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Sui X, Yu XY. An evaluation of static ToF-SIMS analysis of environmental organics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37913. [PMID: 39315229 PMCID: PMC11417316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been extensively used in surface analysis due to its high mass resolution, sensitivity, and mass spectral imaging capabilities. Static ToF-SIMS has mainly been used for solid material analysis; however, its application in environmental organics is limited. During SIMS spectral analysis, relative mass accuracy and measurement repeatability are key factors for obtaining reliable speciation and acquiring chemical insights of the specimens. Herein, we provide an evaluation of four environmentally relevant organic systems, including glyoxal, pyruvic acid, oil-in-water emulsion, and carbon dioxide (CO2) capture solvent (i.e., N-2-ethoxyethyl-3-morpholinopropan-1-amine, EMMPA), to show the spectral measurement repeatability when using static ToF-SIMS. First, sample preparation is essential in acquiring accurate and reproducible results in ToF-SIMS analysis. The mass spectral results show that characteristic peaks observed can be distinguished with reasonable confidence by comparing the observed mass to charge ratios (m/z) to theoretical ones. The statistical analysis of peak areas indicates that the peak area and/or peak height measurement ratios are satisfactory among replicates. Compared with previous studies, the bismuth cluster primary ion beam, namely Bi3 +, has less fragmentation than Bi+. Therefore, Bi3 + is deemed more suitable for organic analysis using static SIMS. Our results show that ToF-SIMS offers a viable approach to study environmental organics including but not limited to aqueous aerosols, wastewater emulsions, and CO2 capture solvents. It is expected that future studies will expand organic speciation with high fidelity due to the continued advancement of SIMS as a sensitive analysis technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sui
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830-6136, United States
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2
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Ding Y. Machine Learning Model Construction and Testing: Anticipating Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Diseases 2024; 12:139. [PMID: 39057110 PMCID: PMC11275333 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12070139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the escalating environmental challenges have contributed to a rising incidence of cancer. The precise anticipation of cancer incidence and mortality rates has emerged as a pivotal focus in scientific inquiry, exerting a profound impact on the formulation of public health policies. This investigation adopts a pioneering machine learning framework to address this critical issue, utilizing a dataset encompassing 72,591 comprehensive records that include essential variables such as age, case count, population size, race, gender, site, and year of diagnosis. Diverse machine learning algorithms, including decision trees, random forests, logistic regression, support vector machines, and neural networks, were employed in this study. The ensuing analysis revealed testing accuracies of 62.17%, 61.92%, 54.53%, 55.72%, and 62.30% for the respective models. This state-of-the-art model not only enhances our understanding of cancer dynamics but also equips researchers and policymakers with the capability of making meticulous projections concerning forthcoming cancer incidence and mortality rates. Considering sustainability, the application of this advanced machine learning framework emphasizes the importance of judiciously utilizing extensive and intricate databases. By doing so, it facilitates a more sustainable approach to healthcare planning, allowing for informed decision-making that takes into account the long-term ecological and societal impacts of cancer-related policies. This integrative perspective underscores the broader commitment to sustainable practices in both health research and public policy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhao Ding
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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3
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Parmar D, Rosado-Rosa JM, Shrout JD, Sweedler JV. Metabolic insights from mass spectrometry imaging of biofilms: A perspective from model microorganisms. Methods 2024; 224:21-34. [PMID: 38295894 PMCID: PMC11149699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are dense aggregates of bacterial colonies embedded inside a self-produced polymeric matrix. Biofilms have received increasing attention in medical, industrial, and environmental settings due to their enhanced survival. Their characterization using microscopy techniques has revealed the presence of structural and cellular heterogeneity in many bacterial systems. However, these techniques provide limited chemical detail and lack information about the molecules important for bacterial communication and virulence. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) bridges the gap by generating spatial chemical information with unmatched chemical detail, making it an irreplaceable analytical platform in the multi-modal imaging of biofilms. In the last two decades, over 30 species of biofilm-forming bacteria have been studied using MSI in different environments. The literature conveys both analytical advancements and an improved understanding of the effects of environmental variables such as host surface characteristics, antibiotics, and other species of microorganisms on biofilms. This review summarizes the insights from frequently studied model microorganisms. We share a detailed list of organism-wide metabolites, commonly observed mass spectral adducts, culture conditions, strains of bacteria, substrate, broad problem definition, and details of the MS instrumentation, such as ionization sources and matrix, to facilitate future studies. We also compared the spatial characteristics of the secretome under different study designs to highlight changes because of various environmental influences. In addition, we highlight the current limitations of MSI in relation to biofilm characterization to enable cross-comparison between experiments. Overall, MSI has emerged to become an important approach for the spatial/chemical characterization of bacterial biofilms and its use will continue to grow as MSI becomes more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmeshkumar Parmar
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joenisse M Rosado-Rosa
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Joshua D Shrout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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4
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Chen S, Ding Y. A bibliography study of Shewanella oneidensis biofilm. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad124. [PMID: 37796898 PMCID: PMC10630087 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study employs a bibliography study method to evaluate 472 papers focused on Shewanella oneidensis biofilms. Biofilms, which are formed when microorganisms adhere to surfaces or interfaces, play a crucial role in various natural, engineered, and medical settings. Within biofilms, microorganisms are enclosed in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), creating a stable working environment. This characteristic enhances the practicality of biofilm-based systems in natural bioreactors, as they are less susceptible to temperature and pH fluctuations compared to enzyme-based bioprocesses. Shewanella oneidensis, a nonpathogenic bacterium with the ability to transfer electrons, serves as an example of a species isolated from its environment that exhibits extensive biofilm applications. These applications, such as heavy metal removal, offer potential benefits for environmental engineering and human health. This paper presents a comprehensive examination and review of the biology and engineering aspects of Shewanella biofilms, providing valuable insights into their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chen
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanzhao Ding
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
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5
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Parker GD, Hanley L, Yu XY. Mass Spectral Imaging to Map Plant-Microbe Interactions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2045. [PMID: 37630605 PMCID: PMC10459445 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions are of rising interest in plant sustainability, biomass production, plant biology, and systems biology. These interactions have been a challenge to detect until recent advancements in mass spectrometry imaging. Plants and microbes interact in four main regions within the plant, the rhizosphere, endosphere, phyllosphere, and spermosphere. This mini review covers the challenges within investigations of plant and microbe interactions. We highlight the importance of sample preparation and comparisons among time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), laser desorption ionization (LDI/LDPI), and desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) techniques used for the analysis of these interactions. Using mass spectral imaging (MSI) to study plants and microbes offers advantages in understanding microbe and host interactions at the molecular level with single-cell and community communication information. More research utilizing MSI has emerged in the past several years. We first introduce the principles of major MSI techniques that have been employed in the research of microorganisms. An overview of proper sample preparation methods is offered as a prerequisite for successful MSI analysis. Traditionally, dried or cryogenically prepared, frozen samples have been used; however, they do not provide a true representation of the bacterial biofilms compared to living cell analysis and chemical imaging. New developments such as microfluidic devices that can be used under a vacuum are highly desirable for the application of MSI techniques, such as ToF-SIMS, because they have a subcellular spatial resolution to map and image plant and microbe interactions, including the potential to elucidate metabolic pathways and cell-to-cell interactions. Promising results due to recent MSI advancements in the past five years are selected and highlighted. The latest developments utilizing machine learning are captured as an important outlook for maximal output using MSI to study microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Luke Hanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
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6
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Yang C, Song G, Son J, Howard L, Yu XY. Revealing the Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Effect on the Biofilm Formation of Diatom Cylindrotheca sp. Using Multimodal Imaging. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1841. [PMID: 37513013 PMCID: PMC10383543 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diatoms contribute to carbon fixation in the oceans by photosynthesis and always form biofouling organized by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the marine environment. Bacteria-produced quorum-sensing signal molecules N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) were found to play an important role in the development of Cylindrotheca sp. in previous studies, but the EPS composition change was unclear. This study used the technology of alcian blue staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to directly observe the biofilm formation process. The results showed that AHLs promote the growth rates of diatoms and the EPS secretion of biofilm components. AHLs facilitated the diatom-biofilm formation by a forming process dependent on the length of carbon chains. AHLs increased the biofilm thickness and the fluorescence intensity and then altered the three-dimensional (3D) structures of the diatom-biofilm. In addition, the enhanced EPS content in the diatom-biofilm testified that AHLs aided biofilm formation. This study provides a collection of new experimental evidence of the interaction between bacteria and microalgae in fouling biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyun Yang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guojuan Song
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiyoung Son
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Logan Howard
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
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7
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Zhang Y, Plymale A, Son J, Huang Q, Chen W, Yu XY. Reducing the matrix effect in mass spectral imaging of biofilms using flow-cell culture. Front Chem 2023; 11:1203314. [PMID: 37304684 PMCID: PMC10248399 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1203314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between soil microorganisms and soil minerals play a crucial role in the formation and evolution of minerals and the stability of soil aggregates. Due to the heterogeneity and diversity of the soil environment, the under-standing of the functions of bacterial biofilms in soil minerals at the microscale is limited. A soil mineral-bacterial biofilm system was used as a model in this study, and it was analyzed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to acquire molecular level information. Static culture in multi-wells and dynamic flow-cell culture in microfluidics of biofilms were investigated. Our results show that more characteristic molecules of biofilms can be observed in SIMS spectra of the flow-cell culture. In contrast, biofilm signature peaks are buried under the mineral components in SIMS spectra in the static culture case. Spectral overlay was used in peak selection prior to performing Principal component analysis (PCA). Comparisons of the PCA results between the static and flow-cell culture show more pronounced molecular features and higher loadings of organic peaks of the dynamic cultured specimens. For example, fatty acids secreted from bacterial biofilm extracellular polymeric substance are likely to be responsible for biofilm dispersal due to mineral treatment up to 48 h. Such findings suggest that the use of microfluidic cells to dynamically culture biofilms be a more suitable method for reducing the matrix effect arisen from the growth medium and minerals as a perturbation fac-tor for improved spectral and multivariate analysis of complex mass spectral data in ToF-SIMS. These results show that the interaction mechanism between biofilms and soil minerals at the molecular level can be better studied using the flow-cell culture and advanced mass spectral imaging techniques like ToF-SIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Andrew Plymale
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Jiyoung Son
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Energy and Environment Directorate, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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8
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Guo W, Zhang X, Huang Y, He E, Li R, Yan B, Wang H, Mei F, Liu M, Zhu Z. Molecular Imaging Reveals Two Distinct Mixing States of PM 2.5 Particles Sampled in a Typical Beijing Winter Pollution Case. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6273-6283. [PMID: 37022139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixing states of aerosol particles are crucial for understanding the role of aerosols in influencing air quality and climate. However, a fundamental understanding of the complex mixing states is still lacking because most traditional analysis techniques only reveal bulk chemical and physical properties with limited surface and 3-D information. In this research, 3-D molecular imaging enabled by ToF-SIMS was used to elucidate the mixing states of PM2.5 samples obtained from a typical Beijing winter haze event. In light pollution cases, a thin organic layer covers separated inorganic particles; while in serious pollution cases, ion exchange and an organic-inorganic mixing surface on large-area particles were observed. The new results provide key 3-D molecular information of mixing states, which is highly potential for reducing uncertainty and bias in representing aerosol-cloud interactions in current Earth System Models and improving the understanding of aerosols on air quality and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Wenxiao Guo
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Erkai He
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Runkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Fan Mei
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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9
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Akbari A, Galstyan A, Peterson RE, Arlinghaus HF, Tyler BJ. Label-free sub-micrometer 3D imaging of ciprofloxacin in native-state biofilms with cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:991-999. [PMID: 36625895 PMCID: PMC9883301 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging has been identified as a key technology needed to improve understanding of the chemical components that influence antibiotic resistance within biofilms, which are communities of micro-organisms that grow attached to a surface. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) offers the unique ability for label-free 3D imaging of organic molecules with sub-micrometer spatial resolution and high sensitivity. Several studies of biofilms have been done with the help of ToF-SIMS, but none of those studies have shown 3D imaging of antibiotics in native-state hydrated biofilms with cell-level resolution. Because ToF-SIMS measurements must be performed in a high-vacuum environment, cryogenic preparation and analysis are necessary to preserve the native biofilm structure and antibiotic spatial distribution during ToF-SIMS measurements. In this study, we have investigated the penetration of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin into Bacillus subtilis biofilms using sub-micrometer resolution 3D imaging cryo-ToF-SIMS. B. subtilis biofilms were exposed to physiologically relevant levels of ciprofloxacin. The treated biofilms were then plunge-frozen in liquid propane and analyzed with ToF-SIMS under cryogenic conditions. Multivariate analysis techniques, including multivariate curve resolution (MCR) and inverse maximum signal factor (iMSF) denoising, were used to aid analysis of the data and facilitate high spatial resolution 3D imaging of the biofilm, providing individually resolved cells and spatially resolved ciprofloxacin intensity at "real world" concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoosheh Akbari
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anzhela Galstyan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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10
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Cheng C, Zhou Y, Nelson HM, Ahmadullah T, Piao H, Wang Z, Guo W, Wang JG, Lai G, Zhu Z. Molecular identification of wines using in situ liquid SIMS and PCA analysis. Front Chem 2023; 11:1124229. [PMID: 36923690 PMCID: PMC10008862 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Composition analysis in wine is gaining increasing attention because it can provide information about the wine quality, source, and nutrition. In this work, in situ liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was applied to 14 representative wines, including six wines manufactured by a manufacturer in Washington State, United States, four Cabernet Sauvignon wines, and four Chardonnay wines from other different manufacturers and locations. In situ liquid SIMS has the unique advantage of simultaneously examining both organic and inorganic compositions from liquid samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) of SIMS spectra showed that red and white wines can be clearly differentiated according to their aromatic and oxygen-contained organic species. Furthermore, the identities of different wines, especially the same variety of wines, can be enforced with a combination of both organic and inorganic species. Meanwhile, in situ liquid SIMS is sample-friendly, so liquid samples can be directly analyzed without any prior sample dilution or separation. Taken together, we demonstrate the great potential of in situ liquid SIMS in applications related to the molecular investigation of various liquid samples in food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixia Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China.,Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States.,Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Holden M Nelson
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States.,Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA, United States
| | - Tasneem Ahmadullah
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Hailan Piao
- Wine Science Center, Washington State University, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Zhaoying Wang
- Center for Imaging and Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiao Guo
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Jun-Gang Wang
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States.,School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guosong Lai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis and Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
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11
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Zhang Y, Komorek R, Son J, Riechers S, Zhu Z, Jansson J, Jansson C, Yu XY. Molecular imaging of plant-microbe interactions on the Brachypodium seed surface. Analyst 2021; 146:5855-5865. [PMID: 34378550 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play a crucial role in biological control and pathogenic defense on and within plant tissues, however the mechanisms by which plants associate with PGPR to elicit such beneficial effects need further study. Here, we present time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) imaging of Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) seeds with and without exposure to two model PGPR, i.e., Gram-negative Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 (P.) and Gram-positive Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus A6 (A.). Delayed image extraction was used to image PGPR-treated seed sections to reveal morphological changes. ToF-SIMS spectral comparison, principal component analysis (PCA), and two-dimensional (2D) imaging show that the selected PGPR have different effects on the host seed surface, resulting in changes in chemical composition and morphology. Metabolite products and biomarkers, such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), were identified on the PGPR-treated seed surfaces. These compounds have different distributions on the Brachypodium seed surface for the two PGPR, indicating that the different bacteria elicit distinct responses from the host. Our results illustrate that ToF-SIMS is an effective tool to study plant-microbe interactions and to provide insightful information with submicrometer lateral resolution of the chemical distributions associated with morphological features, potentially offering a new way to study the mechanisms underlying beneficial roles of PGPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Rachel Komorek
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Jiyoung Son
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Shawn Riechers
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Janet Jansson
- Earth and Biological Science Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Christer Jansson
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
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12
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Guo W, Kanski M, Liu W, Gołuński M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Cheng C, Du Y, Postawa Z, Wei WD, Zhu Z. Three-Dimensional Mass Spectrometric Imaging of Biological Structures Using a Vacuum-Compatible Microfluidic Device. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13785-13793. [PMID: 32872776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) molecular imaging of biological structures is important for a wide range of research. In recent decades, secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been recognized as a powerful technique for both two-dimensional and 3D molecular imaging. Sample fixations (e.g., chemical fixation and cryogenic fixation methods) are necessary to adapt biological samples to the vacuum condition in the SIMS chamber, which has been demonstrated to be nontrivial and less controllable, thus limiting the wider application of SIMS on 3D molecular analysis of biological samples. Our group recently developed in situ liquid SIMS that offers great opportunities for the molecular study of various liquids and liquid interfaces. In this work, we demonstrate that a further development of the vacuum-compatible microfluidic device used in in situ liquid SIMS provides a convenient freeze-fixation of biological samples and leads to more controllable and convenient 3D molecular imaging. The special design of this new vacuum-compatible liquid chamber allows an easy determination of sputter rates of ice, which is critical for calibrating the depth scale of frozen biological samples. Sputter yield of a 20 keV Ar1800+ ion on ice has been determined as 1500 (±8%) water molecules per Ar1800+ ion, consistent with our results from molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, using the information of ice sputter yield, we successfully conduct 3D molecular imaging of frozen homogenized milk and observe network structures of interesting organic and inorganic species. Taken together, our results will significantly benefit various research fields relying on 3D molecular imaging of biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Guo
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michal Kanski
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, Kraków 31-007, Poland
| | - Wen Liu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Mikołaj Gołuński
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, Kraków 31-007, Poland
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yining Wang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Cuixia Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Yingge Du
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, S. Lojasiewicza 11, Kraków 31-007, Poland
| | - Wei David Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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13
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Wei W, Plymale A, Zhu Z, Ma X, Liu F, Yu XY. In Vivo Molecular Insights into Syntrophic Geobacter Aggregates. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10402-10411. [PMID: 32614167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) has been considered as a novel and highly efficient strategy in both natural anaerobic environments and artificial microbial fuel cells. A syntrophic model consisting of Geobacter metallireducens and Geobacter sulfurreducens was studied in this work. We conducted in vivo molecular mapping of the outer surface of the syntrophic community as the interface of nutrients and energy exchange. System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface combined with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry was employed to capture the molecular distribution of syntrophic Geobacter communities in the living and hydrated state. Principal component analysis with selected peaks revealed that syntrophic Geobacter aggregates were well differentiated from other control samples, including syntrophic planktonic cells, pure cultured planktonic cells, and single population biofilms. Our in vivo imaging indicated that a unique molecular surface was formed. Specifically, aromatic amino acids, phosphatidylethanolamine components, and large water clusters were identified as key components that favored the DIET of syntrophic Geobacter aggregates. Moreover, the molecular changes in depths of the Geobacter aggregates were captured using dynamic depth profiling. Our findings shed new light on the interface components supporting electron transfer in syntrophic communities based on in vivo molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China.,Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Andrew Plymale
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Grand View University, Des Moines, Iowa 50316, United States
| | - Fanghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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14
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Shen Y, Yao J, Son J, Zhu Z, Yu XY. Liquid ToF-SIMS revealing the oil, water, and surfactant interface evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11771-11782. [PMID: 32227050 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bilge water from ships is regarded as a major pollutant in the marine environment. Bilge water exists in a stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion form. However, little is known about the O/W liquid-liquid (l-l) interface. Traditional bulk characterization approaches are not capable of capturing the chemical changes at the O/W l-l interface. Although surfactants are deemed essential in droplet formation, their roles in bilge water stabilization have not been fully revealed. We have utilized novel in situ chemical imaging tools including in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to study the evolving O/W interface using a NAVY bilge model for the first time. The droplet size distribution (DSD) does not change significantly without the addition of X-100 surfactants under static or rocking conditions. Both the oil components and the water clusters are shown to evolve over time at the O/W droplet interface by in situ liquid SIMS imaging. Of particular interest to droplet stabilization, the contribution of surfactants to the aged bilge droplets becomes more significant as the droplet size increases. The higher mass surfactant component does not appear on the droplet surface immediately while many lower mass surfactants are solvated inside the droplet. We have provided the first three-dimensional images of the evolving O/W interface and demonstrated that in situ surface chemical mapping is powerful enough to reveal the complex and dynamic l-l interface in the liquid state. Our observational insights suggest that surfactants are important in mediating droplet growth and facilitating effective separation of bilge water emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Shen
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Jenn Yao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Jiyoung Son
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA.
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15
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Ripa R, Shen AQ, Funari R. Detecting Escherichia coli Biofilm Development Stages on Gold and Titanium by Quartz Crystal Microbalance. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2295-2302. [PMID: 32064391 PMCID: PMC7017401 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are responsible for persistent infections and biofouling, raising serious concerns in both medical and industrial processes. These motivations underpin the need to develop methodologies to study the complex biological structures of biofilms and prevent their formation on medical implants, tools, and industrial apparatuses. Here, we report the detailed comparison of Escherichia coli biofilm development stages (adhesion, maturation, and dispersion) on gold and titanium surfaces by monitoring the changes in both frequency and dissipation of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) device, a cheap and reliable microgravimetric sensor which allows the real-time and label-free characterization of various stages of biofilm development. Although gold is the most common electrode material used for QCM sensors, the titanium electrode is also readily available for QCM sensors; thus, QCM sensors with different metal electrodes serve as a simple platform to probe how pathogens interact with different metal substrates. The QCM outcomes are further confirmed by atomic force microscopy and crystal violet staining, thus validating the effectiveness of this surface sensitive sensor for microbial biofilm research. Moreover, because QCM technology can easily modify the substrate types and coatings, QCM sensors also provide well-controlled experimental conditions to study antimicrobial surface treatments and eradication procedures, even on mature biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ripa
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate
University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q. Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate
University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Riccardo Funari
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate
University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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16
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Sabale S, Barpaga D, Yao J, Kovarik L, Zhu Z, Chatterjee S, McGrail BP, Motkuri RK, Yu XY. Understanding Time Dependence on Zinc Metal-Organic Framework Growth Using in Situ Liquid Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5090-5098. [PMID: 31891475 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of novel metal-organic framework (MOF) materials continues to increase as more applications are discovered for these highly porous, well-ordered crystalline structures. The simplicity of constituents allows for the design of new MOFs with virtue of functionality and pore topology toward target adsorbates. However, the fundamental understanding of how these frameworks evolve during nucleation and growth is mostly limited to speculation from simulation studies. In this effort, we utilize a unique vacuum compatible system for analysis at the liquid vacuum interface (SALVI) microfluidic interface to analyze the formation and evolution of the benchmark MOF-74 framework using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Principal component analysis of the SIMS mass spectra, together with ex situ electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, and porosimetry, provides new insights into the structural growth, metal-oxide cluster formation, and aging process of Zn-MOF-74. Samples collected over a range of synthesis times and analyzed closely with in situ ToF-SIMS, transmission electron microscopy, and gas adsorption studies verify the developing pore structure during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Sabale
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Jaysingpur College, Jaysingpur (Shivaji University) , Jaysingpur , 416101 Maharashtra , India
| | - Dushyant Barpaga
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Jennifer Yao
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory (EMSL) , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory (EMSL) , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - B Peter McGrail
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
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17
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Liu W, Huang L, Komorek R, Handakumbura PP, Zhou Y, Hu D, Engelhard MH, Jiang H, Yu XY, Jansson C, Zhu Z. Correlative surface imaging reveals chemical signatures for bacterial hotspots on plant roots. Analyst 2020; 145:393-401. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01954e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A universal sample holder allows correlative imaging analysis of plant roots to reveal chemical signatures for bacterial hotspots.
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18
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Son J, Shen Y, Yao J, Paynter D, Yu XY. Surface evolution of synthetic bilgewater emulsion. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124345. [PMID: 31545184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bilgewater is a regulated shipboard produced waste stream that often contains oil-in-water emulsion. Fundamental knowledge of emulsion surface changes is required for improved wastewater treatment; however, limited information is currently available. We have reported the first surface characterization of synthetic bilgewater emulsions using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) coupled with optical microscopy. A Navy standard bilgewater solution consisting of a hydrocarbon and detergent mixture is used as the synthetic bilgewater emulsion model. Both fresh and aged emulsion samples are analyzed to determine their droplet size distributions (DSDs) and surface chemical composition. Our results show that fresh emulsions are largely mono-modal with hydrocarbon fragments as the main surface composition. Aged emulsions are also mono-modal with slightly larger size. Both SIMS spectral comparison and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) show that some surfactant components appear on the fresh emulsion surface while larger molecular weight components appear at the aged bilge droplet surface. Our results indicate that the oil-water interface evolves after emulsion droplet formation. More importantly, surface evolution not only changes the bilgewater DSD, but also alters the surface chemical composition and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Son
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Jenn Yao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States
| | - Danielle Paynter
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, West Bethesda, MD, 20817, United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, United States.
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19
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Zhang Y, Zeng W, Jia F, Ye J, Zhao Y, Luo Q, Zhu Z, Wang F. Cisplatin‐induced alteration on membrane composition of A549 cells revealed by ToF‐SIMS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wenjuan Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feifei Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Juan Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington United States
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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20
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Peak selection matters in principal component analysis: A case study of syntrophic microbes. Biointerphases 2019; 14:051004. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5118237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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