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Panzarasa G. Methylene glycol-sulfite pH-clocks for the time-programming of soft materials: advantages, limitations, and yet unexplored opportunities. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6092-6102. [PMID: 39027927 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00604f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Coupling nonlinear reaction networks with soft matter building blocks holds great potential for the design of life-mimicking, time-programmable dissipative self-assembly systems. In this regard, clock reactions are especially useful triggers since they allow to autonomously generate in situ chemical stimuli such as pH changes. The methylene glycol-sulfite (MGS) is a well-known acid-to-base pH-clock reaction which is able to produce sharp and intense pH jumps (up to 5 pH units) after a reliable, yet relatively short (tens of seconds rather than minutes), induction time. Here, after an introductory discussion on the main chemical aspects of MGS and MGS-based systems, their applications for the time-programming of soft matter will be showcased - from micelles, vesicles, and droplets to supramolecular aggregates, polymers and gels. Hopefully, this will help attracting more attention and foster research on the broader field of materials programming with chemical reaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Panzarasa
- Institute for Building Materials, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, Laura-Hezner-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Sproncken CM, Gumí-Audenis B, Foroutanparsa S, Magana JR, Voets IK. Controlling the Formation of Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles Using Programmable pH Reactions. Macromolecules 2022; 56:226-233. [PMID: 36644553 PMCID: PMC9835975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enabling complexation of weak polyelectrolytes, in the presence of a programmable pH-modulation, offers a means to achieve temporal control over polyelectrolyte coassembly. Here, by mixing oppositely charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(sodium methacrylate) in a (bi)sulfite buffer, nanoscopic complex coacervates are formed. Addition of formaldehyde initiates the formaldehyde-sulfite clock reaction, affecting the polyelectrolyte assembly in two ways. First, the abrupt pH increase from the reaction changes the charge density of the polyelectrolytes and thus the ratio of cationic and anionic species. Simultaneously, reactions between the polyamine and formaldehyde lead to chemical modifications on the polymer. Interestingly, core-shell polymeric nanoparticles are produced, which remain colloidally stable for months. Contrastingly, in the same system, in the absence of the clock reaction, aggregation and phase separation occur within minutes to days after mixing. Introducing an acid-producing reaction enables further temporal control over the coassembly, generating transient nanoparticles with nanoscopic dimensions and an adjustable lifetime of tens of minutes.
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3
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Liu H, Taylor AF. Influence of Oxygen on Chemoconvective Patterns in the Iodine Clock Reaction. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10136-10145. [PMID: 36416799 PMCID: PMC9743209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in using chemical clock reactions to drive material formation; however, these reactions are often subject to chemoconvective effects, and control of such systems remains challenging. Here, we show how the transfer of oxygen at the air-water interface plays a crucial role in the spatiotemporal behavior of the iodine clock reaction with sulfite. A kinetic model was developed to demonstrate how the reaction of oxygen with sulfite can control a switch from a low-iodine to high-iodine state under well-stirred conditions and drive the formation of transient iodine gradients in unstirred solutions. In experiments in thin layers with optimal depths, the reaction couples with convective instability at the air-water interface forming an extended network-like structure of iodine at the surface that develops into a spotted pattern at the base of the layer. Thus, oxygen drives the spatial separation of iodine states essential for patterns in this system and may influence pattern selection in other clock reaction systems with sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimiao Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou221116, China
| | - Annette F. Taylor
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, University of
Sheffield, SheffieldS1 3JD, U.K.,
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Zhou Y, Uddin W, Hu G, Shen X, Hu L. Identification of the different oxidation states of iron by using a formaldehyde clock system. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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5
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A bottom-up approach to construct or deconstruct a fluid instability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24368. [PMID: 34934105 PMCID: PMC8692339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid instabilities have been the subject of study for a long time. Despite all the extensive knowledge, they still constitute a serious challenge for many industrial applications. Here, we experimentally consider an interface between two fluids with different viscosities and analyze their relative displacement. We designed the contents of each fluid in such a way that a chemical reaction takes place at the interface and use this reaction to suppress or induce a fingering instability at will. This process describes a road map to control viscous fingering instabilities in more complex systems via interfacial chemical reactions.
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Sproncken CCM, Gumí‐Audenis B, Panzarasa G, Voets IK. Two‐Stage Polyelectrolyte Assembly Orchestrated by a Clock Reaction. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian C M. Sproncken
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter and Laboratory of Macro-Organic Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 516 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Berta Gumí‐Audenis
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter and Laboratory of Macro-Organic Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 516 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
| | - Guido Panzarasa
- Laboratory of Soft and Living Materials Department of Materials ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/10 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter and Laboratory of Macro-Organic Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 516 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands
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7
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Panzarasa G, Torzynski AL, Sai T, Smith-Mannschott K, Dufresne ER. Transient supramolecular assembly of a functional perylene diimide controlled by a programmable pH cycle. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:591-594. [PMID: 31859330 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02026h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-regulating materials require embedded control systems. Active networks of enzymes fulfill this function in living organisms, and the development of chemical controls for synthetic systems is still in its infancy. While previous work has focused on enzymatic controls, small-molecule networks have unexplored potential. We describe a simple small-molecule network that is able to produce transient pH cycles with tunable lagtimes and lifetimes, based on coupling the acid-to-alkali methylene glycol-sulfite reaction to 1,3-propanesultone, a slow acid generator. Applied to transient pH-driven supramolecular self-assembly of a perylene diimide, our system matches the flexibility of in vitro enzymatic systems, including the ability to perform repeated cycles of assembly and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Panzarasa
- Laboratory of Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Ueki T, Iijima J, Tagawa S, Nagatsu Y. Unpredictable Dynamics of Polymeric Reacting Flow by Comparison between Pre- and Post-Reaction Fluid Properties: Hydrodynamics Involving Molecular Diagnosis via ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4587-4593. [PMID: 31060354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In reacting flows, changes in fluid properties induced by the chemical reaction can alter the flow dynamics. Generally, these changes in fluid properties are evaluated by comparison between their pre- and post-reaction properties. If a fluid property such as viscosity decreases between pre- and post-reaction, we expect a decrease in viscosity to occur in the reacting flow. However, this study demonstrates a reacting polymeric liquid flow where a remarkable increase in the viscoelasticity temporally occurs despite the viscosity slightly decreasing after the reaction. We elucidated the underlying reaction mechanism, which involves a structural change in the side functional group (carboxyl) in polyacrylamide at ultrahigh molecular weights ( Mw > 106) with ultralow concentrations ([polymer] < 1 wt %) by using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. This study demonstrates the existence of a reacting flow in which examination of microscopic molecular structure is required to understand the macroscopic flow dynamics. The findings will be valuable not only for industrial application such as reactor designs and rheology control but also for opening a new research area: chemically reacting flow involving the diagnosis of molecule structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Ueki
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Jun Iijima
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences , Nihon University School of Medicine , 30-1, Oyaguchikami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Tagawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagatsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
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Rana C, De Wit A. Reaction-driven oscillating viscous fingering. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2019; 29:043115. [PMID: 31042958 DOI: 10.1063/1.5089028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Localized oscillations can develop thanks to the interplay of reaction and diffusion processes when two reactants A and B of an oscillating reaction are placed in contact, meet by diffusion, and react. We study numerically the properties of such an A+B→ oscillator configuration using the Brusselator model. The influence of a hydrodynamic viscous fingering instability on localized concentration oscillations is next analyzed when the oscillating chemical reaction changes the viscosity of the solutions involved. Nonlinear simulations of the related reaction-diffusion-convection equations with the fluid viscosity varying with the concentration of an intermediate oscillatory species show an active coupling between the oscillatory kinetics and the viscously driven instability. The periodic oscillations in the concentration of the intermediate species induce localized changes in the viscosity, which in turn can affect the fingering instability. We show that the oscillating kinetics can also trigger viscous fingering in an initially viscously stable displacement, while localized changes in the viscosity profile can induce oscillations in an initially nonoscillating reactive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rana
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A De Wit
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Escala DM, De Wit A, Carballido-Landeira J, Muñuzuri AP. Viscous Fingering Induced by a pH-Sensitive Clock Reaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4182-4188. [PMID: 30758210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A pH-changing clock chemical system, also known to induce changes in viscosity, is shown experimentally to induce a viscous fingering instability during the displacement of reactive solutions in a Hele-Shaw cell. Specifically, a low-viscosity solution of formaldehyde is displaced by a more viscous solution of sulfite and of a pH-sensitive poly(acrylic acid) polymer. The pH change triggered by the formaldehyde-sulfite clock reaction in the reactive contact zone between the two solutions affects the polymer and induces a local increase of the viscosity that destabilizes the displacement via a viscous fingering instability. The influence of changes in the chemical parameters on this fingering instability is analyzed using different techniques and the results are compared with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Escala
- Group of Nonlinear Physics , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , E-15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - A De Wit
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Service de Chimie Physique et Biologie Théorique , Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , CP231, Campus Plaine , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - J Carballido-Landeira
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Física , Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Llamaquique , C/Calvo Sotelo, s/n , 33007 Oviedo , Spain
| | - A P Muñuzuri
- Group of Nonlinear Physics , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , E-15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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Panzarasa G, Osypova A, Sicher A, Bruinink A, Dufresne ER. Controlled formation of chitosan particles by a clock reaction. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6415-6418. [PMID: 30062339 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clock reactions allow precise control of chemical composition in the time domain. Such nonlinear chemical systems have recently been introduced to mimic the self-assembly pathways common in living organisms. Here, we demonstrate the use of a clock reaction to trigger the formation of polymeric nanoparticles. By adjusting the delay of a formaldehyde clock reaction, we controlled the precipitation of chitosan to form particles with sizes tunable in a wide range (from about 200 to 600 nm diameter). The chemical structure of chitosan was not significantly perturbed by the clock reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Panzarasa
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Alina Osypova
- Innovative Sensor Technology, IST AG, Stegrütistrasse 14, Ebnat-Kappel 9462, Switzerland
| | - Alba Sicher
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland. and Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - Arie Bruinink
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Eric R Dufresne
- Laboratory for Soft and Living Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
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Tóth-Szeles E, Medveczky Z, Holló G, Horváth J, Szűcs R, Nakanishi H, Lagzi I. pH mediated kinetics of assembly and disassembly of molecular and nanoscopic building blocks. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-017-1312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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