1
|
Hampton JT, Liu WR. Diversification of Phage-Displayed Peptide Libraries with Noncanonical Amino Acid Mutagenesis and Chemical Modification. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6051-6077. [PMID: 38686960 PMCID: PMC11082904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Sitting on the interface between biologics and small molecules, peptides represent an emerging class of therapeutics. Numerous techniques have been developed in the past 30 years to take advantage of biological methods to generate and screen peptide libraries for the identification of therapeutic compounds, with phage display being one of the most accessible techniques. Although traditional phage display can generate billions of peptides simultaneously, it is limited to expression of canonical amino acids. Recently, several groups have successfully undergone efforts to apply genetic code expansion to introduce noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) with novel reactivities and chemistries into phage-displayed peptide libraries. In addition to biological methods, several different chemical approaches have also been used to install noncanonical motifs into phage libraries. This review focuses on these recent advances that have taken advantage of both biological and chemical means for diversification of phage libraries with ncAAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Trae Hampton
- Texas
A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, College
of Arts and Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wenshe Ray Liu
- Texas
A&M Drug Discovery Center and Department of Chemistry, College
of Arts and Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Institute
of Biosciences and Technology and Department of Translational Medical
Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M
University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang YW, Zheng N, Chou DHC. Serine-mediated hydrazone ligation displaying insulin-like peptides on M13 phage pIII. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8902-8909. [PMID: 37905463 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01487h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Phage display has emerged as a tool for the discovery of therapeutic antibodies and proteins. However, the effective display and engineering of structurally complex proteins, such as insulin, pose significant challenges due to the sequence of insulin, which is composed of two peptide chains linked by three disulfide bonds. In this study, we developed a new approach for the display of insulin-like peptides on M13 phage pIII, employing N-terminal serine-mediated hydrazone ligation. The insulin-displaying phage retains the biological binding affinity of human insulin. To address the viability loss after ligation, we introduced a trypsin-cleavable spacer on pIII, enabling insulin-displayed phage library selection. This method offers a general pathway for the display of structurally complex proteins on pIII, enhancing the practicality of selecting chemically modified phage libraries and opening avenues for the engineering of new insulin analogs for the treatment of diabetes by using phage display.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wolf Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Danny Hung-Chieh Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rohokale R, Guo Z. Development in the Concept of Bacterial Polysaccharide Repeating Unit-Based Antibacterial Conjugate Vaccines. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:178-212. [PMID: 36706246 PMCID: PMC9930202 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of cells is coated with a dense layer of glycans, known as the cell glycocalyx. The complex glycans in the glycocalyx are involved in various biological events, such as bacterial pathogenesis, protection of bacteria from environmental stresses, etc. Polysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface are highly conserved and accessible molecules, and thus they are excellent immunological targets. Consequently, bacterial polysaccharides and their repeating units have been extensively studied as antigens for the development of antibacterial vaccines. This Review surveys the recent developments in the synthetic and immunological investigations of bacterial polysaccharide repeating unit-based conjugate vaccines against several human pathogenic bacteria. The major challenges associated with the development of functional carbohydrate-based antibacterial conjugate vaccines are also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Rohokale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States of America
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wong JYK, Mukherjee R, Miao J, Bilyk O, Triana V, Miskolzie M, Henninot A, Dwyer JJ, Kharchenko S, Iampolska A, Volochnyuk DM, Lin YS, Postovit LM, Derda R. Genetically-encoded discovery of proteolytically stable bicyclic inhibitors for morphogen NODAL. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9694-9703. [PMID: 34349940 PMCID: PMC8294009 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01916c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we developed a two-fold symmetric linchpin (TSL) that converts readily available phage-displayed peptides libraries made of 20 common amino acids to genetically-encoded libraries of bicyclic peptides displayed on phage. TSL combines an aldehyde-reactive group and two thiol-reactive groups; it bridges two side chains of cysteine [C] with an N-terminal aldehyde group derived from the N-terminal serine [S], yielding a novel bicyclic topology that lacks a free N-terminus. Phage display libraries of SX1CX2X3X4X5X6X7C sequences, where X is any amino acid but Cys, were converted to a library of bicyclic TSL-[S]X1[C]X2X3X4X5X6X7[C] peptides in 45 ± 15% yield. Using this library and protein morphogen NODAL as a target, we discovered bicyclic macrocycles that specifically antagonize NODAL-induced signaling in cancer cells. At a 10 μM concentration, two discovered bicyclic peptides completely suppressed NODAL-induced phosphorylation of SMAD2 in P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. The TSL-[S]Y[C]KRAHKN[C] bicycle inhibited NODAL-induced proliferation of NODAL-TYK-nu ovarian carcinoma cells with apparent IC50 of 1 μM. The same bicycle at 10 μM concentration did not affect the growth of the control TYK-nu cells. TSL-bicycles remained stable over the course of the 72 hour-long assays in a serum-rich cell-culture medium. We further observed general stability in mouse serum and in a mixture of proteases (Pronase™) for 21 diverse bicyclic macrocycles of different ring sizes, amino acid sequences, and cross-linker geometries. TSL-constrained peptides to expand the previously reported repertoire of phage-displayed bicyclic architectures formed by cross-linking Cys side chains. We anticipate that it will aid the discovery of proteolytically stable bicyclic inhibitors for a variety of protein targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y-K Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Raja Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jiayuan Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Olena Bilyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Vivian Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Mark Miskolzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | | | - John J Dwyer
- Ferring Research Institute San Diego California 92121 USA
| | | | - Anna Iampolska
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | | | - Yu-Shan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University Medford MA 02155 USA
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Experimental Oncology, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ekanayake AI, Sobze L, Kelich P, Youk J, Bennett NJ, Mukherjee R, Bhardwaj A, Wuest F, Vukovic L, Derda R. Genetically Encoded Fragment-Based Discovery from Phage-Displayed Macrocyclic Libraries with Genetically Encoded Unnatural Pharmacophores. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5497-5507. [PMID: 33784084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded macrocyclic peptide libraries with unnatural pharmacophores are valuable sources for the discovery of ligands for many targets of interest. Traditionally, generation of such libraries employs "early stage" incorporation of unnatural building blocks into the chemically or translationally produced macrocycles. Here, we describe a divergent late-stage approach to such libraries starting from readily available starting material: genetically encoded libraries of peptides. A diketone linchpin 1,5-dichloropentane-2,4-dione converts peptide libraries displayed on phage to 1,3-diketone bearing macrocyclic peptides (DKMP): shelf-stable precursors for Knorr pyrazole synthesis. Ligation of diverse hydrazine derivatives onto DKMP libraries displayed on phage that carries silent DNA-barcodes yields macrocyclic libraries in which the amino acid sequence and the pharmacophore are encoded by DNA. Selection of this library against carbonic anhydrase enriched macrocycles with benzenesulfonamide pharmacophore and nanomolar Kd. The methodology described in this manuscript can graft diverse pharmacophores into many existing genetically encoded phage libraries and significantly increase the value of such libraries in molecular discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arunika I Ekanayake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lena Sobze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Payam Kelich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jihea Youk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Raja Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Atul Bhardwaj
- Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Lela Vukovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu Y, Williams J, Calder EDD, Walport LJ. Strategies to expand peptide functionality through hybridisation with a small molecule component. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:151-165. [PMID: 34458778 PMCID: PMC8341444 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00167h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining different compound classes gives molecular hybrids that can offer access to novel chemical space and unique properties. Peptides provide ideal starting points for such molecular hybrids, which can be easily modified with a variety of molecular entities. The addition of small molecules can improve the potency, stability and cell permeability of therapeutically relevant peptides. Furthermore, they are often applied to create peptide-based tools in chemical biology. In this review, we discuss general methods that allow the discovery of this compound class and highlight key examples of peptide-small molecule hybrids categorised by the application and function of the small molecule entity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuteng Wu
- Protein-Protein Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute London UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Jack Williams
- Protein-Protein Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute London UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Ewen D D Calder
- Protein-Protein Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute London UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London London UK
| | - Louise J Walport
- Protein-Protein Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute London UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London London UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chao L, Jongkees S. High-Throughput Approaches in Carbohydrate-Active Enzymology: Glycosidase and Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors, Evolution, and Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12750-12760. [PMID: 30913359 PMCID: PMC6771893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are attached and removed in living systems through the action of carbohydrate-active enzymes such as glycosyl transferases and glycoside hydrolases. The molecules resulting from these enzymes have many important roles in organisms, such as cellular communication, structural support, and energy metabolism. In general, each carbohydrate transformation requires a separate catalyst, and so these enzyme families are extremely diverse. To make this diversity manageable, high-throughput approaches look at many enzymes at once. Similarly, high-throughput approaches can be a powerful way of finding inhibitors that can be used to tune the reactivity of these enzymes, either in an industrial, a laboratory, or a medicinal setting. In this review, we provide an overview of how these enzymes and inhibitors can be sought using techniques such as high-throughput natural product and combinatorial library screening, phage and mRNA display of (glyco)peptides, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and metagenomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Chao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993581AGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Seino Jongkees
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993581AGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chao L, Jongkees S. High‐Throughput Approaches in Carbohydrate‐Active Enzymology: Glycosidase and Glycosyl Transferase Inhibitors, Evolution, and Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Chao
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3581AG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Seino Jongkees
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3581AG Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu K, Wang L, Guo Z. An extensive review of studies on mycobacterium cell wall polysaccharide-related oligosaccharides – part III: synthetic studies and biological applications of arabinofuranosyl oligosaccharides and their analogs, derivatives and conjugates. J Carbohydr Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2019.1630841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ji′nan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Derda R, Ng S. Genetically encoded fragment-based discovery. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 50:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Behren S, Westerlind U. Glycopeptides and -Mimetics to Detect, Monitor and Inhibit Bacterial and Viral Infections: Recent Advances and Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:E1004. [PMID: 30871155 PMCID: PMC6471658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial contact of pathogens with host cells is usually mediated by their adhesion to glycan structures present on the cell surface in order to enable infection. Furthermore, glycans play important roles in the modulation of the host immune responses to infection. Understanding the carbohydrate-pathogen interactions are of importance for the development of novel and efficient strategies to either prevent, or interfere with pathogenic infection. Synthetic glycopeptides and mimetics thereof are capable of imitating the multivalent display of carbohydrates at the cell surface, which have become an important objective of research over the last decade. Glycopeptide based constructs may function as vaccines or anti-adhesive agents that interfere with the ability of pathogens to adhere to the host cell glycans and thus possess the potential to improve or replace treatments that suffer from resistance. Additionally, synthetic glycopeptides are used as tools for epitope mapping of antibodies directed against structures present on various pathogens and have become important to improve serodiagnostic methods and to develop novel epitope-based vaccines. This review will provide an overview of the most recent advances in the synthesis and application of glycopeptides and glycopeptide mimetics exhibiting a peptide-like backbone in glycobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Behren
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vinals DF, Kitov PI, Tu Z, Zou C, Cairo CW, Lin HCH, Derda R. Selection of galectin-3 ligands derived from genetically encoded glycopeptide libraries. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel I. Kitov
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Zhijay Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chunxia Zou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | | | | | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ng S, Bennett NJ, Schulze J, Gao N, Rademacher C, Derda R. Genetically-encoded fragment-based discovery of glycopeptide ligands for DC-SIGN. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5368-5377. [PMID: 30344001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have employed genetically-encoded fragment-based discovery to identify novel glycopeptides with affinity for the dendritic cell receptor DC-SIGN. Starting from libraries of 108 mannose-conjugated peptides, we identified glycopeptides that exhibited up to a 650-fold increase in multivalent binding affinity for DC-SIGN, which is also preserved in cells. Monovalently, our most potent glycopeptides have a similar potency to a Man3 oligosaccharide, representing a 15-fold increase in activity compared to mannose. These compounds represent the first examples of glycopeptide ligands that target the CRD of DC-SIGN. The natural framework of glycopeptide conjugates and the simplicity of orthogonal conjugation to make these glycopeptides anticipates a promising future for development of DC-SIGN-targeting moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Jessica Schulze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|