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Short-Chain Acid Additives to Control PbI2 Crystallization in Hybrid Perovskite Films. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10080114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and the performance of hybrid perovskite (HP)’s films strongly depend on the complete conversion into MAPbI3 of a spin-coated solution of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and PbI2. Highly crystalline PbI2 on a substrate limits such a conversion and, consequently, the HP’s solar cell performances. We investigate for the first time the use of short-chain organic acids as additives in a non-complexing solvent like γ-butyrolactone (GBL), that can retard retard the crystallization of PbI2. Based on XRD analyses of the spin coated films, the acetic acid is the most effective additive in retarding the PbI2 crystallization, making Pb2+ available for a subsequent reaction with MAI. These results open a new experimental path for fabricating perovskite films by single or sequential step methods involving acid additives.
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Toso S, Imran M, Mugnaioli E, Moliterni A, Caliandro R, Schrenker NJ, Pianetti A, Zito J, Zaccaria F, Wu Y, Gemmi M, Giannini C, Brovelli S, Infante I, Bals S, Manna L. Halide perovskites as disposable epitaxial templates for the phase-selective synthesis of lead sulfochloride nanocrystals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3976. [PMID: 35803933 PMCID: PMC9270429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal chemistry grants access to a wealth of materials through simple and mild reactions. However, even few elements can combine in a variety of stoichiometries and structures, potentially resulting in impurities or even wrong products. Similar issues have been long addressed in organic chemistry by using reaction-directing groups, that are added to a substrate to promote a specific product and are later removed. Inspired by such approach, we demonstrate the use of CsPbCl3 perovskite nanocrystals to drive the phase-selective synthesis of two yet unexplored lead sulfochlorides: Pb3S2Cl2 and Pb4S3Cl2. When homogeneously nucleated in solution, lead sulfochlorides form Pb3S2Cl2 nanocrystals. Conversely, the presence of CsPbCl3 triggers the formation of Pb4S3Cl2/CsPbCl3 epitaxial heterostructures. The phase selectivity is guaranteed by the continuity of the cationic subnetwork across the interface, a condition not met in a hypothetical Pb3S2Cl2/CsPbCl3 heterostructure. The perovskite domain is then etched, delivering phase-pure Pb4S3Cl2 nanocrystals that could not be synthesized directly. Phase-selective approaches, such using reaction-directing groups, are often seen in traditional organic chemistry and catalysis. Here authors use perovskite nanocrystals as disposable templates to drive the phase-selective synthesis of two colloidal nanomaterials, the lead sulfohalides Pb3S2Cl2 and Pb4S3Cl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Toso
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.,International Doctoral Program in Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 25121, Brescia, Italy
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Electron Crystallography, Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Anna Moliterni
- Istituto di Cristallografia - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Istituto di Cristallografia - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Nadine J Schrenker
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Pianetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Juliette Zito
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Electron Crystallography, Center for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Istituto di Cristallografia - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Brovelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Ivan Infante
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Liberato Manna
- Department of Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
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Yan J, Ou Q, Vincenti MA, De Angelis C, Bao Q, Neshev DN. Nonlinear microscopy of lead iodide nanosheets. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:4793-4805. [PMID: 35209453 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lead iodide (PbI2) is a van der Waals layered semiconductor with a direct bandgap in its bulk form and a hexagonal layered crystalline structure. The recently developed PbI2 nanosheets have shown great promise for high-performance optoelectronic devices, including nanolasers and photodetectors. However, despite being widely used as a precursor for perovskite materials, the optical properties of PbI2 nanomaterials remain largely unexplored. Here, we determine the nonlinear optical properties of PbI2 nanosheets by utilising nonlinear microscopy as a non-invasive optical technique. We demonstrate the nonlinearity enhancement dependent on excitonic resonances, crystalline orientation, thickness, and influence of the substrate. Our results allow for estimating the second- and third-order nonlinear susceptibilities of the nanosheets, opening new opportunities for the use of PbI2 nanosheets as nonlinear and quantum light sources.
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Recent Advances on Properties and Utility of Nanomaterials Generated from Industrial and Biological Activities. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11060634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today is the era of nanoscience and nanotechnology, which find applications in the field of medicine, electronics, and environmental remediation. Even though nanotechnology is in its emerging phase, it continues to provide solutions to numerous challenges. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are found to be very effective because of their unique chemical and physical properties and high surface area, but their high cost is one of the major hurdles to its wider application. So, the synthesis of nanomaterials, especially 2D nanomaterials from industrial, agricultural, and other biological activities, could provide a cost-effective technique. The nanomaterials synthesized from such waste not only minimize pollution, but also provide an eco-friendly approach towards the utilization of the waste. In the present review work, emphasis has been given to the types of nanomaterials, different methods for the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials from the waste generated from industries, agriculture, and their application in electronics, medicine, and catalysis.
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Klein E, Black A, Tokmak Ö, Strelow C, Lesyuk R, Klinke C. Micron-Size Two-Dimensional Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6955-6962. [PMID: 31184848 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid lead halide perovskites with 2D stacking structures have recently emerged as promising materials for optoelectronic applications. We report a method for growing 2D nanosheets of hybrid lead halide perovskites (I, Br and Cl), with tunable lateral sizes ranging from 0.05 to 8 μm and a structure consisting of n stacked monolayers separated by long alkylamines, tunable from bulk down to n = 1. The key to obtaining such a wide range of perovskite properties hinged on utilizing the respective lead halide nanosheets as precursors in a hot-injection synthesis that afforded careful control over all process parameters. The layered, quantum-confined ( n ≤ 4) nanosheets were comprised of major and minor fractions with differing n. Energy funneling from low to high n (high to low energy) regions within a single sheet, mediated by the length of the ligands between stacks, produced photoluminescent quantum yields as high as 49%. These large, tunable 2D nanosheets could serve as convenient platforms for future high-efficiency optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Klein
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Andres Black
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Öznur Tokmak
- Fraunhofer Center for Applied Nanotechnology (CAN) , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Christian Strelow
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Rostyslav Lesyuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
- Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics of NAS of Ukraine, Naukowa Str. 3b, 79060 Lviv & Department of Photonics, Lviv Polytechnic National University , Bandery Str. 12 , 79000 Lviv , Ukraine
- Institute of Physics , University of Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Christian Klinke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Swansea University - Singleton Park , Swansea SA2 8PP , United Kingdom
- Institute of Physics , University of Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 23 , 18059 Rostock , Germany
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Klein E, Heymann L, Hungria AB, Lesyuk R, Klinke C. Colloidal lead iodide nanorings. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21197-21208. [PMID: 30417187 PMCID: PMC6251342 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal chemistry of nanomaterials experienced a tremendous development in the last decades. In the course of the journey 0D nanoparticles, 1D nanowires, and 2D nanosheets have been synthesized. They have in common to possess a simple topology. We present a colloidal synthesis strategy for lead iodide nanorings, with a non-trivial topology. First, two-dimensional structures were synthesized in nonanoic acid as the sole solvent. Subsequently, they underwent an etching process in the presence of trioctylphosphine, which determines the size of the hole in the ring structure. We propose a mechanism for the formation of lead iodide nanosheets which also explains the etching of the two-dimensional structures starting from the inside, leading to nanorings. In addition, we demonstrate a possible application of the as-prepared nanorings in photodetectors. These devices are characterized by a fast response, high gain values, and a linear relation between photocurrent and incident light power intensity over a large range. The synthesis approach allows for inexpensive large-scale production of nanorings with tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Klein
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
, University of Hamburg
,
Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6
, 20146 Hamburg
, Germany
.
| | - Leonard Heymann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
, University of Hamburg
,
Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6
, 20146 Hamburg
, Germany
.
| | - Ana B. Hungria
- Universidad de Cádiz. Facultad de Ciencias
, Campus Rio San Pedro
,
Cadiz 11510
, Spain
| | - Rostyslav Lesyuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
, University of Hamburg
,
Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6
, 20146 Hamburg
, Germany
.
- Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics of NAS of Ukraine
,
Naukowa Str. 3b
, 79060 Lviv
, Ukraine
| | - Christian Klinke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
, University of Hamburg
,
Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6
, 20146 Hamburg
, Germany
.
- Department of Chemistry
, Swansea University – Singleton Park
,
Swansea SA2 8PP
, UK
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