1
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Moxley-Paquette V, Pellizzari J, Lane D, Steiner K, Costa PM, Wolff WW, Lysak DH, Ghosh Biswas R, Downey K, Ronda K, Soong R, Zverev D, De Castro P, Frei T, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, Graf S, Gloor S, Schmidig D, Kuemmerle R, Kuehn T, Busse F, Haberer N, Domaszewicz J, Scatena R, Lacerda A, Nashman B, Anders J, Utz M, Simpson AJ. Exploration of Materials for Three-Dimensional NMR Microcoil Production via CNC Micromilling and Laser Etching. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13588-13597. [PMID: 39116295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The excellent versatility of 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) micromilling has led to its application for prototyping NMR microcoils tailored to mass-limited samples (reducing development time and cost). However, vibrations during 5-axis milling can hinder the creation of complex 3D volume microcoils (i.e., solenoids and saddle coils). To address these limitations, a high-resolution NSCNC ELARA 4-axis milling machine was developed with the extra precision required for making complex 3D volume microcoils. Upon investigating the performance of resonators made with various copper-coated dielectrics, resonators with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) provided the best SNR/line shape. Thus, complex 1.7 mm microcoil designs were machined from Cu-coated PMMA. A milled 6.4 mm solenoid also provided 6.6× the total carbon signal for a 13C-labeled broccoli seed compared to a commercial inverse 5 mm NMR probe (demonstrating potential for larger coil designs). However, the manufacture of coils <1.7 mm with copper-coated PMMA rods was challenging as ∼0.5 mm of remaining PMMA was needed to retain their structural integrity. To manufacture smaller microcoils, both a solenoid and saddle coil (both with 1 mm O.D., 0.1 mm thick walls) were etched from Cu-coated glass capillaries using a UV picosecond laser that was mounted onto an NSCNC 5-axis MiRA7L. Both resonators showed excellent signal and identified a wide range of metabolites in a 13C-labeled algae extract, while the solenoid was further tested on two copepod egg sacs (∼4 μg of total sample). In summary, the flexibility to prototype complex microcoils in-house allows laboratories to tailor microcoils to specific mass-limited samples while avoiding the costs of cleanrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jacob Pellizzari
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katrina Steiner
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Peter M Costa
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - William W Wolff
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kiera Ronda
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dmitri Zverev
- NSCNC Manufacturing LTD, 19358 96 Ave, Unit 150, Surrey, British Colombia V4N 4C1, Canada
| | - Peter De Castro
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Simon Gloor
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Haberer
- Aidlab, 651 N., Broad St., Suite 201, Middletown, Delaware 19709, United States
| | - Jakub Domaszewicz
- Aidlab, 651 N., Broad St., Suite 201, Middletown, Delaware 19709, United States
| | - Ryan Scatena
- Thermal Conductive Bonding Inc., 6210 88th Street, Sacramento, California 95828, United States
| | - Andressa Lacerda
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Ben Nashman
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Jens Anders
- University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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2
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Lysak DH, Bermel W, Moxley-Paquette V, Michal C, Ghosh-Biswas R, Soong R, Nashman B, Lacerda A, Simpson AJ. Cutting without a Knife: A Slice-Selective 2D 1H- 13C HSQC NMR Sequence for the Analysis of Inhomogeneous Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14392-14401. [PMID: 37713676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful technique with applications ranging from small molecule structure elucidation to metabolomics studies of living organisms. Typically, solution-state NMR requires a homogeneous liquid, and the whole sample is analyzed as a single entity. While adequate for homogeneous samples, such an approach is limited if the composition varies as would be the case in samples that are naturally heterogeneous or layered. In complex samples such as living organisms, magnetic susceptibility distortions lead to broad 1H line shapes, and thus, the additional spectral dispersion afforded by 2D heteronuclear experiments is often required for metabolite discrimination. Here, a novel, slice-selective 2D, 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) sequence was developed that exclusively employs shaped pulses such that only spins in the desired volume are perturbed. In turn, this permits multiple volumes in the tube to be studied during a single relaxation delay, increasing sensitivity and throughput. The approach is first demonstrated on standards and then used to isolate specific sample/sensor elements from a microcoil array and finally study slices within a living earthworm, allowing metabolite changes to be discerned with feeding. Overall, slice-selective NMR is demonstrated to have significant potential for the study of layered and other inhomogeneous samples of varying complexity. In particular, its ability to select subelements is an important step toward developing microcoil receive-only arrays to study environmental toxicity in tiny eggs, cells, and neonates, whereas localization in larger living species could help better correlate toxin-induced biochemical responses to the physical localities or organs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Carl Michal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rajshree Ghosh-Biswas
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ben Nashman
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8,Canada
| | - Andressa Lacerda
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8,Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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3
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Moxley-Paquette V, Lane D, Steiner K, Downey K, Costa PM, Lysak DH, Ronda K, Soong R, Zverev D, De Castro P, Frei T, Stuessi J, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, Graf S, Gloor S, Schmidig D, Kuemmerle R, Kuehn T, Busse F, Utz M, Lacerda A, Nashman B, Albert L, Anders J, Simpson AJ. Development of Low-Magnetic Susceptibility Microcoils via 5-Axis Machining for Analysis of Biological and Environmental Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13932-13940. [PMID: 37676066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In environmental research, it is critical to understand how toxins impact invertebrate eggs and egg banks, which, due to their tiny size, are very challenging to study by conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Microcoil technology has been extensively utilized to enhance the mass-sensitivity of NMR. In a previous study, 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) micromilling (shown to be a viable alternative to traditional microcoil production methods) was used to create a prototype copper slotted-tube resonator (STR). Despite the excellent limit of detection (LOD) of the resonator, the quality of the line shape was very poor due to the magnetic susceptibility of the copper resonator itself. This is best solved using magnetic susceptibility-matched materials. In this study, approaches are investigated that improve the susceptibility while retaining the versatility of coil milling. One method involves machining STRs from various copper/aluminum alloys, while the other involves machining ones from an aluminum 2011 alloy and electroplating them with copper. In all cases, combining copper and aluminum to produce resonators resulted in improved line shape and SNR compared to pure copper resonators due to their reduced magnetic susceptibility. However, the copper-plated aluminum resonators showed optimal performance from the devices tested. The enhanced LOD of these STRs allowed for the first 1H-13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) of a single intact 13C-labeled Daphnia magna egg (∼4 μg total biomass). This is a key step toward future screening programs that aim to elucidate the toxic processes in aquatic eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katrina Steiner
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Peter M Costa
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kiera Ronda
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dimitri Zverev
- NSCNC Manufacturing LTD, 1515 Broadway Street Unit 607, Port Coquitlam, British Columbia V3C 6M2, Canada
| | - Peter De Castro
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Stuessi
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Simon Gloor
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Andressa Lacerda
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1A8Canada
| | - Ben Nashman
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1A8Canada
| | - Larry Albert
- ACI Alloys, Inc, 1458 Seareel Place, San Jose, California 95131, United States
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors,University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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4
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Gomez MV, Baas S, Velders AH. Multinuclear 1D and 2D NMR with 19F-Photo-CIDNP hyperpolarization in a microfluidic chip with untuned microcoil. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3885. [PMID: 37391397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a most powerful molecular characterization and quantification technique, yet two major persistent factors limit its more wide-spread applications: poor sensitivity, and intricate complex and expensive hardware required for sophisticated experiments. Here we show NMR with a single planar-spiral microcoil in an untuned circuit with hyperpolarization option and capability to execute complex experiments addressing simultaneously up to three different nuclides. A microfluidic NMR-chip in which the 25 nL detection volume can be efficiently illuminated with laser-diode light enhances the sensitivity by orders of magnitude via photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP), allowing rapid detection of samples in the lower picomole range (normalized limit of detection at 600 MHz, nLODf,600, of 0.01 nmol Hz1/2). The chip is equipped with a single planar microcoil operating in an untuned circuit that allows different Larmor frequencies to be addressed simultaneously, permitting advanced hetero-, di- and trinuclear, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Here we show NMR chips with photo-CIDNP and broadband capabilities addressing two of the major limiting factors of NMR, by enhancing sensitivity as well as reducing cost and hardware complexity; the performance is compared to state-of-the-art instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Gomez
- IRICA, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Sander Baas
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, 6700 EK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- IRICA, Department of Inorganic, Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Av. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, 6700 EK, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Lysak DH, Grisi M, Marable K, Conley GM, Michal CA, Moxley-Paquette V, Wolff WW, Downey K, Kock FVC, Costa PM, Ronda K, Moraes TB, Steiner K, Colnago LA, Simpson AJ. Exploring the Potential of Broadband Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Micro-Coil Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Environmental Research. Molecules 2023; 28:5080. [PMID: 37446742 PMCID: PMC10343494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With sensitivity being the Achilles' heel of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the superior mass sensitivity offered by micro-coils can be an excellent choice for tiny, mass limited samples such as eggs and small organisms. Recently, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based micro-coil transceivers have been reported and demonstrate excellent mass sensitivity. However, the ability of broadband CMOS micro-coils to study heteronuclei has yet to be investigated, and here their potential is explored within the lens of environmental research. Eleven nuclei including 7Li, 19F, 31P and, 205Tl were studied and detection limits in the low to mid picomole range were found for an extended experiment. Further, two environmentally relevant samples (a sprouting broccoli seed and a D. magna egg) were successfully studied using the CMOS micro-coil system. 13C NMR was used to help resolve broad signals in the 1H spectrum of the 13C enriched broccoli seed, and steady state free precession was used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of six. 19F NMR was used to track fluorinated contaminants in a single D. magna egg, showing potential for studying egg-pollutant interactions. Overall, CMOS micro-coil NMR demonstrates significant promise in environmental research, especially when the future potential to scale to multiple coil arrays (greatly improving throughput) is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Lysak
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Marco Grisi
- Annaida Technologies, Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn Marable
- Annaida Technologies, Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Carl A. Michal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | | | - William W. Wolff
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Flavio V. C. Kock
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Peter M. Costa
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kiera Ronda
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Tiago B. Moraes
- Departamento Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade de São Paulo/ESALQ, Av. Páduas Dias, 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Katrina Steiner
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Luiz A. Colnago
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre J. Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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6
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Jenne A, von der Ecken S, Moxley-Paquette V, Soong R, Swyer I, Bastawrous M, Busse F, Bermel W, Schmidig D, Kuehn T, Kuemmerle R, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, Graf S, Frei T, Monette M, Wheeler AR, Simpson AJ. Integrated Digital Microfluidics NMR Spectroscopy: A Key Step toward Automated In Vivo Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5858-5866. [PMID: 36996326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity testing is currently undergoing a paradigm shift from examining apical end points such as death, to monitoring sub-lethal toxicity in vivo. In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a key platform in this endeavor. A proof-of-principle study is presented which directly interfaces NMR with digital microfluidics (DMF). DMF is a "lab on a chip" method allowing for the movement, mixing, splitting, and dispensing of μL-sized droplets. The goal is for DMF to supply oxygenated water to keep the organisms alive while NMR detects metabolomic changes. Here, both vertical and horizontal NMR coil configurations are compared. While a horizontal configuration is ideal for DMF, NMR performance was found to be sub-par and instead, a vertical-optimized single-sided stripline showed most promise. In this configuration, three organisms were monitored in vivo using 1H-13C 2D NMR. Without support from DMF droplet exchange, the organisms quickly showed signs of anoxic stress; however, with droplet exchange, this was completely suppressed. The results demonstrate that DMF can be used to maintain living organisms and holds potential for automated exposures in future. However, due to numerous limitations of vertically orientated DMF, along with space limitations in standard bore NMR spectrometers, we recommend future development be performed using a horizontal (MRI style) magnet which would eliminate practically all the drawbacks identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sebastian von der Ecken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Nicoya, B-29 King Street East, Kitchener, Ontario N2G 2K4, Canada
| | - Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ian Swyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Martine Monette
- Bruker Canada Ltd., 2800 High Point Drive, Milton, Ontario L9T 6P4, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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7
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Bastawrous M, Ghosh Biswas R, Soong R, Jouda M, MacKinnon N, Mager D, Korvink JG, Simpson AJ. Lenz Lenses in a Cryoprobe: Boosting NMR Sensitivity Toward Environmental Monitoring of Mass-Limited Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1327-1334. [PMID: 36576271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is commonly employed in a wide range of metabolomic research. Unfortunately, due to its relatively low sensitivity, smaller samples become challenging to study by NMR. Cryoprobes can be used to increase sensitivity by cooling the coil and preamplifier, offering sensitivity improvements of ∼3 to 4x. Alternatively, microcoils can be used to increase mass sensitivity by improving sample filling and proximity, along with decreased electrical resistance. Unfortunately, combining the two approaches is not just technically challenging, but as the coil decreases, so does its thermal fingerprint, reducing the advantage of cryogenic cooling. Here, an alternative solution is proposed in the form of a Lenz lens inside a cryoprobe. Rather than replacing the detection coil, Lenz lenses allow the B1 field from a larger coil to be refocused onto a much smaller sample area. In turn, the stronger B1 field at the sample provides strong coupling to the cryocoil, improving the signal. By combining a 530 I.D. Lenz lens with a cryoprobe, sensitivity was further improved by 2.8x and 3.5x for 1H and 13C, respectively, over the cryoprobe alone for small samples. Additionally, the broadband nature of the Lenz lenses allowed multiple nuclei to be studied and heteronuclear two-dimensional (2D) NMR approaches to be employed. The sensitivity improvements and 2D capabilities are demonstrated on 430 nL of hemolymph and eight eggs (∼350 μm O.D.) from the model organismDaphnia magna. In summary, combining Lenz lenses with cryoprobes offers a relatively simple approach to boost sensitivity for tiny samples while retaining cryoprobe advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Mazin Jouda
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Neil MacKinnon
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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8
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Bastawrous M, Gruschke O, Soong R, Jenne A, Gross D, Busse F, Nashman B, Lacerda A, Simpson AJ. Comparing the Potential of Helmholtz and Planar NMR Microcoils for Analysis of Intact Biological Samples. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8523-8532. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Oliver Gruschke
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Amy Jenne
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Dieter Gross
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany
| | - Ben Nashman
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Andressa Lacerda
- Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, Ontario M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Andre J. Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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9
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Moxley-Paquette V, Wu B, Lane D, Bastawrous M, Ning P, Soong R, De Castro P, Kovacevic I, Frei T, Stuessi J, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, Graf S, Vincent F, Schmidig D, Kuehn T, Kuemmerle R, Beck A, Fey M, Bermel W, Busse F, Gundy M, Boenisch H, Heumann H, Nashman B, Dutta Majumdar R, Lacerda A, Simpson AJ. Evaluation of double-tuned single-sided planar microcoils for the analysis of small 13 C enriched biological samples using 1 H- 13 C 2D heteronuclear correlation NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2022; 60:386-397. [PMID: 34647646 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcoils provide a cost-effective approach to improve detection limits for mass-limited samples. Single-sided planar microcoils are advantageous in comparison to volume coils, in that the sample can simply be placed on top. However, the considerable drawback is that the RF field that is produced by the coil decreases with distance from the coil surface, which potentially limits more complex multi-pulse NMR pulse sequences. Unfortunately, 1 H NMR alone is not very informative for intact biological samples due to line broadening caused by magnetic susceptibility distortions, and 1 H-13 C 2D NMR correlations are required to provide the additional spectral dispersion for metabolic assignments in vivo or in situ. To our knowledge, double-tuned single-sided microcoils have not been applied for the 2D 1 H-13 C analysis of intact 13 C enriched biological samples. Questions include the following: Can 1 H-13 C 2D NMR be performed on single-sided planar microcoils? If so, do they still hold sensitivity advantages over conventional 5 mm NMR technology for mass limited samples? Here, 2D 1 H-13 C HSQC, HMQC, and HETCOR variants were compared and then applied to 13 C enriched broccoli seeds and Daphnia magna (water fleas). Compared to 5 mm NMR probes, the microcoils showed a sixfold improvement in mass sensitivity (albeit only for a small localized region) and allowed for the identification of metabolites in a single intact D. magna for the first time. Single-sided planar microcoils show practical benefit for 1 H-13 C NMR of intact biological samples, if localized information within ~0.7 mm of the 1 mm I.D. planar microcoil surface is of specific interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Wu
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paris Ning
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter De Castro
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Kovacevic
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Juerg Stuessi
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Graf
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Franck Vincent
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Armin Beck
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fey
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker Biospin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Falko Busse
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Division, Bruker Biospin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Marcel Gundy
- Research and Development, Silantes GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Ben Nashman
- Research and Development, Synex Medical, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Andressa Lacerda
- Research and Development, Synex Medical, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Sivelli G, Conley GM, Herrera C, Marable K, Rodriguez KJ, Bollwein H, Sudano MJ, Brugger J, Simpson AJ, Boero G, Grisi M. NMR spectroscopy of a single mammalian early stage embryo. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 335:107142. [PMID: 34999310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The resolving power, chemical sensitivity and non-invasive nature of NMR have made it an established technique for in vivo studies of large organisms both for research and clinical applications. NMR would clearly be beneficial for analysis of entities at the microscopic scale of about 1 nL (the nanoliter scale), typical of early development of mammalian embryos, microtissues and organoids: the scale where the building blocks of complex organisms could be observed. However, the handling of such small samples (about 100 µm) and sensitivity issues have prevented a widespread adoption of NMR. In this article we show how these limitations can be overcome to obtain NMR spectra of a mammalian embryo in its early stage. To achieve this we employ ultra-compact micro-chip technologies in combination with 3D-printed micro-structures. Such device is packaged for use as plug & play sensor and it shows sufficient sensitivity to resolve NMR signals from individual bovine pre-implantation embryos. The embryos in this study are obtained through In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) techniques, transported cryopreserved to the NMR laboratory, and measured shortly after thawing. In less than 1 h these spherical samples of just 130-190 µm produce distinct spectral peaks, largely originating from lipids contained inside them. We further observe how the spectra vary from one sample to another despite their optical and morphological similarities, suggesting that the method can further develop into a non-invasive embryo assay for selection prior to embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Herrera
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kyle J Rodriguez
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department for Farm Animals, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mateus J Sudano
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jürgen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A5, Canada
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, Scarborough Campus, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A5, Canada
| | - Marco Grisi
- Annaida Technologies SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Anaraki MT, Lysak DH, Downey K, Kock FVC, You X, Majumdar RD, Barison A, Lião LM, Ferreira AG, Decker V, Goerling B, Spraul M, Godejohann M, Helm PA, Kleywegt S, Jobst K, Soong R, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. NMR spectroscopy of wastewater: A review, case study, and future potential. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 126-127:121-180. [PMID: 34852923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is arguably the most powerful tool for the study of molecular structures and interactions, and is increasingly being applied to environmental research, such as the study of wastewater. With over 97% of the planet's water being saltwater, and two thirds of freshwater being frozen in the ice caps and glaciers, there is a significant need to maintain and reuse the remaining 1%, which is a precious resource, critical to the sustainability of most life on Earth. Sanitation and reutilization of wastewater is an important method of water conservation, especially in arid regions, making the understanding of wastewater itself, and of its treatment processes, a highly relevant area of environmental research. Here, the benefits, challenges and subtleties of using NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of wastewater are considered. First, the techniques available to overcome the specific challenges arising from the nature of wastewater (which is a complex and dilute matrix), including an examination of sample preparation and NMR techniques (such as solvent suppression), in both the solid and solution states, are discussed. Then, the arsenal of available NMR techniques for both structure elucidation (e.g., heteronuclear, multidimensional NMR, homonuclear scalar coupling-based experiments) and the study of intermolecular interactions (e.g., diffusion, nuclear Overhauser and saturation transfer-based techniques) in wastewater are examined. Examples of wastewater NMR studies from the literature are reviewed and potential areas for future research are identified. Organized by nucleus, this review includes the common heteronuclei (13C, 15N, 19F, 31P, 29Si) as well as other environmentally relevant nuclei and metals such as 27Al, 51V, 207Pb and 113Cd, among others. Further, the potential of additional NMR methods such as comprehensive multiphase NMR, NMR microscopy and hyphenated techniques (for example, LC-SPE-NMR-MS) for advancing the current understanding of wastewater are discussed. In addition, a case study that combines natural abundance (i.e. non-concentrated), targeted and non-targeted NMR to characterize wastewater, along with in vivo based NMR to understand its toxicity, is included. The study demonstrates that, when applied comprehensively, NMR can provide unique insights into not just the structure, but also potential impacts, of wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Finally, low-field NMR, which holds considerable future potential for on-site wastewater monitoring, is briefly discussed. In summary, NMR spectroscopy is one of the most versatile tools in modern science, with abilities to study all phases (gases, liquids, gels and solids), chemical structures, interactions, interfaces, toxicity and much more. The authors hope this review will inspire more scientists to embrace NMR, given its huge potential for both wastewater analysis in particular and environmental research in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tabatabaei Anaraki
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Flávio Vinicius Crizóstomo Kock
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos-SP (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Xiang You
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Rudraksha D Majumdar
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada; Synex Medical, 2 Bloor Street E, Suite 310, Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
| | - Andersson Barison
- NMR Center, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19081, 81530-900 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- NMR Center, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Venita Decker
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Spraul
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | | | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Sonya Kleywegt
- Technical Assessment and Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON M4V 1M2, Canada
| | - Karl Jobst
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C1A4, Canada.
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12
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Design of High Performance Scroll Microcoils for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Nanoliter and Subnanoliter Samples. SENSORS 2020; 21:s21010170. [PMID: 33383815 PMCID: PMC7795071 DOI: 10.3390/s21010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic properties of scroll microcoils are investigated with finite element modelling (FEM) and the design of experiment (DOE) approach. The design of scroll microcoils was optimized for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of nanoliter and subnanoliter sample volumes. The unusual proximity effect favours optimised scroll microcoils with a large number of turns rolled up in close proximity. Scroll microcoils have many advantages over microsolenoids: such as ease of fabrication and better B1-homogeneity for comparable intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Scroll coils are suitable for broadband multinuclei NMR spectroscopy of subnanoliter sample.
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13
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Moxley-Paquette V, Lane D, Soong R, Ning P, Bastawrous M, Wu B, Pedram MZ, Haque Talukder MA, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Zverev D, Martin R, Macpherson B, Vargas M, Schmidig D, Graf S, Frei T, Al Adwan-Stojilkovic D, De Castro P, Busse F, Bermel W, Kuehn T, Kuemmerle R, Fey M, Decker F, Stronks H, Sullan RMA, Utz M, Simpson AJ. 5-Axis CNC Micromilling for Rapid, Cheap, and Background-Free NMR Microcoils. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15454-15462. [PMID: 33170641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The superior mass sensitivity of microcoil technology in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides potential for the analysis of extremely small-mass-limited samples such as eggs, cells, and tiny organisms. For optimal performance and efficiency, the size of the microcoil should be tailored to the size of the mass-limited sample of interest, which can be costly as mass-limited samples come in many shapes and sizes. Therefore, rapid and economic microcoil production methods are needed. One method with great potential is 5-axis computer numerical control (CNC) micromilling, commonly used in the jewelry industry. Most CNC milling machines are designed to process larger objects and commonly have a precision of >25 μm (making the machining of common spiral microcoils, for example, impossible). Here, a 5-axis MiRA6 CNC milling machine, specifically designed for the jewelry industry, with a 0.3 μm precision was used to produce working planar microcoils, microstrips, and novel microsensor designs, with some tested on the NMR in less than 24 h after the start of the design process. Sample wells could be built into the microsensor and could be machined at the same time as the sensors themselves, in some cases leaving a sheet of Teflon as thin as 10 μm between the sample and the sensor. This provides the freedom to produce a wide array of designs and demonstrates 5-axis CNC micromilling as a versatile tool for the rapid prototyping of NMR microsensors. This approach allowed the experimental optimization of a prototype microstrip for the analysis of two intact adult Daphnia magna organisms. In addition, a 3D volume slotted-tube resonator was produced that allowed for 2D 1H-13C NMR of D. magna neonates and exhibited 1H sensitivity (nLODω600 = 1.49 nmol s1/2) close to that of double strip lines, which themselves offer the best compromise between concentration and mass sensitivity published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Paris Ning
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Bing Wu
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Maysam Zamani Pedram
- Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Md Aminul Haque Talukder
- Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, 4700 Keele Street, North York, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dimitri Zverev
- NSCNC Manufacturing Ltd., 1515 Broadway Street Unit 607, Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, V3C 6M2, Canada
| | - Richard Martin
- IMicrosolder, 57 Marshall Street West, Meaford, Ontario, N4L 1E4, Canada
| | - Bob Macpherson
- Apogee Steel Fabrication Inc., 3600 Erindale Station Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5C 2T1, Canada
| | - Mike Vargas
- Apogee Steel Fabrication Inc., 3600 Erindale Station Road, Mississauga, Ontario, L5C 2T1, Canada
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter De Castro
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fey
- Bruker Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3991, United States
| | - Frank Decker
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Henry Stronks
- Bruker Canada Ltd., 2800 High Point Drive, Milton, Ontario L9T 6P4, Canada
| | - Ruby May A Sullan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Marcel Utz
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
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14
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Xie J, You X, Huang Y, Ni Z, Wang X, Li X, Yang C, Zhang D, Chen H, Sun H, Chen Z. 3D-printed integrative probeheads for magnetic resonance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5793. [PMID: 33188186 PMCID: PMC7666178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) technology has been widely employed in scientific research, clinical diagnosis and geological survey. However, the fabrication of MR radio frequency probeheads still face difficulties in integration, customization and miniaturization. Here, we utilized 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate integrative radio frequency probeheads for MR experiments. The 3D-printed probehead with micrometer precision generally consists of liquid metal coils, customized sample chambers and radio frequency circuit interfaces. We screened different 3D printing materials and optimized the liquid metals by incorporating metal microparticles. The 3D-printed probeheads are capable of performing both routine and nonconventional MR experiments, including in situ electrochemical analysis, in situ reaction monitoring with continues-flow paramagnetic particles and ions separation, and small-sample MR imaging. Due to the flexibility and accuracy of 3D printing techniques, we can accurately obtain complicated coil geometries at the micrometer scale, shortening the fabrication timescale and extending the application scenarios. Here, the authors combine 3D printing and liquid metal filling techniques to fabricate customised probeheads for magnetic resonance experiments. They demonstrate in situ electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, reaction monitoring with continues-flow separation and small-sample imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Xie
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xueqiu You
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Zurong Ni
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Dechao Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China, 361005, Xiamen, China.
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15
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Grisi M, Conley GM, Rodriguez KJ, Riva E, Egli L, Moritz W, Lichtenberg J, Brugger J, Boero G. NMR microsystem for label-free characterization of 3D nanoliter microtissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18306. [PMID: 33110145 PMCID: PMC7758329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Performing chemical analysis at the nanoliter (nL) scale is of paramount importance for medicine, drug development, toxicology, and research. Despite the numerous methodologies available, a tool for obtaining chemical information non-invasively is still missing at this scale. Observer effects, sample destruction and complex preparatory procedures remain a necessary compromise. Among non-invasive spectroscopic techniques, one able to provide holistic and highly resolved chemical information in-vivo is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For its renowned informative power and ability to foster discoveries and life-saving applications, efficient NMR at microscopic scales is highly sought after, but so far technical limitations could not match the stringent necessities of microbiology, such as biocompatible handling, ease of use, and high throughput. Here we introduce a novel microsystem, which combines CMOS technology with 3D microfabrication, enabling nL NMR as a platform tool for non-invasive spectroscopy of organoids, 3D cell cultures, and early stage embryos. In this study we show its application to microlivers models simulating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, demonstrating detection of lipid metabolism dynamics in a time frame of 14 days based on 117 measurements of single 3D human liver microtissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grisi
- Annaida Technologies SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Kyle J Rodriguez
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erika Riva
- Service de Gastro-Entérologie et D'hépatologie, CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Jürgen Brugger
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Microsystems Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Soong R, Liaghati Mobarhan Y, Tabatabaei M, Bastawrous M, Biswas RG, Simpson M, Simpson A. Flow-based in vivo NMR spectroscopy of small aquatic organisms. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:411-426. [PMID: 32239577 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
NMR applied to living organisms is arguably the ultimate tool for understanding environmental stress responses and can provide desperately needed information on toxic mechanisms, synergistic effects, sublethal impacts, recovery, and biotransformation of xenobiotics. To perform in vivo NMR spectroscopy, a flow cell system is required to deliver oxygen and food to the organisms while maintaining optimal line shape for NMR spectroscopy. In this tutorial, two such flow cell systems and their constructions are discussed: (a) a single pump high-volume flow cell design is simple to build and ideal for organisms that do not require feeding (i.e., eggs) and (b) a more advanced low-volume double pump flow cell design that permits feeding, maintains optimal water height for water suppression, improves locking and shimming, and uses only a small recirculating volume, thus reducing the amount of xenobiotic required for testing. In addition, key experimental aspects including isotopic enrichment, water suppression, and 2D experiments for both 13 C enriched and natural abundance organisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Soong
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yalda Liaghati Mobarhan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Tabatabaei
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myrna Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Wu B, Ecken S, Swyer I, Li C, Jenne A, Vincent F, Schmidig D, Kuehn T, Beck A, Busse F, Stronks H, Soong R, Wheeler AR, Simpson A. Rapid Chemical Reaction Monitoring by Digital Microfluidics‐NMR: Proof of Principle Towards an Automated Synthetic Discovery Platform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15372-15376. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Sebastian Ecken
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Ian Swyer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Chunliang Li
- Laboratory of Physical ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Franck Vincent
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Armin Beck
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Silberstreifen 4 76287 Rheinstetten Germany
| | - Henry Stronks
- Bruker Canada Ltd. 2800 High Point Drive Milton Ontario L9T 6P4 Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - André Simpson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
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18
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Wu B, Ecken S, Swyer I, Li C, Jenne A, Vincent F, Schmidig D, Kuehn T, Beck A, Busse F, Stronks H, Soong R, Wheeler AR, Simpson A. Rapid Chemical Reaction Monitoring by Digital Microfluidics‐NMR: Proof of Principle Towards an Automated Synthetic Discovery Platform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Sebastian Ecken
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Ian Swyer
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Chunliang Li
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Franck Vincent
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Armin Beck
- Bruker BioSpin AG Industriestrasse 26 8117 Fällanden Switzerland
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH Silberstreifen 4 76287 Rheinstetten Germany
| | - Henry Stronks
- Bruker Canada Ltd. 2800 High Point Drive Milton Ontario L9T 6P4 Canada
| | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - André Simpson
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Toronto ON M1C 1A4 Canada
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19
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Smits J, Damron JT, Kehayias P, McDowell AF, Mosavian N, Fescenko I, Ristoff N, Laraoui A, Jarmola A, Acosta VM. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with a microfluidic diamond quantum sensor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw7895. [PMID: 31360769 PMCID: PMC6660203 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have emerged as a promising detection modality for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy owing to their micrometer-scale detection volume and noninductive-based detection. A remaining challenge is to realize sufficiently high spectral resolution and concentration sensitivity for multidimensional NMR analysis of picoliter sample volumes. Here, we address this challenge by spatially separating the polarization and detection phases of the experiment in a microfluidic platform. We realize a spectral resolution of 0.65 ± 0.05 Hz, an order-of-magnitude improvement over previous diamond NMR studies. We use the platform to perform two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy of liquid analytes within an effective ∼40-picoliter detection volume. The use of diamond quantum sensors as in-line microfluidic NMR detectors is a major step toward applications in mass-limited chemical analysis and single-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Laser Center of the University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia
| | - Joshua T. Damron
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Pauli Kehayias
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | - Nazanin Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Nathaniel Ristoff
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Andrey Jarmola
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, CA 94530, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.J.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Victor M. Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.J.); (V.M.A.)
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20
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Swyer I, von der Ecken S, Wu B, Jenne A, Soong R, Vincent F, Schmidig D, Frei T, Busse F, Stronks HJ, Simpson AJ, Wheeler AR. Digital microfluidics and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for in situ diffusion measurements and reaction monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:641-653. [PMID: 30648175 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years microcoils and related structures have been developed to increase the mass sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing this extremely powerful analytical technique to be extended to small sample volumes (<5 μl). In general, microchannels have been used to deliver the samples of interest to these microcoils; however, these systems tend to have large dead volumes and require more complex fluidic connections. Here, we introduce a two-plate digital microfluidic (DMF) strategy to interface small-volume samples with NMR microcoils. In this system, a planar microcoil is surrounded by a copper plane that serves as the counter-electrode for the digital microfluidic device, allowing for precise control of droplet position and shape. This feature allows for the user-determination of the orientation of droplets relative to the main axes of the shim stack, permitting improved shimming and a more homogeneous magnetic field inside the droplet below the microcoil, which leads to improved spectral lineshape. This, along with high-fidelity droplet actuation, allows for rapid shimming strategies (developed over decades for vertically oriented NMR tubes) to be employed, permitting the determination of reaction-product diffusion coefficients as well as quantitative monitoring of reactive intermediates. We propose that this system paves the way for new and exciting applications for in situ analysis of small samples by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Swyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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21
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Bastawrous M, Jenne A, Tabatabaei Anaraki M, Simpson AJ. In-Vivo NMR Spectroscopy: A Powerful and Complimentary Tool for Understanding Environmental Toxicity. Metabolites 2018; 8:E35. [PMID: 29795000 PMCID: PMC6027203 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Part review, part perspective, this article examines the applications and potential of in-vivo Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) for understanding environmental toxicity. In-vivo NMR can be applied in high field NMR spectrometers using either magic angle spinning based approaches, or flow systems. Solution-state NMR in combination with a flow system provides a low stress approach to monitor dissolved metabolites, while magic angle spinning NMR allows the detection of all components (solutions, gels and solids), albeit with additional stress caused by the rapid sample spinning. With in-vivo NMR it is possible to use the same organisms for control and exposure studies (controls are the same organisms prior to exposure inside the NMR). As such individual variability can be reduced while continual data collection over time provides the temporal resolution required to discern complex interconnected response pathways. When multidimensional NMR is combined with isotopic labelling, a wide range of metabolites can be identified in-vivo providing a unique window into the living metabolome that is highly complementary to more traditional metabolomics studies employing extracts, tissues, or biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bastawrous
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Amy Jenne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Maryam Tabatabaei Anaraki
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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