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Wang R, Xue L, Dong X, Yan W, Li Y. Chitosan-initiated gold nanoparticles with enhanced fluorescence for unique Fe 3+/PPi sensing and photothermal therapy. Talanta 2024; 271:125719. [PMID: 38281429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The design of surface ligands is crucial for ligand-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Herein, following the principle of green synthesis, environmentally friendly gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@His@CC, AuHC) were fabricated based on dual ligands of histidine and carboxylated chitosan. AuHC showed the advantages of low toxicity, good photoluminescent stability and ideal biocompatibility. Compared with single histidine-coated gold nanoclusters (AuNCs@His, AuH), AuHC presented enhanced fluorescence attributed to the addition of chitosan. The blue-emitting AuHC has a unique response to Fe3+ with detection limits as low as 9.51 nM. Interestingly, the quenched fluorescence of AuHC-Fe3+ system could be restored through the introduction of PPi with a detection limit of 10.6 μM. So an "on-off-on" fluorescence sensing platform was achieved. Apart from good optical properties and sensing, the designed AuHC demonstrated outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency (27.8 %), which made it ideal material for thermal ablation of tumor. To be specific, after laser irradiation (660 nm, 0.78 W cm-2, 10 min) of AuHC, the survival rate of HeLa cells as a tumor cell model decreased to 12.7 %, indicating that AuHC has a significant tumor inhibition effect in vitro. Besides, AuHC also could be a befitting candidate for overcoming drug-resistant tumor cells such as MCF-7/ADR cells. Notably, AuHC can markedly ablate solid tumors in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after laser irradiation (660 nm, 0.78 W cm-2, 10 min). Hence this work provides insight into the design of multifunctional AuNPs platform for simultaneously integrating the ion sensing and photothermal therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Liuyan Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Xiaorui Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, PR China
| | - Yingqi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, PR China.
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2
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Yan Z, Liu Y, Zhao L, Hu J, Du Y, Peng X, Liu Z. In situ stimulus-responsive self-assembled nanomaterials for drug delivery and disease treatment. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3197-3217. [PMID: 37376926 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00592e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The individual motifs that respond to specific stimuli for the self-assembly of nanomaterials play important roles. In situ constructed nanomaterials are formed spontaneously without human intervention and have promising applications in bioscience. However, due to the complex physiological environment of the human body, designing stimulus-responsive self-assembled nanomaterials in vivo is a challenging problem for researchers. In this article, we discuss the self-assembly principles of various nanomaterials in response to the tissue microenvironment, cell membrane, and intracellular stimuli. We propose the applications and advantages of in situ self-assembly in drug delivery and disease diagnosis and treatment, with a focus on in situ self-assembly at the lesion site, especially in cancer. Additionally, we introduce the significance of introducing exogenous stimulation to construct self-assembly in vivo. Based on this foundation, we put forward the prospects and possible challenges in the field of in situ self-assembly. This review uncovers the relationship between the structure and properties of in situ self-assembled nanomaterials and provides new ideas for innovative drug molecular design and development to solve the problems in the targeted delivery and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
| | - Yimin Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
| | - Xingxing Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenbao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, P. R. China
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3
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Liang X, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Bu Z, Liu J, Zhang K. Tumor microenvironment-triggered intratumoral in situ construction of theranostic supramolecular self-assembly. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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4
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A Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugate Delivery System for Active Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194558. [PMID: 36230480 PMCID: PMC9559518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also called tumor-initiating cells, are a subpopulation of cancer cells believed to be the leading cause of cancer initiation, growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Presently there are no effective treatments targeted at eliminating CSCs. Hence, an urgent need to develop measures to target CSCs to eliminate potential recurrence and metastasis associated with CSCs. Cancer stem cells have inherent and unique features that differ from other cancer cells, which they leverage to resist conventional therapies. Targeting such features with photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be a promising treatment for drug-resistant cancer stem cells. Photodynamic therapy is a light-mediated non-invasive treatment modality. However, PDT alone is unable to eliminate cancer stem cells effectively, hence the need for a targeted approach. Gold nanoparticle bioconjugates with PDT could be a potential approach for targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer and CSCs. This approach has the potential for enhanced drug delivery, selective and specific attachment to target tumor cells/CSCs, as well as the ability to efficiently generate ROS. This review examines the impact of a smart gold nanoparticle bioconjugate coupled with a photosensitizer (PS) in promoting targeted PDT of cancer and CSC.
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Yuan Y, Bulte JWM. Enzyme-mediated intratumoral self-assembly of nanotheranostics for enhanced imaging and tumor therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1786. [PMID: 35229485 PMCID: PMC9437863 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated intratumoral self-assembled (EMISA) nanotheranostics represent a new class of smart agents for combined imaging and therapy of cancer. Cancer cells overexpress various enzymes that are essential for high metabolism, fast proliferation, and tissue invasion and metastasis. By conjugating small molecules that contain an enzyme-specific cleavage site to appropriate chemical linkers, it is possible to induce self-assembly of nanostructures in tumor cells having the target enzyme. This approach of injecting small theranostic molecules that eventually become larger nanotheranostics in situ avoids some of the major limitations that are encountered when injecting larger, pre-assembled nanotheranostics. The advantage of EMISA nanotheranostics include the avoidance of nonspecific uptake and rapid clearance by phagocytic cells, increased cellular accumulation, reduced drug efflux and prolonged cellular exposure time, all of which lead to an amplified imaging signal and therapeutic efficacy. We review here the different approaches that can be used for preparing EMISA-based organic, inorganic, or organic/inorganic hybrid nanotheranostics based on noncovalent interactions and/or covalent bonding. Imaging examples are shown for fluorescence imaging, nuclear imaging, photoacoustic imaging, Raman imaging, computed tomography imaging, bioluminescent imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zhang Q, Tan W, Xu B. Synthesis and bioactivity of pyrrole-conjugated phosphopeptides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:159-166. [PMID: 35186152 PMCID: PMC8822458 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis and effect on the cell viability of pyrrole-conjugated phosphopeptides. Encouraged by the selective inhibition of cancer cells by a naphthyl-capped phosphopeptide (Nap-ffpy, 1), we conjugated the heteroaromatic dipyrrole or tripyrrole motif at the N-terminal of short peptides containing phosphotyrosine or phosphoserine and examined the bioactivity of the resulting phosphopeptides (2-10). Although most of the phosphopeptides exhibit comparable activities with that of 1 against HeLa cells at 200 μM, they, differing from 1, are largely compatible with HeLa cells at 400 μM. Enzymatic dephosphorylation of 2-10, at 400 μM is unable to induce a dramatic morphological transition of the peptide assemblies observed in the case of 1. These results suggest that a heteroaromatic motif at the N-terminal of peptides likely disfavors the formation of extensive nanofibers or morphological changes during enzymatic self-assembly, thus provide useful insights for the development of phosphopeptides as substrates of phosphatases for controlling cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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Chen D, Jin Z, Zhao B, Wang Y, He Q. MBene as a Theranostic Nanoplatform for Photocontrolled Intratumoral Retention and Drug Release. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008089. [PMID: 33734515 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-targeted drug delivery by nanomaterials is important to improve tumor therapy efficacy and reduce toxic side effects, but its efficiency is quite limited. In this work, a new type of MBene, zirconium boride nanosheet (ZBN), as a versatile nanoplatform to realize near-infrared (NIR)-controlled intratumoral retention and drug release is developed. ZBN exhibits high NIR-photothermal conversion efficiency (76.8%), surface modification with hyaluronic acid (HA) by polyol-borate esterfication endows ZBN-HA with good dispersion, and the photopyrolysis of borate ester causes HA detachment and ZBN aggregation, enabling NIR-controlled intratumoral retention to achieve high intratumoral accumulation. By virtue of surface borate esterfication, polyol chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin, DOX), and NO prodrug (β-galactosyl-diazeniumdiolate, Gal-NO) can be efficiently and stably conjugated on the surface of ZBN-HA (1.21 g DOX or 0.57 g Gal-NO per gram ZBN) without visible drug leakage, and the photopyrolysis of borate ester enables NIR-controlled drug release with high responsiveness and controllability. Combined chemothermal/gasothermal therapies based on ZBN-HA/DOX and ZBN-HA/NO nanomedicines eradicate primary tumors and interdict tumor metastasis by changing the tumor microenvironment and killing cancer cells in primary tumors. The developed NIR-photothermal MBene is confirmed as a versatile nanoplatform capable of high-efficacy tumor-targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhaokui Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Yingshuai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Qianjun He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, No. 1066 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Deng Y, Zhan W, Liang G. Intracellular Self-Assembly of Peptide Conjugates for Tumor Imaging and Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001211. [PMID: 32902191 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular self-assembly (ISA) is a versatile and powerful strategy for in situ constructing sophisticated and functional supramolecular nanostructures, which has been widely applied in biomedicine and biomedical engineering. Among the common building blocks for ISA, peptides have attracted increasingly attention due to their intrinsic bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Particularly, by conjugating functional motifs (e.g., probes or drugs) to peptides to yield the peptide conjugates, the latter show enhanced stability and efficiency, and probably new functions. In recent years, employing ISA of peptide conjugates for tumor imaging and treatment has achieved great progresses. Therefore, the recent progress of ISA of peptide conjugates is summarized in this progress report. Moreover, several examples of ISA of peptide conjugates for other important imaging or therapeutic applications are also introduced. Finally, a brief perspective on remaining challenges and potential directions for future research in this area is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University 2 Sipailou Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210096 China
| | - Wenjun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University 2 Sipailou Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210096 China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering Southeast University 2 Sipailou Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210096 China
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Xiao G, Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Fu S. Dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystals act as multi-role for the formation of ultra-fine gold nanoparticles with high efficiency. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:788-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Guo J, Tian C, Xu B. Biomaterials based on noncovalent interactions of small molecules. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1124-1140. [PMID: 33088250 PMCID: PMC7573174 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Unlike conventional materials that covalent bonds connecting atoms as the major force to hold the materials together, supramolecular biomaterials rely on noncovalent intermolecular interactions to assemble. The reversibility and biocompatibility of supramolecular biomaterials render them with diverse range of functions and lead to rapid development in the past two decades. This review focuses on the noncovalent and enzymatic control of supramolecular biomaterials, with the introduction to various triggering mechanism to initiate self-assembly. Representative applications of supramolecular biomaterials are highlighted in four categories: tissue engineering, cancer therapy, drug delivery, and molecular imaging. By introducing various applications, we intend to show enzymatic control and noncovalent interactions as a powerful tool for achieving spatiotemporal control of biomaterials both invitro and in vivo for biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Changhao Tian
- Department of Physics, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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Abstract
Enzymatic reactions and noncovalent (i.e., supramolecular) interactions are two fundamental nongenetic attributes of life. Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS) refers to a process where enzymatic reactions control intermolecular noncovalent interactions for spatial organization of higher-order molecular assemblies that exhibit emergent properties and functions. Like enzymatic covalent synthesis (ECS), in which an enzyme catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds to generate individual molecules, ENS is a unifying theme for understanding the functions, morphologies, and locations of molecular ensembles in cellular environments. This review intends to provide a summary of the works of ENS within the past decade and emphasize ENS for functions. After comparing ECS and ENS, we describe a few representative examples where nature uses ENS, as a rule of life, to create the ensembles of biomacromolecules for emergent properties/functions in a myriad of cellular processes. Then, we focus on ENS of man-made (synthetic) molecules in cell-free conditions, classified by the types of enzymes. After that, we introduce the exploration of ENS of man-made molecules in the context of cells by discussing intercellular, peri/intracellular, and subcellular ENS for cell morphogenesis, molecular imaging, cancer therapy, and other applications. Finally, we provide a perspective on the promises of ENS for developing molecular assemblies/processes for functions. This review aims to be an updated introduction for researchers who are interested in exploring noncovalent synthesis for developing molecular science and technologies to address societal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian He
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Meihui Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Adrianna N Shy
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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Bhagat SD, Srivastava A. Amphiphilic phenylalanine derivatives that temporally generate reactive oxygen species from water in the presence of Au(iii) ions. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:4750-4756. [PMID: 32706345 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic derivatives of phenylalanine (ADFs) have strong self-assembling propensities and yield low molecular weight hydrogels on multiple occassions. The interaction of ADFs with metal ions can result in the morphological changes in the self-assemblies. Herein, we report the interesting consequences of the interaction between four N-protected ADFs with Au(iii) ions. In the case of ADF 1, the original nanofibrillar morphology of the self-assemblies spontaneously transformed into uniform nanoglobules of ∼80 nm in diameter upon addition of Au(iii) ions. A subsequent reduction of the Au(iii) ions to Au(0) nanoparticles (AuNPs) and the surface decoration of the nanoglobules with AuNPs were observed in the course of the next six to eight hours. Simultaneously, multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), singlet oxygen and superoxide ions were also found to be present in the reaction medium. These ROS originate from water used as the reaction medium. The ROS production and the reduction of Au(iii) were inhibited upon deaeration of the reaction medium and the use of heavy water (D2O) or organic solvents as the reaction medium, while an increase in the pH of the aqueous medium intensified both these processes. We exploited the temporal ROS generation using the mixture of 1 and Au(iii) ions towards anticancer therapy by enhancing the intracellular ROS levels. It is expected that this effort can be expanded into a viable anticancer therapy in the near future by modulating the amount and the rate of ROS-generation through judicious choice of the peptidic ligands and metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Dharmaraj Bhagat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India.
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Chen X, Zhao X, Wang G. Review on marine carbohydrate-based gold nanoparticles represented by alginate and chitosan for biomedical application. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 244:116311. [PMID: 32536396 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been attracted considerable attention in cancer therapy, drug delivery and other applications due to their unique physical, chemical, and optical properties. Marine carbohydrates are important biological macromolecules that widely exist in marine algae and animals, such as alginate, carrageenan, porphyran, fucoidan, ulvan, agarose, and chitosan. Their excellent properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and no irritation, make them widely used in biomedicine and nanomaterials fields. More importantly, they can be easily modified by functional groups, such as sulfation, acetylation, and carboxylation, to further extend their applications. The marine carbohydrates functionalized AuNPs can increase their biocompatibility and targeting in a green preparation method. Here, we review recent advances on marine carbohydrate-based AuNPs for cancer therapy, imaging, drug delivery and other biomedical fields. The topics of selective surface modification in different carbohydrates and further biomedical applications of AuNPs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Um IW, Ku JK, Kim YK, Lee BK, Leem DH. Histological Review of Demineralized Dentin Matrix as a Carrier of rhBMP-2. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:284-293. [PMID: 31928139 PMCID: PMC7310192 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) was approved for use in humans at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL with absorbable collagen sponges as an alternative to autogenous bone grafts for alveolar ridge augmentation, defects associated with extraction sockets, and sinus augmentation. However, the use of supraphysiological doses and the insufficient retention of rhBMP-2, when delivered through collagen sponge, result in dose-dependent side effects related to off-label use. Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM), an osteoinducing bone substrate, has been used as an rhBMP-2 carrier since 1998. In addition, DDM has both microparticle and nanoparticle structures, which do not undergo remodeling, unlike bone. In vitro, DDM is a suitable carrier for BMP-2, with the continued release over 30 days at concentrations sufficient to stimulate osteogenic differentiation. In this review, we discuss the histological outcomes of DDM loaded with rhBMP-2 to highlight the biological functions of exogenous rhBMP-2 associated with the DDM carrier in clinical applications in implant dentistry. Impact Statement Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) has been used as an recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) carrier and osteo-inducing bone substrate to facilitate continued release and stimulate osteogenic differentiation. In this review, we discuss the histological outcomes of DDM loaded with rhBMP-2 in order to highlight the biological functions of exogenous rhBMP-2 associated with the DDM carrier in clinical applications in implant dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Woong Um
- R&D Institute, Korea Tooth Bank, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Kui Ku
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Address correspondence to: Jeong-Kui Ku, DDS, MMSc, FIBCOMS, Section of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, 81, Saemaul-ro 117, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13575, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bu-Kyu Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Leem
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Zhao M, Li B, Fan Y, Zhang F. In Vivo Assembly and Disassembly of Probes to Improve Near-Infrared Optical Bioimaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801650. [PMID: 31094099 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The near-infrared range (NIR, 700-1700 nm) has been used as a superior optical window for non-invasive bioimaging. Increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is the most fundamental method to improve NIR bioimaging. However, the low delivery efficiency of fluorescent contrast agents leads to weak signal at lesions. Moreover, non-specific accumulation and "always on" signals will cause "false positive" signals and high background noise, all of which result in low SNR and potential long-term biotoxicity. Thus, to reach precise detection of lesions, strong bioimaging signals and low background interference are the two important pre-requisites. This review provides an overview of in vivo assembly and disassembly strategies to improve tumor-specific accumulation, "turn-on" the silent signals, and reduce the background noise in NIR bioimaging windows. In vivo assembly and disassembly occurring spontaneously, responding to disease micro-environment or external stimuli, including pH, enzymes, reactive oxygen species, redox, light, and specific recognition is summarized, which may provide ideas and approaches to further enhance bioimaging and reduce long-term biotoxicity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhao
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChemFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Benhao Li
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChemFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChemFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsState Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChemFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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Yang Q, Peng J, Shi K, Xiao Y, Liu Q, Han R, Wei X, Qian Z. Rationally designed peptide-conjugated gold/platinum nanosystem with active tumor-targeting for enhancing tumor photothermal-immunotherapy. J Control Release 2019; 308:29-43. [PMID: 31252039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Because of the tumor heterogeneity, poor therapeutic outcome is obtained while the conventional treatments, such as surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy are utilized alone. Herein, combinational therapy strategies have been introduced to solve this problem. Photothermal therapy (PTT) as a non-invasive thermal therapeutic manner has attracting enormous attentions not only for the effective inhibition in primary tumors, but also for producing tumor-associated antigens from ablated tumor cell residues which exhibit the feasibility to enhance the therapeutic outcome of immunotherapy. Here, we report the construction and application of Au@Pt-based nanosystem with rationally designed peptide (LyP-1-PLGVRG-DPPA-1, LMDP) conjugation for cancer photothermal-immunotherapy. The obtained Au@Pt-LMDP nanosystem can serve as a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activated tumor targeting agents for effective photothermal therapy together with immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy by the on-demand release of a D-peptide antagonist of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). The PA imaging demonstrates its effective accumulation in the tumor region by the activated tumor targeting moiety derived from the LMDP. Moreover, in vivo anti-tumor studies reveal that Au@Pt-LMDP nanosystem can effectively eliminate primary tumors via PTT, and further stimulate the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockage, result in inhibiting the growth of distal tumors and alleviating tumor metastasis. The present study provides a promising strategy for the combination treatment of advanced cancer and obtains a valuable therapeutic outcome in tumor photothermal-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, No. 783, Xindu Avenue, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qingya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ruxia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, No. 17, Section 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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Liu Y, Bhattarai P, Dai Z, Chen X. Photothermal therapy and photoacoustic imaging via nanotheranostics in fighting cancer. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2053-2108. [PMID: 30259015 PMCID: PMC6437026 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1578] [Impact Index Per Article: 315.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nonradiative conversion of light energy into heat (photothermal therapy, PTT) or sound energy (photoacoustic imaging, PAI) has been intensively investigated for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer, respectively. By taking advantage of nanocarriers, both imaging and therapeutic functions together with enhanced tumour accumulation have been thoroughly studied to improve the pre-clinical efficiency of PAI and PTT. In this review, we first summarize the development of inorganic and organic nano photothermal transduction agents (PTAs) and strategies for improving the PTT outcomes, including applying appropriate laser dosage, guiding the treatment via imaging techniques, developing PTAs with absorption in the second NIR window, increasing photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), and also increasing the accumulation of PTAs in tumours. Second, we introduce the advantages of combining PTT with other therapies in cancer treatment. Third, the emerging applications of PAI in cancer-related research are exemplified. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of PTT and PAI for combating cancer, especially regarding their clinical translation, are discussed. We believe that PTT and PAI having noteworthy features would become promising next-generation non-invasive cancer theranostic techniques and improve our ability to combat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pravin Bhattarai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zhao M, Wang R, Li B, Fan Y, Wu Y, Zhu X, Zhang F. Precise In Vivo Inflammation Imaging Using In Situ Responsive Cross-linking of Glutathione-Modified Ultra-Small NIR-II Lanthanide Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and i Chem; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and i Chem; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Benhao Li
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and i Chem; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and i Chem; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and i Chem; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and i Chem; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and i Chem; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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Zhao M, Wang R, Li B, Fan Y, Wu Y, Zhu X, Zhang F. Precise In Vivo Inflammation Imaging Using In Situ Responsive Cross-linking of Glutathione-Modified Ultra-Small NIR-II Lanthanide Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2050-2054. [PMID: 30589175 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To improve the bioimaging signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), long-term imaging capability, and decrease the potential biotoxicity, an in vivo cross-linking strategy was developed by using sub-10 nm, glutathione-modified, lanthanide nanoprobes. After administration, the nanoprobes cross-link in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the inflamed area and enable the quick imaging of ROS in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window. These nanoprobes could be rapidly excreted due to their ultra-small size. This strategy may also be applied to other ultra-small contrast agents for the precise bioimaging by in situ lesion cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Benhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Zhao M, Li B, Wang P, Lu L, Zhang Z, Liu L, Wang S, Li D, Wang R, Zhang F. Supramolecularly Engineered NIR-II and Upconversion Nanoparticles In Vivo Assembly and Disassembly to Improve Bioimaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804982. [PMID: 30393979 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Contrast agents for bioimaging suffer from low accumulation at lesion area and high uptake in the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Assembly of nanoparticles in vivo improves their enrichment at tumors and inflamed areas. However, uncontrollable assembly also occurs at the liver and spleen owing to the uptake of nanoparticles by the RES. This is known to probably cause a higher bioimaging background and more severe health hazards, which may hamper the clinical application. Herein, a new near-infrared (NIR)-controlled supramolecular engineering strategy is developed for in vivo assembly and disassembly between lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles and second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) nanoprobes to realize precision bioimaging of tumors. A supramolecular structure is designed to realize assembly via host-guest interactions of azobenzene and β-cyclodextrin to enhance the retention of NIR-II nanoprobes in the tumor area. Meanwhile NIR-laser-controllable nanoprobes disassembly brings about a reduction in the bioimaging background as well as acceleration of their RES clearance rate. This strategy may also be used in other nano-to-micro-scale contrast agents to improve bioimaging signal-to-noise ratio and reduce long-term cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Benhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lingfei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhengcheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shangfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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