 networks exhibited surface degradation, which transitioned to a combined surface and bulk degradation. Increasing the tetrathiol concentration shortened the polyacrylate kinetic chain and time-to-reverse gelation but degradation mode was unaffected. Hydrolysis occurred primarily through the β-amino ester. As network hydrophilicity increased, the slower degrading ester in the thiol-polyacrylate chains contributed to degradation. Overall, this work demonstrates control over network degradation rate, mode of degradation, and time-to-reverse gelation in PBAE networks and their application in 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archish Muralidharan
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, 4001 Discovery Dr, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Victor Crespo-Cuevas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, 4001 Discovery Dr, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Robert R McLeod
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, 4001 Discovery Dr, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado, 4001 Discovery Dr, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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15
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
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16
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Ma W, Ding X, Chen Y, Wang Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Alkyne-Functionalized Photo-Cross-Linkable Polyesters. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15540-15546. [PMID: 35571817 PMCID: PMC9096926 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An alkyne-functionalized elastomer derived from sebacic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and alkyne-functionalized serinol is synthesized via melt condensation. A low-power UV lamp triggers the cross-linking rapidly via thiol-yne click chemistry. The cross-linking behavior is studied by photorheology and NMR spectroscopy. The resultant elastomer possesses mechanical properties similar to those of human soft tissues and exhibits in vitro degradability and good cytocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warrick Ma
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xiaochu Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- Meinig
School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yadong Wang
- Meinig
School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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17
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Mo X, Ouyang L, Xiong Z, Zhang T. Advances in Digital Light Processing of Hydrogels. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35477166 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac6b04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels, three-dimensional (3D) networks of hydrophilic polymers formed in water, are a significant type of soft matter used in fundamental and applied sciences. Hydrogels are of particular interest for biomedical applications, owing to their soft elasticity and good biocompatibility. However, the high water content and soft nature of hydrogels often make it difficult to process them into desirable solid forms. The development of 3D printing (3DP) technologies has provided opportunities for the manufacturing of hydrogels, by adopting a freeform fabrication method. Owing to its high printing speed and resolution, vat photopolymerization 3DP has recently attracted considerable interest for hydrogel fabrication, with digital light processing (DLP) becoming a widespread representative technique. Whilst acknowledging that other types of vat photopolymerization 3DP have also been applied for this purpose, we here only focus on DLP and its derivatives. In this review, we first comprehensively outline the most recent advances in both materials and fabrication, including the adaptation of novel hydrogel systems and advances in processing (e.g., volumetric printing and multimaterial integration). Secondly, we summarize the applications of hydrogel DLP, including regenerative medicine, functional microdevices, and soft robotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that either of these specific review focuses has been adopted in the literature. More importantly, we discuss the major challenges associated with hydrogel DLP and provide our perspectives on future trends. To summarize, this review aims to aid and inspire other researchers investigatng DLP, photocurable hydrogels, and the research fields related to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwu Mo
- Tsinghua University Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, "Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation(111 Center), Beijing, 100084, CHINA
| | - Liliang Ouyang
- Tsinghua University Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, "Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation(111 Center), Beijing, 100084, CHINA
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- Tsinghua University Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, "Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation(111 Center), Beijing, 100084, CHINA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Tsinghua University Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, "Biomanufacturing and Engineering Living Systems" Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation(111 Center), Beijing, 100084, CHINA
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18
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Shin Y, Becker ML. Gradient versus End-Capped Degradable Polymer Sequence Variations Result in Stiff to Elastic Photochemically 3D-Printed Substrates. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2106-2115. [PMID: 35471033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing affords the construction of complex scaffolds for tissue engineering, yet the limitation in material choice remains a barrier to clinical translation. Herein, a series of poly(propylene fumarate-co-propylene succinate) were synthesized using both one-pot and sequential ring-opening copolymerization reactions. Continuous liquid interface production-based photochemical 3D printing utilizing thiol-ene chemistry was used to fabricate precise structures with improved build time over the traditional poly(propylene fumarate)/diethyl fumarate 3D printing processes. Significantly, the materials do not exhibit a yield point under tension and Young's modulus of the 3D printed products can be tuned by more than 2 orders of magnitude (0.6-110 MPa) using polymer composition and the degree of polymerization. Printed constructs degrade fully under hydrolytic conditions and degradation rates can be tailored using polymer composition, polymer sequence, and resin formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Matthew L Becker
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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19
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Wu Y, Simpson MC, Jin J. 3D Printing of Thiol‐Yne Photoresins through Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
| | - M. Cather Simpson
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Department of Physics The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Photon Factory The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin New Zealand
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20
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Xu X, Seijo-Rabina A, Awad A, Rial C, Gaisford S, Basit AW, Goyanes A. Smartphone-enabled 3D printing of medicines. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121199. [PMID: 34673166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
3D printing is a manufacturing technique that is transforming numerous industrial sectors, particularly where it is key tool in the development and fabrication of medicinees that are personalised to the individual needs of patients. Most 3D printers are relatively large, require trained operators and must be located in a pharmaceutical setting to manufacture dosage forms. In order to realise fully the potential of point-of-care manufacturing of medicines, portable printers that are easy to operate are required. Here, we report the development of a 3D printer that operates using a mobile smartphone. The printer, operating on stereolithographic principles, uses the light from the smartphone's screen to photopolymerise liquid resins and create solid structures. The shape of the printed dosage form is determined using a custom app on the smartphone. Warfarin-loaded Printlets (3D printed tablets) of various sizes and patient-centred shapes (caplet, triangle, diamond, square, pentagon, torus, and gyroid lattices) were successfully printed to a high resolution and with excellent dimensional precision using different photosensitive resins. The drug was present in an amorphous form, and the Printlets displayed sustained release characterises. The promising proof-of-concept results support the future potential of this compact, user-friendly and interconnected smartphone-based system for point-of-care manufacturing of personalised medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alejandro Seijo-Rabina
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Atheer Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Carlos Rial
- FabRx Ltd., 7B North Lane, Canterbury CT2 7EB, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 7B North Lane, Canterbury CT2 7EB, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 7B North Lane, Canterbury CT2 7EB, UK.
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; FabRx Ltd., 7B North Lane, Canterbury CT2 7EB, UK.
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21
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Deshmane S, Kendre P, Mahajan H, Jain S. Stereolithography 3D printing technology in pharmaceuticals: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1362-1372. [PMID: 34663145 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1994990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is an innovative tool used in manufacturing medical devices, producing alloys, replacing biological tissues, producing customized dosage forms and so on. Stereolithography (SLA), a 3D printing technique, is very rapid and highly accurate and produces finished products of uniform quality. 3D formulations have been optimized with a perfect tool of artificial intelligence learning techniques. Complex designs/shapes can be fabricated through SLA using the photopolymerization principle. Different 3DP technologies are introduced and the most promising of these, SLA, and its commercial applications, are focused on. The high speed and effectiveness of SLA are highlighted. The working principle of SLA, the materials used and applications of the technique in a wide range of different sectors are highlighted in this review. An innovative idea of 3D printing customized pharmaceutical dosage forms is also presented. SLA compromises several advantages over other methods, such as cost effectiveness, controlled integrity of materials and greater speed. The development of SLA has allowed the development of printed pharmaceutical devices. Considering the present trends, it is expected that SLA will be used along with conventional methods of manufacturing of 3D model. This 3D printing technology may be utilized as a novel tool for delivering drugs on demand. This review will be useful for researchers working on 3D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Deshmane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Prakash Kendre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Hitendra Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Shirish Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
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22
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Salminen L, Karjalainen E, Aseyev V, Tenhu H. Tough Materials Through Ionic Interactions. Front Chem 2021; 9:721656. [PMID: 34386483 PMCID: PMC8354582 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.721656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This article introduces butyl acrylate-based materials that are toughened with dynamic crosslinkers. These dynamic crosslinkers are salts where both the anion and cation polymerize. The ion pairs between the polymerized anions and cations form dynamic crosslinks that break and reform under deformation. Chemical crosslinker was used to bring shape stability. The extent of dynamic and chemical crosslinking was related to the mechanical and thermal properties of the materials. Furthermore, the dependence of the material properties on different dynamic crosslinkers—tributyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonium sulfopropyl acrylate (C4ASA) and trihexyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonium sulfopropyl acrylate (C6ASA)—was studied. The materials’ mechanical and thermal properties were characterized by means of tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The dynamic crosslinks strengthened the materials considerably. Chemical crosslinks decreased the elasticity of the materials but did not significantly affect their strength. Comparison of the two ionic crosslinkers revealed that changing the crosslinker from C4ASA to C6ASA results in more elastic, but slightly weaker materials. In conclusion, dynamic crosslinks provide substantial enhancement of mechanical properties of the materials. This is a unique approach that is utilizable for a wide variety of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Salminen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Vladimir Aseyev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Robinson LL, Self JL, Fusi AD, Bates MW, Read de Alaniz J, Hawker CJ, Bates CM, Sample CS. Chemical and Mechanical Tunability of 3D-Printed Dynamic Covalent Networks Based on Boronate Esters. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:857-863. [PMID: 35549203 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the scope of additive manufacturing broadens, interest has developed in 3D-printed objects that are derived from recyclable resins with chemical and mechanical tunability. Dynamic covalent bonds have the potential to not only increase the sustainability of 3D-printed objects, but also serve as reactive sites for postprinting derivatization. In this study, we use boronate esters as a key building block for the development of catalyst-free, 3D-printing resins with the ability to undergo room-temperature exchange at the cross-linking sites. The orthogonality of boronate esters is exploited in fast-curing, oxygen-tolerant thiol-ene resins in which the dynamic character of 3D-printed objects can be modulated by the addition of a static, covalent cross-linker with no room-temperature bond exchange. This allows the mechanical properties of printed parts to be varied between those of a traditional thermoset and a vitrimer. Objects printed with a hybrid dynamic/static resin exhibit a balance of structural stability (residual stress = 18%) and rapid exchange (characteristic relaxation time = 7 s), allowing for interfacial welding and postprinting functionalization. Modulation of the cross-linking density postprinting is enabled by selective hydrolysis of the boronate esters to generate networks with swelling capacities tunable from 1.3 to 3.3.
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24
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Fabrication of Microfluidic Devices for Emulsion Formation by Microstereolithography. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092817. [PMID: 34068649 PMCID: PMC8126101 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics—the art and science of forming droplets—has been revolutionary for high-throughput screening, directed evolution, single-cell sequencing, and material design. However, traditional fabrication techniques for microfluidic devices suffer from several disadvantages, including multistep processing, expensive facilities, and limited three-dimensional (3D) design flexibility. High-resolution additive manufacturing—and in particular, projection micro-stereolithography (PµSL)—provides a promising path for overcoming these drawbacks. Similar to polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidics 20 years ago, 3D printing methods, such as PµSL, have provided a path toward a new era of microfluidic device design. PµSL greatly simplifies the device fabrication process, especially the access to truly 3D geometries, is cost-effective, and it enables multimaterial processing. In this review, we discuss both the basics and recent innovations in PµSL; the material basis with emphasis on custom-made photopolymer formulations; multimaterial 3D printing; and, 3D-printed microfluidic devices for emulsion formation as our focus application. Our goal is to support researchers in setting up their own PµSL system to fabricate tailor-made microfluidics.
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25
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Podgórski M, Huang S, Bowman CN. Additive Manufacture of Dynamic Thiol-ene Networks Incorporating Anhydride-Derived Reversible Thioester Links. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12789-12796. [PMID: 33356106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A photoprintable dynamic thiol-ene resin was developed based on commercially available anhydride, thiol, and ene monomers. The dynamic chemistry chosen for this study relied on the thermal reversibility of the in situ generated thioester-anhydride links. The resin's rheological and curing properties were optimized to enable 3D printing using the masked stereolithography (MSLA) technique. To achieve a desirable depth of cure of 200 μm, a combination of radical photoinitiator (BAPO) and inhibitor (pyrogallol) were used at a weight ratio of 0.5 to 0.05, resulting in more than 90% thiol-ene conversion within 12 s curing time. In a series of stress relaxation and creep experiments, the dynamic reversible exchange was characterized and yielded rapid exchange rates ranging from minutes to seconds at temperatures of 80-140 °C. Little to no exchange was observed at temperatures below 60 °C. Various 3D geometries were 3D printed, and the printed objects were shown to be reconfigurable above 80 °C and depolymerizable at or above 120 °C. By deactivation of the exchange catalyst (DMAP), the stimuli responsiveness was demonstrated to be erasable, allowing for a significant shift in the actuation threshold. These highly enabling features of the dynamic chemistry open up new possibilities in the field of shape memory and 4D printable functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 5, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Sijia Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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26
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Bagheri A, Fellows CM, Boyer C. Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: From Polymer Network Synthesis to 3D Printing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003701. [PMID: 33717856 PMCID: PMC7927619 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has changed the fabrication of advanced materials as it can provide customized and on-demand 3D networks. However, 3D printing of polymer materials with the capacity to be transformed after printing remains a great challenge for engineers, material, and polymer scientists. Radical polymerization has been conventionally used in photopolymerization-based 3D printing, as in the broader context of crosslinked polymer networks. Although this reaction pathway has shown great promise, it offers limited control over chain growth, chain architecture, and thus the final properties of the polymer networks. More fundamentally, radical polymerization produces dead polymer chains incapable of postpolymerization transformations. Alternatively, the application of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) to polymer networks allows the tuning of network homogeneity and more importantly, enables the production of advanced materials containing dormant reactivatable species that can be used for subsequent processes in a postsynthetic stage. Consequently, the opportunities that (photoactivated) RDRP-based networks offer have been leveraged through the novel concepts of structurally tailored and engineered macromolecular gels, living additive manufacturing and photoexpandable/transformable-polymer networks. Herein, the advantages of RDRP-based networks over irreversibly formed conventional networks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bagheri
- School of Science and TechnologyThe University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
| | - Christopher M. Fellows
- School of Science and TechnologyThe University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW2351Australia
- Desalination Technologies Research InstituteAl Jubail31951Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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27
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Wu Y, Simpson MC, Jin J. Fast Hydrolytically Degradable 3D Printed Object Based on Aliphatic Polycarbonate Thiol‐Yne Photoresins. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd‐Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin 9056 New Zealand
| | - Miriam Cather Simpson
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Department of Physics The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Photon Factory The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd‐Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin 9056 New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand
- Dodd‐Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies Dunedin 9056 New Zealand
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28
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Yee DW, Greer JR. Three‐dimensional
chemical reactors:
in situ
materials synthesis to advance vat photopolymerization. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl W. Yee
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Julia R. Greer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
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29
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Voet VSD, Guit J, Loos K. Sustainable Photopolymers in 3D Printing: A Review on Biobased, Biodegradable, and Recyclable Alternatives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000475. [PMID: 33205556 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global market for 3D printing materials has grown exponentially in the last decade. Today, photopolymers claim almost half of the material sales worldwide. The lack of sustainable resins, applicable in vat photopolymerization that can compete with commercial materials, however, limits the widespread adoption of this technology. The development of "green" alternatives is of great importance in order to reduce the environmental impact of additive manufacturing. This paper reviews the recent evolutions in the field of sustainable photopolymers for 3D printing. It highlights the synthesis and application of biobased resin components, such as photocurable monomers and oligomers, as well as reinforcing agents derived from natural resources. In addition, the design of biologically degradable and recyclable thermoset products in vat photopolymerization is discussed. Together, those strategies will promote the accurate and waste-free production of a new generation of 3D materials for a sustainable plastics economy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S D Voet
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Van Schaikweg 94, Emmen, 7811 KL, The Netherlands
| | - Jarno Guit
- Professorship Sustainable Polymers, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Van Schaikweg 94, Emmen, 7811 KL, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, 9747, The Netherlands
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30
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Xu X, Awad A, Robles-Martinez P, Gaisford S, Goyanes A, Basit AW. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing for advanced drug delivery and medical device applications. J Control Release 2020; 329:743-757. [PMID: 33031881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is transforming manufacturing paradigms within healthcare. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing technology combines the benefits of high resolution and favourable printing speed, offering a sophisticated approach to fabricate bespoke medical devices and drug delivery systems. Herein, an overview of the vat polymerization techniques, their unique applications in the fields of drug delivery and medical device fabrication, material examples and the advantages they provide within healthcare, is provided. The challenges and drawbacks presented by this technology are also discussed. It is forecast that the adoption of 3D printing could pave the way for a personalised health system, advancing from traditional treatments pathways towards digital healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Atheer Awad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Pamela Robles-Martinez
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK
| | - Alvaro Goyanes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I + D Farma (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK; FabRx Ltd., 3 Romney Road, Ashford, Kent TN24 0RW, UK.
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31
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Wang Y, Gu J, Zhou A, Kong A, Alwan Almijbilee MM, Zheng X, Zhang J, Li W. Poly[acrylate-co-amide] network composite via photopolymerization for organic solvent nanofiltration separation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Kim S, Korolovych VF, Muhlbauer RL, Tsukruk VV. 3D‐printed
polymer packing structures: Uniformity of morphology and mechanical properties via microprocessing conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunghan Kim
- School of Mechanical EngineeringChung‐Ang University Seoul South Korea
| | - Volodymyr F. Korolovych
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | | | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
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33
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Hennen D, Hartmann D, Rieger PH, Oesterreicher A, Wiener J, Arbeiter F, Feuchter M, Fröhlich E, Pichelmayer M, Schlögl S, Griesser T. Exploiting the Carbon and Oxa Michael Addition Reaction for the Synthesis of Yne Monomers: Towards the Conversion of Acrylates to Biocompatible Building Blocks. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hennen
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Delara Hartmann
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Paul H. Rieger
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Andreas Oesterreicher
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Johannes Wiener
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of PolymersUniversity of Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Florian Arbeiter
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of PolymersUniversity of Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Michael Feuchter
- Institute of Materials Science and Testing of PolymersUniversity of Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- ZMF – Center for Medical Research Stiftingtalstrasse 24 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Margit Pichelmayer
- Division of Oral Surgery and OrthodonticsDepartment of Dental Medicine and Oral HealthMedical University Graz Billrothgasse 4 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials andChristian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet InksMontanuniversität Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2 8700 Leoben Austria
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34
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Photochemical Study of a New Bimolecular Photoinitiating System for Vat Photopolymerization 3D Printing Techniques under Visible Light. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we presented a new bimolecular photoinitiating system based on 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives as visible photosensitizers of diphenyliodonium salt. Real-time FTIR and photo-DSC photopolymerization experiments with a cycloaliphatic epoxide and vinyl monomers showed surprisingly good reactivity of the bimolecular photoinitiating systems under UV-A, as well as under visible light sources. Steady-state photolysis, fluorescence experiments, theoretical calculations of molecular orbitals, and electrochemical analysis demonstrated photo-redox behavior as well as the ability to form initiating species via photo-reduction or photo-oxidation pathways, respectively. Therefore, the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives were also investigated as a type II free-radical photoinitiator with amine. It was confirmed that the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives, in combination with different types of additives, e.g., amine as a co-initiator or the presence of onium salt, can act as bimolecular photoinitiating systems for cationic, free-radical, and thiol-ene photopolymerization processes by hydrogen abstraction and/or electron transfer reactions stimulated by either near-UV or visible light irradiation. Finally, the 2-amino-4,6-diphenylpyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives were selected for 3D printing rapid prototyping experiments. Test objects were successfully printed using purely cationic photosensitive resin, created on a 3D printer with a visible LED light source.
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35
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Childress KK, Alim MD, Hernandez JJ, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Additive manufacture of lightly crosslinked semicrystalline thiol-enes for enhanced mechanical performance. Polym Chem 2020; 11:39-46. [PMID: 31903100 PMCID: PMC6941418 DOI: 10.1039/c9py01452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photopolymerizable semicrystalline thermoplastics resulting from thiol-ene polymerizations were formed via fast polymerizations and achieved excellent mechanical properties. These materials have been shown to produce materials desirable for additive manufacturing (3D printing), especially for recyclable printing and investment casting. However, while well-resolved prints were previously achieved with the thiol-ene thermoplastics, the remarkable elongation at break (ϵmax) and toughness (T) attained in bulk were not realized for 3D printed components (ϵmax,bulk ~ 790%, Tbulk ~ 102 MJ m-3 vs. ϵmax,print < 5%, Tprint < 0.5 MJ m-3). In this work, small concentrations (5-10 mol%) of a crosslinker were added to the original thiol-ene resin composition without sacrificing crystallization potential to achieve semicrystalline, covalently crosslinked networks with enhanced mechanical properties. Improvements in ductility and overall toughness were observed for printed crosslinked structures, and substantial mechanical augmentation was further demonstrated with post-manufacture thermal conditioning of printed materials above the melting temperature (Tm). In some instances, this thermal conditioning to reset the crystalline component of the crosslinked prints yielded mechanical properties that were comparable or superior to its bulk counterpart (ϵmax ~ 790%, T ~ 95 MJ m-3). These unique photopolymerizations and their corresponding monomer compositions exhibited concurrent polymerization and crystallization along with mechanical properties that were tunable by changes to the monomer composition, photopolymerization conditions, and post-polymerization conditioning. This is the first example of a 3D printed semicrystalline, crosslinked material with thermally tunable mechanical properties that are superior to many commercially-available resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Childress
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Marvin D Alim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Juan J Hernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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36
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Abstract
Herein, recent developments in the 3D printing of materials with structural hierarchy and their future prospects are reviewed. It is shown that increasing the extent of ordering, is essential to access novel properties and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Monti
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Heidelberg
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37
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Burke G, Cao Z, Devine DM, Major I. Preparation of Biodegradable Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate Hydrogels via Thiol-ene Chemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1339. [PMID: 31412552 PMCID: PMC6722562 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the control of the molecular weight, water content and monomer concentration, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) based hydrogels have been adapted for numerous applications, including as structural scaffolds, drug delivery vehicles and cell carriers. However, due to the low biodegradability rates, the use of PEGDMA in tissue engineering has been limited. Thiol-based monomers have been shown to improve the degradation rates of several PEG-based hydrogels, though their impact on several material properties has not been as well defined. In this work, several mercaptopropianoates, as well as mercaptoacetates, were mixed with PEGDMA and copolymerized. Following an initial polymerization check, it was determined that mercaptoacetate-based thiol monomers did not polymerize in the presence of PEGDMA, whereas mercaptopropionates were more successful. The wettability, and the compressive and tensile strength, in addition to the thermal properties, were determined for successfully copolymerized samples via a combination of differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, unconfined compression, and goniometry. Further study determined that dipentaerythritol hexa(3-mercaptopropionate) (DiPETMP) successfully enhanced the biodegradability of PEGDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Burke
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Zhi Cao
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Declan M Devine
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Co. Westmeath N37 HD68, Ireland.
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38
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Siller IG, Enders A, Steinwedel T, Epping NM, Kirsch M, Lavrentieva A, Scheper T, Bahnemann J. Real-Time Live-Cell Imaging Technology Enables High-Throughput Screening to Verify in Vitro Biocompatibility of 3D Printed Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2125. [PMID: 31269668 PMCID: PMC6651444 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With growing advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, the availability and diversity of printing materials has rapidly increased over the last years. 3D printing has quickly become a useful tool for biomedical and various laboratory applications, offering a tremendous potential for efficiently fabricating complex devices in a short period of time. However, there still remains a lack of information regarding the impact of printing materials and post-processing techniques on cell behavior. This study introduces real-time live-cell imaging technology as a fast, user-friendly, and high-throughput screening strategy to verify the in vitro biocompatibility of 3D printed materials. Polyacrylate-based photopolymer material was printed using high-resolution 3D printing techniques, post-processed using three different procedures, and then analyzed with respect to its effects on cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis of adipogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). When using ethanol for the post-processing procedure and disinfection, no significant effects on MSCs could be detected. For the analyses a novel image-based live-cell analysis system was compared against a biochemical-based standard plate reader assay and traditional flow cytometry. This comparison illustrates the superiority of using image-based detection of in vitro biocompatibility with respect to analysis time, usability, and scientific outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina G Siller
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anton Enders
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Steinwedel
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Niklas-Maximilian Epping
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marline Kirsch
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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39
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Ding R, Du Y, Goncalves RB, Francis LF, Reineke TM. Sustainable near UV-curable acrylates based on natural phenolics for stereolithography 3D printing. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01652f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photocured polymers have recently gained tremendous interest for a wide range of applications especially industrial prototyping/additive manufacturing. This work aims to develop natural phenolic-based (meth)acrylates to expand the use of sustainable and mechanically robust 3D printable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Polymers
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Yuyang Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | | | - Lorraine F. Francis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Polymers
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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40
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Roppolo I, Frascella F, Gastaldi M, Castellino M, Ciubini B, Barolo C, Scaltrito L, Nicosia C, Zanetti M, Chiappone A. Thiol–yne chemistry for 3D printing: exploiting an off-stoichiometric route for selective functionalization of 3D objects. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An alkyne monomer, bis(propargyl) fumarate, is synthesized and mixed to a thiol monomer to produce DLP-3D printable formulations. Using off-stoichiometric formulations it is possible to print functionalizable objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Betty Ciubini
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Luciano Scaltrito
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Carmelo Nicosia
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications DET
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
| | - Marco Zanetti
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre
- University of Turin
- Torino
- Italy
- ICxT Centre
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- Torino
- Italy
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41
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Paruli EIII, Griesser T, Merlier F, Gonzato C, Haupt K. Molecularly imprinted polymers by thiol–yne chemistry: making imprinting even easier. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic, bio-mimetic materials with recognition properties on a par with those of antibodies, which feature superior physical and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto III Paruli
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Laboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR CNRS 7025
- 60200 Compiègne
- France
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer Based Ink-Jet Inks
- University of Leoben Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - Franck Merlier
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Laboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR CNRS 7025
- 60200 Compiègne
- France
| | - Carlo Gonzato
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Laboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR CNRS 7025
- 60200 Compiègne
- France
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Laboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering UMR CNRS 7025
- 60200 Compiègne
- France
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42
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Rossegger E, Hennen D, Griesser T, Roppolo I, Schlögl S. Directed motion of water droplets on multi-gradient photopolymer surfaces. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and directional movement of water droplets across a photopolymer surface with inscribed wettability and Laplace pressure gradient is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - D. Hennen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer based Ink-Jet Inks
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - T. Griesser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Functional and Polymer based Ink-Jet Inks
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
| | - I. Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - S. Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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43
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Frascella F, González G, Bosch P, Angelini A, Chiappone A, Sangermano M, Pirri CF, Roppolo I. Three-Dimensional Printed Photoluminescent Polymeric Waveguides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39319-39326. [PMID: 30346129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose an innovative strategy for obtaining functional objects employing a light-activated three-dimensional (3D) printing process without affecting the materials' printability. In particular, a dye is a necessary ingredient in a formulation for a digital light processing 3D printing method to obtain precise and complex structures. Here, we use a photoluminescent dye specifically synthesized for this purpose that enables the production of 3D printed waveguides and splitters able to guide the luminescence. Moreover, copolymerizing the dye with the polymeric network during the printing process, we are able to maintain the solvatochromic properties of the dye toward different solvents in the printed structures, enabling the development of solvents' polarity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Frascella
- Department of Applied Science and Technology , Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , Torino 10129 , Italy
| | - Gustavo González
- Department of Applied Science and Technology , Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , Torino 10129 , Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies @Polito , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Trento 21 , Torino 10129 , Italy
| | - Paula Bosch
- Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada , Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , C/Juan de la Cierva 3 , Madrid 28006 , Spain
| | - Angelo Angelini
- Department of Applied Science and Technology , Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , Torino 10129 , Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiappone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology , Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , Torino 10129 , Italy
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology , Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , Torino 10129 , Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology , Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , Torino 10129 , Italy
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies @Polito , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Corso Trento 21 , Torino 10129 , Italy
| | - Ignazio Roppolo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology , Politecnico di Torino , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 , Torino 10129 , Italy
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44
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Mao Y, Miyazaki T, Sakai K, Gong J, Zhu M, Ito H. A 3D Printable Thermal Energy Storage Crystalline Gel Using Mask-Projection Stereolithography. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1117. [PMID: 30961043 PMCID: PMC6404010 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the phase change materials (PCMs) have been limited to use as functional additions or sealed in containers, and extra auxiliary equipment or supporting matrix is needed. The emergence of 3D printing technique has dramatically advanced the developments of materials and simplified production processes. This study focuses on a novel strategy to model thermal energy storage crystalline gels with three-dimensional architecture directly from liquid resin without supporting materials through light-induced polymerization 3D printing technique. A mask-projection stereolithography printer was used to measure the 3D printing test, and the printable characters of crystalline thermal energy storage P(SA-DMAA) gels with different molar ratios were evaluated. For the P(SA-DMMA) gels with a small fraction of SA, the 3D fabrication was realized with higher printing precision both on milli- and micro- meter scales. As a comparison of 3D printed samples, P(SA-DMAA) gels made by other two methods, post-UV curing treatment after 3D printing and UV curing using conventional mold, were prepared. The 3D printed P(SA-DMAA) gels shown high crystallinity. Post-UV curing treatment was beneficial to full curing of 3D printed gels, but did not lead to the further improvement of the crystal structure to get higher crystallinity. The P(SA-DMAA) crystalline gel having the highest energy storage enthalpy was developed, which reached 69.6 J·g-1. Its good thermoregulation property in the temperature range from 25 to 40 °C was proved. The P(SA-DMAA) gels are feasible for practical applications as one kind of 3D printing material with thermal energy storage and thermoregulation functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Mao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Takuya Miyazaki
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Kohei Sakai
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan.
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Kockler KB, Frisch H, Barner-Kowollik C. Making and Breaking Chemical Bonds by Chemiluminescence. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800516. [PMID: 30085391 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chemiluminescent (CL) reactions are powerful analytical tools and are present in commercially available everyday objects such as glow sticks. Herein, the photons generated by chemiluminescence are exploited to induce covalent bond breakage and formation, using a chemically generated photonic field at ambient temperature through space as energy transducer. Remarkably, the generated photons enable both the cleavage of species generating radicals as well as the execution of [2 + 2] cycloadditions, demonstrating that disparate types of reactions can be triggered. The herein-presented photochemical concept establishes the field of CL-induced photochemistry, which is poised to enable photochemical transformations in situations where physical light sources, such as lamps, LEDs, and lasers cannot be employed, including in biological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin B Kockler
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.,Marcromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruche 18,, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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46
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Sycks DG, Wu T, Park HS, Gall K. Tough, stable spiroacetal thiol‐ene resin for 3D printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton G. Sycks
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityP.O. Box 90300, Hudson Hall, Durham North Carolina 27708
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityFitzpatrick CIEMAS Room 1427, 101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281, Durham North Carolina 27708
| | - Hyun Sang Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityP.O. Box 90300, Hudson Hall, Durham North Carolina 27708
| | - Ken Gall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityP.O. Box 90300, Hudson Hall, Durham North Carolina 27708
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityFitzpatrick CIEMAS Room 1427, 101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281, Durham North Carolina 27708
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47
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Abstract
Recent progress in the photoinitiators and monomers/oligomers of photopolymers for 3D printing is presented in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra
- Australia
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48
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Otaka J, Hashizume D, Masumoto Y, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Koshino H, Futamura Y, Osada H. Hitoyol A and B, Two Norsesquiterpenoids from the Basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea. Org Lett 2017; 19:4030-4033. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Materials
Characterization Support Unit, RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yui Masumoto
- Elements
Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and Advanced Elements Chemistry Research
Team, RIKEN CSRS, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Elements
Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and Advanced Elements Chemistry Research
Team, RIKEN CSRS, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Elements
Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, and Advanced Elements Chemistry Research
Team, RIKEN CSRS, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Abstract
This review highlights the synthesis, properties, and advanced applications of synthetic and natural polymers 3D printed using stereolithography for soft tissue engineering applications. Soft tissue scaffolds are of great interest due to the number of musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and connective tissue injuries and replacements humans face each year. Accurately replacing or repairing these tissues is challenging due to the variation in size, shape, and strength of different types of soft tissue. With advancing processing techniques such as stereolithography, control of scaffold resolution down to the μm scale is achievable along with the ability to customize each fabricated scaffold to match the targeted replacement tissue. Matching the advanced manufacturing technique to polymer properties as well as maintaining the proper chemical, biological, and mechanical properties for tissue replacement is extremely challenging. This review discusses the design of polymers with tailored structure, architecture, and functionality for stereolithography, while maintaining chemical, biological, and mechanical properties to mimic a broad range of soft tissue types.
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50
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Concellón A, Asín L, González-Lana S, de la Fuente JM, Sánchez-Somolinos C, Piñol M, Oriol L. Photopolymers based on ethynyl-functionalized degradable polylactides by thiol-yne ‘Click Chemistry’. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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