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Naskar D, Sapru S, Ghosh AK, Reis RL, Dey T, Kundu SC. Nonmulberry silk proteins: multipurpose ingredient in bio-functional assembly. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34428758 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac20a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicines utilising artificial polymers is facing many problems. Despite having mechanical stability, non-toxicity and biodegradability, most of them lack cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. Natural polymers (such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, fibrin, fibroin, and others), including blends, are introduced to the field to solve some of the relevant issues. Another natural biopolymer: silkworm silk gained special attention primarily due to its specific biophysical, biochemical, and material properties, worldwide availability, and cost-effectiveness. Silk proteins, namely fibroin and sericin extracted from domesticated mulberry silkwormBombyx mori, are studied extensively in the last few decades for tissue engineering. Wild nonmulberry silkworm species, originated from India and other parts of the world, also produce silk proteins with variations in their nature and properties. Among the nonmulberry silkworm species,Antheraea mylitta(Indian Tropical Tasar),A. assamensis/A. assama(Indian Muga), andSamia ricini/Philosamia ricini(Indian Eri), along withA. pernyi(Chinese temperate Oak Tasar/Tussah) andA. yamamai(Japanese Oak Tasar) exhibit inherent tripeptide motifs of arginyl glycyl aspartic acid in their fibroin amino acid sequences, which support their candidacy as the potential biomaterials. Similarly, sericin isolated from such wild species delivers unique properties and is used as anti-apoptotic and growth-inducing factors in regenerative medicines. Other characteristics such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-inflammatory nature make it suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine based applications. A diverse range of matrices, including but not limited to nano-micro scale structures, nanofibres, thin films, hydrogels, and porous scaffolds, are prepared from the silk proteins (fibroins and sericins) for biomedical and tissue engineering research. This review aims to represent the progress made in medical and non-medical applications in the last couple of years and depict the present status of the investigations on Indian nonmulberry silk-based matrices as a particular reference due to its remarkable potentiality of regeneration of different types of tissues. It also discusses the future perspective in tissue engineering and regenerative medicines in the context of developing cutting-edge techniques such as 3D printing/bioprinting, microfluidics, organ-on-a-chip, and other electronics, optical and thermal property-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboki Naskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,Present address: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sunaina Sapru
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,Present address: Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, IL, Israel
| | - Ananta K Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-4805-017 Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Tuli Dey
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.,3Bs Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-4805-017 Barco, Guimaraes, Portugal
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Soulié S, Bilem I, Chevallier P, Elkoun S, Robert M, Naudé N, Laroche G. Milkweed scaffold: A new candidate for bone cell growth. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1626391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Soulié
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie de Surface, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Département de génie des mines, de la métallurgie et des matériaux, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital St François d’Assise, Québec, Québec, Canada
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ibrahim Bilem
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie de Surface, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Département de génie des mines, de la métallurgie et des matériaux, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital St François d’Assise, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascale Chevallier
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie de Surface, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Département de génie des mines, de la métallurgie et des matériaux, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital St François d’Assise, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Saïd Elkoun
- Carrefour d’innovations en technologies Écologiques (CITÉ), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Robert
- Carrefour d’innovations en technologies Écologiques (CITÉ), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Naudé
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie de Surface, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Département de génie des mines, de la métallurgie et des matériaux, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaétan Laroche
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie de Surface, Centre de Recherche sur les Matériaux Avancés, Département de génie des mines, de la métallurgie et des matériaux, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital St François d’Assise, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Mahato A, Sandy Z, Bysakh S, Hupa L, Das I, Bhattacharjee P, Kundu B, De G, Nandi SK, Vallittu P, Balla VK, Bhattacharya M. Development of nano-porous hydroxyapatite coated e-glass for potential bone-tissue engineering application: An in vitro approach. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110764. [PMID: 32279774 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To reconstruct the defects caused by craniectomies autologous, bone grafting was usually used, but they failed most commonly due to bone resorption, infections and donor-site morbidity. In the present investigation, an effort has been made for the first time to check the feasibility and advantage of using hydroxyapatite (HAp) coated e-glass as component of bone implants. Sol-gel synthesized coatings were found to be purely hydroxyapatite from XRD with graded and interconnected pores all over the surface observable in TEM. The interconnected porous nature of ceramics are found to increase bioactivity by acting to up-regulate the process of osseointegration through enhanced nutrient transfer and induction of angiogenesis. From TEM studies and nano indentation studies, we have shown that pores were considered to be appropriate for nutrient supply without compromising the strength of sample while in contact with physiological fluid. After SBF immersion test, porous surface was found to be useful for nucleation of apatite crystals, hence increasing the feasibility and bioactivity of sample. However, our quasi-dynamic study showed less crystallization but had significant formation of apatite layer. Overall, the in vitro analyses show that HAp coated e-glass leads to significant improvement of implant properties in terms of biocompatibility, cell viability and proliferation, osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity. HAp coating of e-glass can potentially be utilized in fabricating durable and strong bioactive non-metallic implants and tissue engineering scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mahato
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India
| | - Zhang Sandy
- Process Chemistry Centre, ÅboAkademi University, Finland
| | - Sandip Bysakh
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India
| | - Leena Hupa
- Process Chemistry Centre, ÅboAkademi University, Finland
| | - Indranee Das
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India
| | | | - Biswanath Kundu
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India.
| | - Goutam De
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India
| | - Samit K Nandi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences (WBUAFS), Kolkata, India
| | - Pekka Vallittu
- Institute of Dentistry and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre - TCBC, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Vamsi K Balla
- CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India
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Touny AH, Saleh MM, Abd El-Lateef HM, Saleh MM. Electrochemical methods for fabrication of polymers/calcium phosphates nanocomposites as hard tissue implants. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2019; 6. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5045339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Developing and manipulating new biomaterials is an ongoing topic for their needs in medical uses. The evolution and development of new biomaterials, in both the academic and industrial sectors, have been encouraged due to the dramatic improvement in medicine and medical-related technologies. Due to the drawbacks associated with natural biomaterials, the use of synthetic biomaterials is preferential due to basic and applied aspects. Various techniques are involved in fabricating biomaterials. Among them are the electrochemical-based methods, which include electrodeposition and electrophoretic methods. Although electrospinning and electrospraying are not typical electrochemical methods, they are also reviewed in this article due to their importance. Many remarkable features can be acquired from this technique. Electrodeposition and electrophoretic deposition are exceptional and valuable processes for fabricating thin or thick coated films on a surface of metallic implants. Electrodeposition and electrophoretic deposition have some common positive features. They can be used at low temperatures, do not affect the structure of the implant, and can be applied to complex shapes, and they can produce superior properties, such as quick and uniform coating. Furthermore, they can possibly control the thickness and chemical composition of the coatings. Electrospinning is a potentially emerging and efficient process for producing materials with nanofibrous structures, which have exceptional characteristics such as mechanical properties, pore size, and superior surface area. These specialized characteristics induce these nanostructured materials to be used in different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Touny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University 1 , Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University 2 , Helwan, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Saleh
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine 3 , Winston Salem, North Carolina 27103, USA
| | - Hany M. Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University 1 , Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Sohag University 4 , Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University 5 , Cairo, Egypt
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Dual functional approaches for osteogenesis coupled angiogenesis in bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109761. [PMID: 31349418 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is a multistep and overlapping process of inflammation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis. It is initiated by inflammation, causing the release of various cytokines and growth factors. It leads to the recruitment of stem cells and formation of vasculature resulting in the functional bone formation. This combined phenomenon is used by bone tissue engineers from past few years to address the problem of vasculature and osteogenic differentiation during bone regeneration. In this review, we have discussed all major studies reporting the dual functioning approach to promote osteogenesis coupled angiogenesis using various scaffolds. These scaffolds are broadly classified into four types based on the nature of their structural and functional components. The functionality of the scaffold is either due to the structural components or the loaded cargo which conducts or induces the coupled functionality. Dual delivery system for osteoinductive and angioinductive factors ensures the co-delivery of two different types of molecules to induce osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Single delivery scaffold for angioinductive and osteoinductive molecule releases single type of molecules which could induce both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Osteoconductive scaffold consisted of bone constituents releases angioinductive factors. Osteoconductive and angioconductive scaffold composed of components which provide the native substrate features for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This review article also discusses the studies highlighting the synergism of physico-chemical stimuli as dual functioning feature to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis simultaneously. In addition, this article covers one of the least discussed area of the bone regeneration i.e. 'cartilage formation as a median between angiogenesis and osteogenesis'.
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Ambekar RS, Kandasubramanian B. Progress in the Advancement of Porous Biopolymer Scaffold: Tissue Engineering Application. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh S. Ambekar
- Rapid Prototype & Electrospinning Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, DIAT (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune 411025, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Rapid Prototype & Electrospinning Lab, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, DIAT (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune 411025, India
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Silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite composites for bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:68-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
This review is focused on the use of membranes for the specific application of bone regeneration. The first section focuses on the relevance of membranes in this context and what are the specifications that they should possess to improve the regeneration of bone. Afterward, several techniques to engineer bone membranes by using "bulk"-like methods are discussed, where different parameters to induce bone formation are disclosed in a way to have desirable structural and functional properties. Subsequently, the production of nanostructured membranes using a bottom-up approach is discussed by highlighting the main advances in the field of bone regeneration. Primordial importance is given to the promotion of osteoconductive and osteoinductive capability during the membrane design. Whenever possible, the films prepared using different techniques are compared in terms of handability, bone guiding ability, osteoinductivity, adequate mechanical properties, or biodegradability. A last chapter contemplates membranes only composed by cells, disclosing their potential to regenerate bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia G Caridade
- Department of Chemistry CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro , Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro , Aveiro, Portugal
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Bhattacharjee P, Kundu B, Naskar D, Kim HW, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D, Kundu SC. Silk scaffolds in bone tissue engineering: An overview. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:1-17. [PMID: 28941652 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue plays multiple roles in our day-to-day functionality. The frequency of accidental bone damage and disorder is increasing worldwide. Moreover, as the world population continues to grow, the percentage of the elderly population continues to grow, which results in an increased number of bone degenerative diseases. This increased elderly population pushes the need for artificial bone implants that specifically employ biocompatible materials. A vast body of literature is available on the use of silk in bone tissue engineering. The current work presents an overview of this literature from materials and fabrication perspective. As silk is an easy-to-process biopolymer; this allows silk-based biomaterials to be molded into diverse forms and architectures, which further affects the degradability. This makes silk-based scaffolds suitable for treating a variety of bone reconstruction and regeneration objectives. Silk surfaces offer active sites that aid the mineralization and/or bonding of bioactive molecules that facilitate bone regeneration. Silk has also been blended with a variety of polymers and minerals to enhance its advantageous properties or introduce new ones. Several successful works, both in vitro and in vivo, have been reported using silk-based scaffolds to regenerate bone tissues or other parts of the skeletal system such as cartilage and ligament. A growing trend is observed toward the use of mineralized and nanofibrous scaffolds along with the development of technology that allows to control scaffold architecture, its biodegradability and the sustained releasing property of scaffolds. Further development of silk-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, taking them up to and beyond the stage of human trials, is hoped to be achieved in the near future through a cross-disciplinary coalition of tissue engineers, material scientists and manufacturing engineers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The state-of-art of silk biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, covering their wide applications as cell scaffolding matrices to micro-nano carriers for delivering bone growth factors and therapeutic molecules to diseased or damaged sites to facilitate bone regeneration, is emphasized here. The review rationalizes that the choice of silk protein as a biomaterial is not only because of its natural polymeric nature, mechanical robustness, flexibility and wide range of cell compatibility but also because of its ability to template the growth of hydroxyapatite, the chief inorganic component of bone mineral matrix, resulting in improved osteointegration. The discussion extends to the role of inorganic ions such as Si and Ca as matrix components in combination with silk to influence bone regrowth. The effect of ions or growth factor-loaded vehicle incorporation into regenerative matrix, nanotopography is also considered.
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Bhattacharjee P, Maiti TK, Bhattacharya D, Nandi SK. Effect of different mineralization processes on in vitro and in vivo bone regeneration and osteoblast-macrophage cross-talk in co-culture system using dual growth factor mediated non-mulberry silk fibroin grafted poly (Є-caprolactone) nanofibrous scaffold. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:270-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Behera S, Naskar D, Sapru S, Bhattacharjee P, Dey T, Ghosh AK, Mandal M, Kundu SC. Hydroxyapatite reinforced inherent RGD containing silk fibroin composite scaffolds: Promising platform for bone tissue engineering. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1745-1759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jao D, Mou X, Hu X. Tissue Regeneration: A Silk Road. J Funct Biomater 2016; 7:E22. [PMID: 27527229 PMCID: PMC5040995 DOI: 10.3390/jfb7030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk proteins are natural biopolymers that have extensive structural possibilities for chemical and mechanical modifications to facilitate novel properties, functions, and applications in the biomedical field. The versatile processability of silk fibroins (SF) into different forms such as gels, films, foams, membranes, scaffolds, and nanofibers makes it appealing in a variety of applications that require mechanically superior, biocompatible, biodegradable, and functionalizable biomaterials. There is no doubt that nature is the world's best biological engineer, with simple, exquisite but powerful designs that have inspired novel technologies. By understanding the surface interaction of silk materials with living cells, unique characteristics can be implemented through structural modifications, such as controllable wettability, high-strength adhesiveness, and reflectivity properties, suggesting its potential suitability for surgical, optical, and other biomedical applications. All of the interesting features of SF, such as tunable biodegradation, anti-bacterial properties, and mechanical properties combined with potential self-healing modifications, make it ideal for future tissue engineering applications. In this review, we first demonstrate the current understanding of the structures and mechanical properties of SF and the various functionalizations of SF matrices through chemical and physical manipulations. Then the diverse applications of SF architectures and scaffolds for different regenerative medicine will be discussed in detail, including their current applications in bone, eye, nerve, skin, tendon, ligament, and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Jao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Mou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
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Chu C, Deng J, Liu L, Cao Y, Wei X, Li J, Man Y. Nanoparticles combined with growth factors: recent progress and applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13636b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been focused on the applications of nanoparticles combined with growth factors (NPs/GFs) due to the substantial functions of GFs in regenerative medicine and disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Jia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Laboratory for Aging Research
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Laboratory for Aging Research
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jidong Li
- Research Center for Nano Biomaterials
- Analytical & Testing Center
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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