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Wu XP, Luo XM, Chen HL, Man Y, Bai YY, Qin TZ, Zhang B, Zhang GP. Fatigue crack-based strain sensors achieving flow detection and motion monitoring for reconnaissance robot applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:4207-4222. [PMID: 38915265 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00419a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Crack-based flexible strain sensors with ultra-high sensitivity under tiny strain are highly desired for environmental perception and motion detection of novel flexible and miniature robots. However, previously reported methods for fabricating crack patterns have often sacrificed the cyclic stability of the sensor, leading to a trade-off relationship between the sensitivity and the cyclic stability. Here, a universal and simple strategy based on fatigue loading with an ultra-large cumulative strain of up to ∼1.2 × 107%, rather than the traditionally quasi-static pre-overloading methods, is proposed to introduce channel cracks in the sensing layer without sacrificing the cyclic stability. The developed flexible strain sensors exhibit high strain-sensitivity (gauge factor = 5798) under tiny strain (< 3%), high cyclic stability (15 000 cycles) and a low strain detecting limit (0.02%). Furthermore, a leaf-like mechanosensor is developed using the fatigue crack-based strain sensor for the realization of multifunctional applications in environment perception and micro-motion detection. Brilliant airflow sensing performance with a wide sensing range (0.93-11.93 m s-1) and a fast response time (0.28 s) for amphibious applications is demonstrated. This work provides a new strategy for overcoming limits of crack-based flexible strain sensors and the developed leaf-like mechanosensor shows great application potential in miniature and flexible reconnaissance robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ping Wu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Hong-Lei Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yi Man
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yao-Yao Bai
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Tian-Ze Qin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 3-11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Guang-Ping Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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2
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Gao H, Zhao F, Liu J, Meng Z, Han Z, Liu Y. What Exactly Can Bionic Strategies Achieve for Flexible Sensors? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38811-38831. [PMID: 39031068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Flexible sensors have attracted great attention in the field of wearable electronic devices due to their deformability, lightness, and versatility. However, property improvement remains a key challenge. Fortunately, natural organisms exhibit many unique response mechanisms to various stimuli, and the corresponding structures and compositions provide advanced design ideas for the development of flexible sensors. Therefore, this Review highlights recent advances in sensing performance and functional characteristics of flexible sensors from the perspective of bionics for the first time. First, the "twins" of bionics and flexible sensors are introduced. Second, the enhancements in electrical and mechanical performance through bionic strategies are summarized according to the prototypes of humans, plants, and animals. Third, the functional characteristics of bionic strategies for flexible sensors are discussed in detail, including self-healing, color-changing, tangential force, strain redistribution, and interfacial resistance. Finally, we summarize the challenges and development trends of bioinspired flexible sensors. This Review aims to deepen the understanding of bionic strategies and provide innovative ideas and references for the design and manufacture of next-generation flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Gao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, P. R. China
| | - Fangyi Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
| | - Zong Meng
- School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin130022, P. R. China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, China
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3
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Gao Z, Xu D, Li S, Zhang D, Xiang Z, Zhang H, Wu Y, Liu Y, Shang J, Li RW. Quasi-1D Conductive Network Composites for Ultra-Sensitive Strain Sensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403635. [PMID: 38940425 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Highly performance flexible strain sensor is a crucial component for wearable devices, human-machine interfaces, and e-skins. However, the sensitivity of the strain sensor is highly limited by the strain range for large destruction of the conductive network. Here the quasi-1D conductive network (QCN) is proposed for the design of an ultra-sensitive strain sensor. The orientation of the conductive particles can effectively reduce the number of redundant percolative pathways in the conductive composites. The maximum sensitivity will reach the upper limit when the whole composite remains only "one" percolation pathway. Besides, the QCN structure can also confine the tunnel electron spread through the rigid inclusions which significantly enlarges the strain-resistance effect along the tensile direction. The strain sensor exhibits state-of-art performance including large gauge factor (862227), fast response time (24 ms), good durability (cycled 1000 times), and multi-mechanical sensing ability (compression, bending, shearing, air flow vibration, etc.). Finally, the QCN sensor can be exploited to realize the human-machine interface (HMI) application of acoustic signal recognition (instrument calibration) and spectrum restoration (voice parsing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shengbin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Institute of Micro/Nano Materials and Devices, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo City, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Zhu H, Sun Z, Wang X, Xia H. A High-Performance Strain Sensor for the Detection of Human Motion and Subtle Strain Based on Liquid Metal Microwire. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:231. [PMID: 38276749 PMCID: PMC10818384 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have a wide range of applications, such as human motion monitoring, wearable electronic devices, and human-computer interactions, due to their good conformability and sensitive deformation detection. To overcome the internal stress problem of solid sensing materials during deformation and prepare small-sized flexible strain sensors, it is necessary to choose a more suitable sensing material and preparation technology. We report a simple and high-performance flexible strain sensor based on liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs) on a polyimide substrate. The LMNPs were assembled using the femtosecond laser direct writing technology to form liquid metal microwires. A wearable strain sensor from the liquid metal microwire was fabricated with an excellent gauge factor of up to 76.18, a good linearity in a wide sensing range, and a fast response/recovery time of 159 ms/120 ms. Due to these extraordinary strain sensing performances, the strain sensor can monitor facial expressions in real time and detect vocal cord vibrations for speech recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Hong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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Chen G, Zhao F, Zeng Y, Su Z, Xu L, Shao C, Wu C, He G, Chen Q, Zhao Y, Sun D, Hai Z. Conformal Fabrication of Thick Film Platinum Strain Gauge Via Error Regulation Strategies for In Situ High-Temperature Strain Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:966-974. [PMID: 38109359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring high-temperature strain on curved components in harsh environments is a challenge for a wide range of applications, including in aircraft engines, gas turbines, and hypersonic vehicles. Although there are significant improvements in the preparation of high-temperature piezoresistive film on planar surfaces using 3D printing methods, there are still difficulties with poor surface compatibility and high-temperature strain testing on curved surfaces. Herein, a conformal direct ink writing (CDIW) system coupled with an error feedback regulation strategy was used to fabricate high-precision, thick films on curved surfaces. This strategy enabled the maximum amount of error in the distance between the needle and the substrate on a curved surface to be regulated from 155 to 4 μm. A conformal Pt thick-film strain gauge (CPTFSG) with a room-temperature strain coefficient of 1.7 was created on a curved metallic substrate for the first time. The resistance drift rate at 800 °C for 1 h was 1.1%, which demonstrated the excellent stability and oxidation resistance of the CPTFSG. High-temperature dynamic strain tests up to 769 °C revealed that the sensor had excellent high-temperature strain test performance. Furthermore, the CPTFSG was conformally deposited on an aero-engine turbine blade to perform in situ tensile and compressive strain testing at room temperature. High-temperature strain tests were conducted at 100 and 200 °C for 600 and 580 με, respectively, demonstrating a high steady-state response consistent with the commercial high-temperature strain transducer. In addition, steady-state strain tests at high temperatures up to 496 °C were tested. The CDIW error modulation strategy provides a highly promising approach for the high-precision fabrication of Pt thick films on complex surfaces and driving in situ sensing of high-temperature parameters on curved components toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Fuxin Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Yingjun Zeng
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Zhixuan Su
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lida Xu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Chenhe Shao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Gonghan He
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Qinnan Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Daoheng Sun
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyin Hai
- Fujian Micro/Nano Manufacturing Engineering Technology Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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6
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Fabrication and characterization of highly sensitive flexible strain sensor based on biodegradable gelatin nanocomposites and double strain layered structures with crack for gesture recognition. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123568. [PMID: 36754267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors have attracted extensive attention in the field of human-computer interaction. However, it is still a challenging task to realize accuracy gesture recognition with flexible sensor, which requires sensor not only have high sensitivity, but also have appropriate strain detection range. Here, a high gauge factor flexible sensor (gauge factor ∼ 1296 under 12-20 % strain) based on crack structure is reported. The sensor is made of a biodegradable and stretchable gelatin composite combined with fabric bases, with good repeatability (6000 cycles) and a fast response (60 ms). Because of the double-layer structure, it has a suitable detection range (20 % strain). The sensor is manufactured by a screen-printing process, and it has been used to make data gloves and has realized 9 gestures recognition with machine learning algorithm (99.6 % accuracy). In general, this study offers a wearable gestures recognition scheme through the proposed sensor.
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Park J, Kim DS, Yoon Y, Shanmugasundaram A, Lee DW. Crack-Based Sensor by Using the UV Curable Polyurethane-Acrylate Coated Film with V-Groove Arrays. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:62. [PMID: 36677123 PMCID: PMC9862563 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, several bare metal and crack-based strain sensors have been proposed for various fields of science and technology. However, due to their low gauge factor, metal-based strain sensors have limited practical applications. The crack-based strain sensor, on the other hand, demonstrated excellent sensitivity and a high gauge factor. However, the crack-based strain sensor exhibited non-linear behavior at low strains, severely limiting its real-time applications. Generally, the crack-based strain sensors are fabricated by generating cracks by bending a polymer film on which a metal layer has been deposited with a constant curvature. However, the random formation of cracks produces nonlinear behavior in the crack sensors. To overcome the limitations of the current state of the art, we propose a V-groove-based metal strain sensor for human motion monitoring and Morse code generation. The V-groove crack-based strain sensor is fabricated on polyurethane acrylate (PUA) using the modified photolithography technique. During the procedure, a V-groove pattern formed on the surface of the sensor, and a uniform crack formed over the entire surface by concentrating stress along the groove. To improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor, we generated the cracks in a controlled direction. The proposed strain sensor exhibited high sensitivity and excellent fidelity compared to the other reported metal strain sensors. The gauge factor of the proposed V-groove-induced crack sensor is 10-fold higher than the gauge factor of the reported metal strain sensors. In addition, the fabricated V-groove-based strain sensor exhibited rapid response and recovery times. The practical feasibility of the proposed V-groove-induced crack-based strain sensor is demonstrated through human motion monitoring and the generation of Morse code. The proposed V-groove crack sensor can detect multiple motions in a variety of human activities and is anticipated to be utilized in several applications due to its high durability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Park
- Department of Precision Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Su Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsam Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dong-Weon Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Medical Device Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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8
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An angle-compensating colorimetric strain sensor with wide working range and its fabrication method. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21926. [PMID: 36536055 PMCID: PMC9763495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual response is one of the most intuitive principles of sensors. Therefore, emission and change of the colors are widely studied for development of chemical, thermal and mechanical sensors. And it is still a challenging issue to fabricate them with a simple working mechanism, high sensitivity, good reliability, and a cost-effective fabrication process. In this study, we propose a mechanical strain sensor, which has 2D photonic crystal structures in nanoscale on stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. Due to the periodic nanostructures, the surface of the sensor produces structural colors. And when it is stretched, the periodicity of the nanostructures changes, which results in the shift of the colors. Multiple nanostructures with different periodicities are integrated on the sensor in order to extend the working range up to 150% with high sensitivity. In addition, reusable and robust molds, which are fabricated by self-assembly of nanoparticles, are used for multiple replications of sensor substrates. Thus, the fabrication process of this study is believed to be potential for possible industrial manufacturing. This study is expected to contribute to strain sensors in the future for the applications of health care, infrastructure monitoring, soft robotics, and wearable devices.
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Zhao Y, Liu F, Xie N, Wang Y, Liu M, Han Z, Hou T. Achieving Ultrasensitivity and Long-Term Durability Simultaneously for Microcantilevers Inspired by a Scorpion's Circular Tip Slits. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18048-18057. [PMID: 36255256 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcantilevers are one of the most essential sensitive elements for various mechanical sensors. Their sensing performance determines the index level of a series of sensors. To date, the long-standing trade-off between ultrasensitivity and long-term durability of microcantilevers still remains a challenge. In nature, scorpions can sense vibrations as low as 10 nm amplitude through their circular tip slits sensilla. Such slit sensilla embedded in the exoskeleton of walking legs endure the compressing and stretching of every movement without spontaneous fracture failures. Here, we focused on the structural design of the circular tip slits which concentrate stress effectively and disperse energy smoothly, with the result that the microcantilevers are ultrasensitive and durable simultaneously in a single element. We devised a reproducible circular tip slits cantilever with enhanced sensitivity and ultralow detection limits to monitor 7 nm amplitude vibrations. The sensor possessed excellent durability and remained highly consistent with the correlation coefficient of nearly 0.999 over 100 000 cycles. Furthermore, the circular tip slits cantilever could precisely sense diverse subtle mechanical signals and exhibited potential applications in monitoring respiratory patterns. The simple geometric design can be easily manufactured on various sensory materials for applications requiring ultrahigh sensitivity and long-time durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhao
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Fu Liu
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Nan Xie
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yueqiao Wang
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Meihe Liu
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tao Hou
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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10
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Yuan H, Li Y, Qian Z, Ren L, Ren L. A Piezoresistive Sensor with High Sensitivity and Flexibility Based on Porous Sponge. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3833. [PMID: 36364609 PMCID: PMC9656667 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical plating has recently been employed for the preparation of flexible piezoresistive sensors; however, plating solutions and processes that affect the sensitivity still need further exploration. In the study, a sponge-based flexible sensor with copper as its conductive material is prepared using electroless plating. The variation in sponge resistance and sensitivity changes with different plating times are studied. It is found that, with the increasing plating time, the conductivity increases and the resistance of sample will decrease. Moreover, the range of resistance difference will decrease under compression, thus the sensitivity decreases. Furthermore, the sensor's applications were assessed, verifying the practicability of the developed preparation method. This study may bring ideas for the new development of flexible pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun 130052, China
| | - Zhihui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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11
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Wang X, Deng Y, Jiang P, Chen X, Yu H. Low-hysteresis, pressure-insensitive, and transparent capacitive strain sensor for human activity monitoring. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:113. [PMID: 36247083 PMCID: PMC9553868 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors have been widely used for human activity monitoring. Most reported strain sensors have mainly focused on material engineering, high stretchability and large gauge factors. Few works have focused on strain sensor's robustness and reliability, including low hysteresis, good long-term stability, good electrode material stability, and low coupling effects under multi-input signals, which are the factors that limit practical strain sensor applications. To develop a high-performance strain sensor, we propose a flexible capacitive sensor structure with three-dimensional (3D) interdigital electrodes fabricated by vertically aligned carbon nanotubes. Compared with a traditional resistive strain sensor and a capacitive strain sensor with vertical sandwich electrodes, a strain sensor with horizontal parallel interdigital electrodes can benefit from low cross talk in terms of the normal force and improve substrate transparency. Additionally, embedding 3D electrodes into the substrate improves ultrahigh robustness with a low-pressure coupling effect under normal force. Moreover, compared with other reported works, the electrode variation under strain is small (less than 1.6%), which means that the perturbation of inert properties on device performance is small. Finally, the fabricated strain sensor achieves an ultralow hysteresis (0.35%), excellent pressure-insensitive performance (less than 0.8%), fast response (60 ms), good long-term stability, and good transparency. As an application example, a flexible strain sensor was successfully demonstrated as a wearable device for the precise monitoring of different types of human activities, including bending of the finger, knee, elbow, wrist, and neck with large strain signals and small strain signals generated by a mouth-opening activity. This excellent performance indicates that the flexible strain sensor is a promising candidate for human motion detection, soft robotics, and medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Xingru Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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12
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Cheng X, Cai J, Xu J, Gong D. High-Performance Strain Sensors Based on Au/Graphene Composite Films with Hierarchical Cracks for Wide Linear-Range Motion Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39230-39239. [PMID: 35988067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors based on nanomaterial thin films have aroused extensive interest for the strain perception of smart skins. However, it still remains challenging to have them achieve high sensitivity over wide linear working ranges. Herein, we propose a facile strategy to fabricate stretchable strain sensors based on Au/graphene composite films (AGCFs) with hierarchical cracks and demonstrate their superior sensing performances. The polydimethylsiloxane substrates were covered with self-assembled graphene films (SAGFs) and sputtered with Au, and then prestretching was applied to introduce hierarchical cracks. The AGCF strain sensors exhibited high sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) ≈ 153) and favorable linearity (R2 ≈ 0.9975) in the wide working range (0-20%) with ultralow overshooting (∼1.7% at 20%), fast response (<42.5 ms), and also excellent cycling stability (1500 cycles). Besides, these patternable sensors could further achieve higher GF (∼320) via pattern designing. The dominant effect of the intermediate wrinkled SAGFs in forming hierarchical cracks was studied, and the linear sensing mechanism of the as-formed fractal microstructures was also revealed in detail. Moreover, the AGCF strain sensors were tested for motion monitoring of the human body and electronic bird. Due to the remarkable versatility, scalable fabrication, and integration capability, these sensors demonstrate great potential to construct smart skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - De Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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13
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Liu L, Zhang X. A Focused Review on the Flexible Wearable Sensors for Sports: From Kinematics to Physiologies. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081356. [PMID: 36014277 PMCID: PMC9412724 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As an important branch of wearable electronics, highly flexible and wearable sensors are gaining huge attention due to their emerging applications. In recent years, the participation of wearable devices in sports has revolutionized the way to capture the kinematical and physiological status of athletes. This review focuses on the rapid development of flexible and wearable sensor technologies for sports. We identify and discuss the indicators that reveal the performance and physical condition of players. The kinematical indicators are mentioned according to the relevant body parts, and the physiological indicators are classified into vital signs and metabolisms. Additionally, the available wearable devices and their significant applications in monitoring these kinematical and physiological parameters are described with emphasis. The potential challenges and prospects for the future developments of wearable sensors in sports are discussed comprehensively. This review paper will assist both athletic individuals and researchers to have a comprehensive glimpse of the wearable techniques applied in different sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Sports, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Nano Materials and Technology, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.Z.)
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14
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Lee DH, Yang JC, Sim JY, Kang H, Kim HR, Park S. Bending Sensor Based on Controlled Microcracking Regions for Application toward Wearable Electronics and Robotics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31312-31320. [PMID: 35762786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A soft bending sensor based on the inverse pyramid structure is demonstrated, revealing that it can effectively suppress microcrack formation in designated regions, thus allowing the cracks to open gradually with bending in a controlled manner. Such a feature enabled the bending sensor to simultaneously have a wide dynamic range of bending strain (0.025-5.4%), high gauge factor (∼74), and high linearity (R2 ∼ 0.99). Furthermore, the bending sensor can capture repeated instantaneous changes in strain and various types of vibrations, owing to its fast response time. Moreover, the bending direction can be differentiated with a single layer of the sensor, and using an array of sensors integrated on a glove, object recognition was demonstrated via machine learning. Finally, a self-monitoring proprioceptive ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuator capable of operating in liquid was demonstrated. Such features of our bending sensor will enable a simple and effective way of detecting sophisticated motion, thus potentially advancing wearable healthcare monitoring electronics and enabling proprioceptive soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Chang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yong Sim
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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15
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Qu X, Wu Y, Ji P, Wang B, Liang Q, Han Z, Li J, Wu Z, Chen S, Zhang G, Wang H. Crack-Based Core-Sheath Fiber Strain Sensors with an Ultralow Detection Limit and an Ultrawide Working Range. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29167-29175. [PMID: 35695912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the booming development of flexible wearable sensing devices, flexible stretchable strain sensors with crack structure and high sensitivity have been widely concerned. However, the narrow sensing range has been hindering the development of crack-based strain sensors. In addition, the existence of the crack structure may reduce the interface compatibility between the elastic matrix and the sensing material. Herein, to overcome these problems, integrated core-sheath fibers were prepared by coaxial wet spinning with partially added carbon nanotube sensing materials in thermoplastic polyurethane elastic materials. Due to the superior interface compatibility and the change in the conductive path during stretching, the fiber strain sensor exhibits excellent durability (5000 tensile cycles), high sensitivity (>104), large stretchability (500%), a low detection limit (0.01%), and a fast response time of ∼60 ms. Based on these outstanding strain sensing performances, the fiber sensor is demonstrated to detect subtle strain changes (e.g., pulse wave and swallowing) and large strain changes (e.g., finger joint and wrist movement) in real time. Moreover, the fabric sensor woven with the core-sheath fibers has an excellent performance in wrist bending angle detection, and the smart gloves based on the fabric sensors also show exceptional recognition ability as a wireless sign language translation device. This integrated strategy may provide prospective opportunities to develop highly sensitive strain sensors with durable deformation and a wide detection range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Peng Ji
- Co-Innovation Center for Textile Industry, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Baoxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Zhuotong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Huaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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16
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Meng X, Sun T, Liu L, Zhang C, Zhao H, Wang D, Zhang J, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L. Flexible Equivalent Strain Sensor with Ordered Concentric Circular Curved Cracks Inspired by Scorpion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29441-29450. [PMID: 35700417 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Slit sensillum, a unique sensing organ on the scorpion's legs, is composed of several cracks with curved shapes. In fact, it is just its particular morphological distribution and structure that endows the scorpions with ultrasensitive sensing capacity. Here, a scorpion-inspired flexible strain sensor with an ordered concentric circular curved crack array (CCA) was designed and fabricated by using an optimized solvent-induced and template transfer combined method. The morphology of the cracks can be effectively controlled by the heating temperature and the lasting time. Instead of the nonuniform stress distribution induced by disordered cracks, ordered concentric circle curved structures are introduced to generate a uniform stress distribution and larger deformation, which can significantly improve the performance of the strain sensor. Thus, the CCA sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity (GF ∼ 7878.6), excellent stability (over 16 000 cycles), and fast response time (110 ms). Furthermore, the CCA sensor was demonstrated to be feasible for monitoring human motions and detecting noncontact vibration signals, indicating its great potential in human-health monitoring and vibration signal detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Changchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Houqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dakai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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17
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Ji J, Zhang C, Yang S, Liu Y, Wang J, Shi Z. High Sensitivity and a Wide Sensing Range Flexible Strain Sensor Based on the V-Groove/Wrinkles Hierarchical Array. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24059-24066. [PMID: 35544950 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors occupying a large part of human body detection and wearable electronics, which have a wide sensing range and high sensitivity, are crucial in fully monitoring human motion signals. This study proposed a strategy to construct flexible strain sensors based on the V-groove/wrinkles hierarchical array. The V-groove array was prepared on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate through mold transfer printing. The gold film was sputtered on the prestretching PDMS substrate, and the V-groove/wrinkles hierarchical array was formed after strain release. Compared with the sensors based on single-scale wrinkle structures and a V-groove array, the fabricated strain sensor with the hierarchical array showed high sensitivity (maximum gauge factor up to 2,557.71) and a wide sensing range (up to 45%). In addition, the dynamic characteristics of the sensor were investigated in detail, indicating that the sensor had a fast response (less than 130 ms), a low detection limit (0.1% strain), and good stability (almost no performance loss after 10,000 cycles). In practical applications, the sensor was used to detect sizable physical motion and weak physiological signals, demonstrating great potential application value in human motion detection. This study could provide new ideas for preparing high-performance flexible strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ji
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Chengpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Yongzhi Liu
- Shandong Institute of Nonmetallic Materials, Jinan 250031, Shandong, China
| | - Jilai Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China
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18
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Wang X, Li H, Wang T, Niu X, Wang Y, Xu S, Jiang Y, Chen L, Liu H. Flexible and high-performance piezoresistive strain sensors based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes@polyurethane foam. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14190-14196. [PMID: 35558828 PMCID: PMC9092363 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible wearable pressure sensors have attracted special attention in the last 10 years due to their great potential in health monitoring, activity detection and as electronic skin. However, it is still a great challenge to develop high sensitivity, fast response, and good reliable stability through a simple and reproducible large-scale fabrication process. Here, we develop a simple and efficient method to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) light-weight piezoresistive sensing materials by coating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the surface of polyurethane (PU) foam using a dip-spin coating process. The PU foam prepared with SEBS-g-MAH and polyether polyols has high elasticity and good stability in MWCNTs/DMF solution. Subsequently, a piezoresistive sensor was assembled with the prepared MWCNTs/PU composite foam and copper foil electrodes. The assembled pressure sensor has high sensitivity (62.37 kPa-1), a wide working range (0-172.6 kPa, 80% strain), a fast response time (less than 0.6 s), and reliable repeatability (≥2000 cycles). It has shown potential application in real-time human motion detection (e.g., arm bending, knee bending), and monitoring the brightness of LED lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
- Aerospace Life-supports Industries Ltd Xiangyang 441003 China
- Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Life-support Technology Xiangyang 441003 China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Tanyu Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Xin Niu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Siyi Xu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Yaming Jiang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials of Ministry of Education, Tiangong University China
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19
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Heng W, Solomon S, Gao W. Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107902. [PMID: 34897836 PMCID: PMC9035141 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Medical robots are invaluable players in non-pharmaceutical treatment of disabilities. Particularly, using prosthetic and rehabilitation devices with human-machine interfaces can greatly improve the quality of life for impaired patients. In recent years, flexible electronic interfaces and soft robotics have attracted tremendous attention in this field due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low-cost. Flexible human-machine interfaces on soft robotics will make a promising alternative to conventional rigid devices, which can potentially revolutionize the paradigm and future direction of medical robotics in terms of rehabilitation feedback and user experience. In this review, the fundamental components of the materials, structures, and mechanisms in flexible human-machine interfaces are summarized by recent and renowned applications in five primary areas: physical and chemical sensing, physiological recording, information processing and communication, soft robotic actuation, and feedback stimulation. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of these technologies as a human-machine interface in medical robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Heng
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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20
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Park C, Lee B, Kim J, Lee H, Kang J, Yoon J, Ban J, Song C, Cho SJ. Flexible Sensory Systems: Structural Approaches. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1232. [PMID: 35335562 PMCID: PMC8955130 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biology is characterized by smooth, elastic, and nonplanar surfaces; as a consequence, soft electronics that enable interfacing with nonplanar surfaces allow applications that could not be achieved with the rigid and integrated circuits that exist today. Here, we review the latest examples of technologies and methods that can replace elasticity through a structural approach; these approaches can modify mechanical properties, thereby improving performance, while maintaining the existing material integrity. Furthermore, an overview of the recent progress in wave/wrinkle, stretchable interconnect, origami/kirigami, crack, nano/micro, and textile structures is provided. Finally, potential applications and expected developments in soft electronics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seong J. Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University (CNU), 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; (C.P.); (B.L.); (J.K.); (H.L.); (J.K.); (J.Y.); (J.B.); (C.S.)
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21
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Wang W, Lu L, Li Z, Lin L, Liang Z, Lu X, Xie Y. Fingerprint-Inspired Strain Sensor with Balanced Sensitivity and Strain Range Using Laser-Induced Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1315-1325. [PMID: 34931519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity and strain range are two mutually exclusive features of strain sensors, where a significant improvement in flexibility is usually accompanied by a reduction in sensitivity. The skin of a human fingertip, due to its undulating fingerprint pattern, can easily detect environmental signals and enhances sensitivity without losing elasticity. Inspired by this characteristic, laser-induced graphene (LIG) with a fingerprint structure is prepared in one step on a polyimide (PI) film and transferred into an Ecoflex substrate to assemble resistive strain sensors. Experimentally, the fingerprint-inspired strain sensor exhibits a superfast response time (∼70 ms), balanced sensitivity and strain range (a gauge factor of 191.55 in the 42-50% strain range), and good reliability (>1500 cycles). Self-organized microcracks, initiated in weak mechanical areas, cause prominent resistance changes during reconnection/disconnection but irreversibly fail after excessive stretching. The robust function of fingerprint-inspired sensors is further demonstrated by real-time monitoring of tiny pulses, large body movements, gestures, and voice recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Longsheng Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zehong Li
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lihui Lin
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhanbo Liang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yingxi Xie
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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22
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Shin S, Ko B, So H. Structural effects of 3D printing resolution on the gauge factor of microcrack-based strain gauges for health care monitoring. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:12. [PMID: 35136651 PMCID: PMC8791987 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of physiological parameters such as pulse rate, voice, and motion for precise health care monitoring requires highly sensitive sensors. Flexible strain gauges are useful sensors that can be used in human health care devices. In this study, we propose a crack-based strain gauge fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based three-dimensional (3D)-printing. The strain gauge combined a 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane layer and a platinum layer as the flexible substrate and conductive layer, respectively. Through a layer-by-layer deposition process, self-aligned crack arrays were easily formed along the groove patterns resulting from stress concentration during stretching motions. Strain gauges with a 200-µm printing thickness exhibited the most sensitive performance (~442% increase in gauge factor compared with that of a flat sensor) and the fastest recovery time (~99% decrease in recovery time compared with that of a flat sensor). In addition, 500 cycling tests were conducted to demonstrate the reliability of the sensor. Finally, various applications of the strain gauge as wearable devices used to monitor human health and motion were demonstrated. These results support the facile fabrication of sensitive strain gauges for the development of smart devices by additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Byeongjo Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Hongyun So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
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23
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Cho KW, Sunwoo SH, Hong YJ, Koo JH, Kim JH, Baik S, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Soft Bioelectronics Based on Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5068-5143. [PMID: 34962131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanostructured materials and unconventional device designs have transformed the bioelectronics from a rigid and bulky form into a soft and ultrathin form and brought enormous advantages to the bioelectronics. For example, mechanical deformability of the soft bioelectronics and thus its conformal contact onto soft curved organs such as brain, heart, and skin have allowed researchers to measure high-quality biosignals, deliver real-time feedback treatments, and lower long-term side-effects in vivo. Here, we review various materials, fabrication methods, and device strategies for flexible and stretchable electronics, especially focusing on soft biointegrated electronics using nanomaterials and their composites. First, we summarize top-down material processing and bottom-up synthesis methods of various nanomaterials. Next, we discuss state-of-the-art technologies for intrinsically stretchable nanocomposites composed of nanostructured materials incorporated in elastomers or hydrogels. We also briefly discuss unconventional device design strategies for soft bioelectronics. Then individual device components for soft bioelectronics, such as biosensing, data storage, display, therapeutic stimulation, and power supply devices, are introduced. Afterward, representative application examples of the soft bioelectronics are described. A brief summary with a discussion on remaining challenges concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Won Cho
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Joseph Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Baik
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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24
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Shirhatti V, Nuthalapati S, Kedambaimoole V, Kumar S, Nayak MM, Rajanna K. Multifunctional Graphene Sensor Ensemble as a Smart Biomonitoring Fashion Accessory. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4325-4337. [PMID: 34847320 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomonitoring wearable sensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials have recently elicited keen research interest and potential for a new range of flexible nanoelectronic devices. Practical nanomaterial-based devices suited for real-world service, which exhibit first-rate performance while being an attractive accessory, are still distant. We report a multifunctional flexible wearable sensor fabricated using an ultrathin percolative layer of graphene nanosheets on laser-patterned gold circular interdigitated electrodes for monitoring vital human physiological parameters. This graphene on laser-patterned electrode (GLE) sensor displays an excellent strain resolution of 245 με (0.024%) and a record high gauge factor of 6.3 × 107, with exceptional stability and repeatability in its operating range. The sensor was tested for human physiological monitoring like measurement of heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, and hydration level, which are vital health parameters, especially considering the current pandemic scenario. The sensor also served in applications such as a pedometer, limb movement tracker, and control switch for human interaction. The innovative laser-etch process used to pattern gold thin-film electrodes, with the multifunctional incognizable graphene layer, provides a technique for integrating multiple sensors in a wearable band. The reported work marks a giant leap from the conventional banal devices to a highly marketable multifunctional sensor array as a biomonitoring fashion accessory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Shirhatti
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Suresh Nuthalapati
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vaishakh Kedambaimoole
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Konandur Rajanna
- Department of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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25
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Devendar L, Shijeesh MR, Sakorikar T, Ganapathi KL, Jaiswal M. Intercalated water mediated electromechanical response of graphene oxide films on flexible substrates. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:025001. [PMID: 34584030 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2ad0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The confinement of water between sub-nanometer bounding walls of layered two-dimensional materials has generated tremendous interest. Here, we examined the influence of confined water on the mechanical and electromechanical response of graphene oxide films, prepared with variable oxidative states, casted on polydimethylsiloxane substrates. These films were subjected to uniaxial strain under controlled humid environments (5 to 90% RH), while dc transport studies were performed in tandem. Straining resulted in the formation of quasi-periodic linear crack arrays. The extent of water intercalation determined the density of cracks formed in the system thereby, governing the electrical conductance of the films under strain. The crack density at 5% strain, varied from 0 to 3.5 cracks mm-1for hydrated films and 8 to 22 cracks mm-1for dry films, across films with different high oxidative states. Correspondingly, the overall change in the electrical conductance at 5% strain was observed to be ∼5 to 20 folds for hydrated films and ∼20 to 35 folds for the dry films. The results were modeled with a decrease in the in-plane elastic modulus of the film upon water intercalation, which was attributed to the variation in the nature of hydrogen bonding network in graphene oxide lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavudya Devendar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - M R Shijeesh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - Tushar Sakorikar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - K Lakshmi Ganapathi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | - Manu Jaiswal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India
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26
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Nuthalapati S, Kedambaimoole V, Shirhatti V, Kumar S, Takao H, Nayak MM, Rajanna K. Flexible strain sensor with high sensitivity, fast response, and good sensing range for wearable applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505506. [PMID: 34517349 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are emerging rapidly and overcoming the drawbacks of traditional strain sensors. However, many flexible sensors failed to balance the sensitivity, response time, and the desired sensing range. This work proposes a novel and cost-effective strain sensor which simultaneously achieved high sensitivity, fast response, and a good sensing range. It illustrates a prototype strain sensor realized with a nanocomposite constituting reduced graphene oxide and palladium as the primary sensing elements. These sensors were fabricated with manual screen-printing technology. The sensor exhibited an outstanding performance for the different strains ranging from 0.1% to 45%. As a result, a substantially high gauge factor around 1523 at a strain of as high as 45% and a rapid response time of 47 ms was obtained. This work demonstrated potential applications like real-time monitoring of pulse and respiration, and other physical movement detection, which become crucial parameters to be measured continuously during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Nuthalapati
- Dept. of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
| | - Vaishakh Kedambaimoole
- Dept. of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
| | - Vijay Shirhatti
- Dept. of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
| | - Hidekuni Takao
- Micro-Nano Structure Device Integrated Research Center, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 761-0396, Japan
| | - M M Nayak
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
| | - K Rajanna
- Dept. of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
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27
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Zhu J, Wu X, Jan J, Du S, Evans J, Arias AC. Tuning Strain Sensor Performance via Programmed Thin-Film Crack Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38105-38113. [PMID: 34342977 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors with well-controlled sensitivity and stretchability are crucial for applications ranging from large deformation monitoring to subtle vibration detection. Here, based on single-metal material on the elastomer and one-pot evaporation fabrication method, we realize controlled strain sensor performance via a novel programable cracking technology. Specifically, through elastomeric substrate surface chemistry modification, the microcrack generation and morphology evolution of the strain sensing layer is controlled. This process allows for fine tunability of the cracked film morphology, resulting in strain sensing devices with a sensitivity gauge factor of over 10 000 and stretchability up to 100%. Devices with a frequency response up to 5.2 Hz and stability higher than 1000 cycles are reported. The reported strain sensors, tracking both subtle and drastic mechanical deformations, are demonstrated in healthcare devices, human-machine interaction, and smart-home applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhu
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jasmine Jan
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shixuan Du
- Institute of Physics & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - James Evans
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ana C Arias
- Arias Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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28
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Zhou K, Xu W, Yu Y, Zhai W, Yuan Z, Dai K, Zheng G, Mi L, Pan C, Liu C, Shen C. Tunable and Nacre-Mimetic Multifunctional Electronic Skins for Highly Stretchable Contact-Noncontact Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100542. [PMID: 34174162 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) have attracted great attention for their applications in disease diagnostics, soft robots, and human-machine interaction. The integration of high sensitivity, low detection limit, large stretchability, and multiple stimulus response capacity into a single e-skin remains an enormous challenge. Herein, inspired by the structure of nacre, an ultra-stretchable and multifunctional e-skin with tunable strain detection range based on nacre-mimetic multi-layered silver nanowires /reduced graphene oxide /thermoplastic polyurethane mats is fabricated. The e-skin possesses extraordinary strain response performance with a tunable detection range (50 to 200% strain), an ultralow response limit (0.1% strain), a high sensitivity (gauge factor up to 1902.5), a fast response time (20 ms), and an excellent stability (stretching/releasing test of 11 000 cycles). These excellent response behaviors enable the e-skin to accurately monitor full-range human body motions. Additionally, the e-skin can detect relative humidity quickly and sensitively through a reversible physical adsorption/desorption of water vapor, and the assembled e-skin array exhibits excellent performance in noncontact sensing. The tunable and multifunctional e-skins show promising applications in motion monitoring and contact-noncontact human machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Wangjiehao Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yunfei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wei Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zuqing Yuan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Liwei Mi
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451191, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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29
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Chen X, Zeng Q, Shao J, Li S, Li X, Tian H, Liu G, Nie B, Luo Y. Channel-Crack-Designed Suspended Sensing Membrane as a Fully Flexible Vibration Sensor with High Sensitivity and Dynamic Range. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34637-34647. [PMID: 34269049 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibration sensors are essential for signal acquisition, motion measuring, and structural health evaluations in civil and industrial applications. However, the mechanical brittleness and complicated installation process of micro-electromechanical system vibration sensors block their applications in wearable devices and human-machine interaction. The development of flexible vibration sensors satisfying the requirements of good flexibility, high sensitivity, and the ability to attach conformably on curved critical components is highly demanded but still remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a highly sensitive and fully flexible vibration sensor with a channel-crack-designed suspended sensing membrane for high dynamic vibration and acceleration monitoring. The flexible sensor is designed as a suspended vibration membrane structure by bonding a channel-crack-sensing membrane on a cavity substrate, of which the suspended sensing membrane can freely vibrate out of plane under external vibration. By inducing the cracks to be generated in the embedded multiwalled carbon nanotube channels and fully cracked across the conducting routes, the suspended vibration membrane shows high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and robust sensing stability. The resultant vibration sensor demonstrates an ultrawide frequency vibration response range from 0.1 to 20,000 Hz and exhibits the ability to respond to acceleration vibration with a broad response of 0.24-100 m/s2. The high sensitivity, wide bandwidth, and fully flexible format of the vibration sensor enable it to be directly attached on human bodies and curvilinear surfaces to conduct in situ vibration sensing, which was demonstrated by motion detection, voice identification, and the vibration monitoring of mechanical equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jinyou Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hongmiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Guifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Bangbang Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yongsong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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30
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Wang Z, Luan C, Liao G, Liu J, Yao X, Fu J. High-Performance Auxetic Bilayer Conductive Mesh-Based Multi-Material Integrated Stretchable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23038-23048. [PMID: 33956431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-performance stretchable strain sensors, particularly those with high sensitivity and broad sensing range, are highly important for wearable devices. Herein, a novel auxetic bilayer conductive mesh strain sensor (ABSS), composed of multi-hardness silicones, is proposed and fabricated by the direct ink writing 3D printing and ink spraying technique. The bilayer conductive mesh comprises a thin layer of high-conductive and crack-prone single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) coated on a stretchable carbon-black-doped Ecoflex silicone rubber (CB/Ecoflex) mesh. The former serves as the dominant sensing material by generating SWCNT cracks in the full strain range, while the latter mainly plays the roles of both generating the resistance change and maintaining the conductive paths under high strain conditions. The presence of high-hardness auxetic frame contributes to the formation of longitudinal SWCNT cracks on transverse meshes, enhancing the sensitivity of the sensors. It is shown that the synergistic effect of the bilayer conductive mesh, strain concentration, and auxetic deformation strategy endow ABSS with a high gauge factor (∼ 13.4) that is 6.6 times larger than that of the common sensor. Additionally, this study demonstrates the superior sensing performance of the ABSS for wearable applications including swallowing recognition, respiration monitoring, and joint movement detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Congcong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Engineering Training Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangxin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiapeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xinhua Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Engineering Training Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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31
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Han F, Li M, Ye H, Zhang G. Materials, Electrical Performance, Mechanisms, Applications, and Manufacturing Approaches for Flexible Strain Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1220. [PMID: 34063165 PMCID: PMC8148098 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the recent great progress made in flexible and wearable electronic materials, the upcoming next generation of skin-mountable and implantable smart devices holds extensive potential applications for the lifestyle modifying, including personalized health monitoring, human-machine interfaces, soft robots, and implantable biomedical devices. As a core member within the wearable electronics family, flexible strain sensors play an essential role in the structure design and functional optimization. To further enhance the stretchability, flexibility, sensitivity, and electricity performances of the flexible strain sensors, enormous efforts have been done covering the materials design, manufacturing approaches and various applications. Thus, this review summarizes the latest advances in flexible strain sensors over recent years from the material, application, and manufacturing strategies. Firstly, the critical parameters measuring the performances of flexible strain sensors and materials development contains different flexible substrates, new nano- and hybrid- materials are introduced. Then, the developed working mechanisms, theoretical analysis, and computational simulation are presented. Next, based on different material design, diverse applications including human motion detection and health monitoring, soft robotics and human-machine interface, implantable devices, and biomedical applications are highlighted. Finally, synthesis consideration of the massive production industry of flexible strain sensors in the future; different fabrication approaches that are fully expected are classified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Huaiyu Ye
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors, Shenzhen 518055, China
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32
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Ilami M, Bagheri H, Ahmed R, Skowronek EO, Marvi H. Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2003139. [PMID: 33346386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ilami
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hosain Bagheri
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Reza Ahmed
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - E Olga Skowronek
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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33
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Aslanidis E, Skotadis E, Tsoukalas D. Resistive crack-based nanoparticle strain sensors with extreme sensitivity and adjustable gauge factor, made on flexible substrates. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3263-3274. [PMID: 33533788 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07002e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the demonstration of highly sensitive flexible strain sensors formed by a network of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) grown under vacuum on top of a cracked thin alumina film which has been deposited by atomic layer deposition. It is shown that the sensor sensitivity depends on the surface density of NPs as well as on the thickness of alumina thin films that can both be well controlled via the deposition techniques. This method allows reaching a record strain sensitivity value of 2.6 × 108 at 7.2% strain, while exhibiting high sensitivity in a large strain range from 0.1% to 7.2%. The demonstration is followed by a discussion enlightening the physical understanding of sensor operation, which enables the tuning of its performance according to the above process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece.
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece.
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Ma X, Zhang Q, Guo P, Tong X, Zhao Y, Wang A. Residual Compressive Stress Enabled 2D-to-3D Junction Transformation in Amorphous Carbon Films for Stretchable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45549-45557. [PMID: 32901487 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Usually, two-dimensional (2D) flexible strain sensors based on cracks have very high sensitivities but small measuring ranges, while the three-dimensional (3D) ones behave in the opposite way. Here, by utilizing the large residual compressive stress of an amorphous carbon (a-C) film and the flexibility of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), we developed a facile and economic strategy to fabricate a high-sensitive a-C/PDMS stretchable strain sensor. Results showed that for the first time, the a-C film ranging from 25 nm to 1 μm changed the shape and orientation of conductive scales, as well as made a one-step 2D-to-3D electrical junction transformation in integrated sensors. In particular, the sensor with a 1 μm thick a-C film exhibited the best comprehensive performance, displaying a maximum gauge factor of 746.7 and strain range up to 0.5. However, the linearity decreased slightly as the strain range went beyond 0.43. Additionally, the sensor showed a satisfactory repeatability for 5000 cycles, together with excellent time and temperature drift performances at zero position of 75 ppm full scale (FS) and 25 ppm FS·°C-1 in the range of -20 to 155 °C, respectively. The sensor has large potentials for wearable devices used in the monitoring of various human motions and physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaoshan Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yulong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Manufacturing Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Aiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
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Kim KH, Nguyen TM, Ha SH, Choi EJ, Kim Y, Kim WG, Oh JW, Kim JM. M13 Bacteriophage-Assisted Morphological Engineering of Crack-Based Sensors for Highly Sensitive and Wide Linear Range Strain Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45590-45601. [PMID: 32914629 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite their extraordinary mechanosensitivities, most channel-like crack-based strain sensors are limited by their poor levels of stretchability and linearity. This work presents a simple yet efficient way of modulating the cracking structure of thin metal films on elastomers to facilitate the development of high-performance wearable strain sensors. A net-shaped crack structure based on a thin platinum (Pt) film can be produced by coating an elastomer surface with M13 bacteriophages (phages) and consequently engineering the surface strain upon stretching. This process produces a Pt-on-phage (PoP) strain sensor that simultaneously exhibits high levels of stretchability (24%), sensitivity (maximum gauge factor ≈ 845.6 for 20-24%), and linearity (R2 ≈ 0.988 up to 20%). In addition, the sensor performance can be further modulated by either changing the phage coating volume or adding a silver nanowire coating to the PoP sensor film. The balanced strain-sensing performance, combined with fast response times and high levels of mechanical flexibility and operational stability, enables the devices to detect a wide range of human motions in real time after being attached to various body parts. Furthermore, PoP-based strain sensors can be usefully extended to detect more complex multidimensional strains through further strain engineering on a cross-patterned PoP film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology and BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Mien Nguyen
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology and BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hun Ha
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology and BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology and BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Geun Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology and BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology and BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering and Research Center for Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Man Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology and BK21 Plus Nano Convergence Technology Division, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering and Research Center for Energy Convergence Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 46214, Republic of Korea
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Huang L, Wang H, Wu P, Huang W, Gao W, Fang F, Cai N, Chen R, Zhu Z. Wearable Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Three-Dimensional Wavy Laser-Induced Graphene and Silicone Rubber. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20154266. [PMID: 32751740 PMCID: PMC7435625 DOI: 10.3390/s20154266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has the advantages of one-step fabrication, prominent mechanical performance, as well as high conductivity; it acts as the ideal material to fabricate flexible strain sensors. In this study, a wearable flexible strain sensor consisting of three-dimensional (3D) wavy LIG and silicone rubber was reported. With a laser to scan on a polyimide film, 3D wavy LIG could be synthesized on the wavy surface of a mold. The wavy-LIG strain sensor was developed by transferring LIG to silicone rubber substrate and then packaging. For stress concentration, the ultimate strain primarily took place in the troughs of wavy LIG, resulting in higher sensitivity and less damage to LIG during stretching. As a result, the wavy-LIG strain sensor achieved high sensitivity (gauge factor was 37.8 in a range from 0% to 31.8%, better than the planar-LIG sensor), low hysteresis (1.39%) and wide working range (from 0% to 47.7%). The wavy-LIG strain sensor had a stable and rapid dynamic response; its reversibility and repeatability were demonstrated. After 5000 cycles, the signal peak varied by only 2.32%, demonstrating the long-term durability. Besides, its applications in detecting facial skin expansion, muscle movement, and joint movement, were discussed. It is considered a simple, efficient, and low-cost method to fabricate a flexible strain sensor with high sensitivity and structural robustness. Furthermore, the wavy-LIG strain senor can be developed into wearable sensing devices for virtual/augmented reality or electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment (2019DG780017), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.H.); (P.W.); (F.F.)
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment (2019DG780017), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.H.); (P.W.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Peixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment (2019DG780017), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.H.); (P.W.); (F.F.)
| | - Weimin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, the University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Feiyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment (2019DG780017), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Ultra-Precision Manufacturing Equipment Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.H.); (P.W.); (F.F.)
| | - Nian Cai
- School of Information Science, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Rouxi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China;
| | - Ziming Zhu
- Foshan Lepton Precision M&C Tech Co., Ltd., Foshan 528225, China;
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Chen D, Liu Q, Han Z, Zhang J, Song H, Wang K, Song Z, Wen S, Zhou Y, Yan C, Shi Y. 4D Printing Strain Self-Sensing and Temperature Self-Sensing Integrated Sensor-Actuator with Bioinspired Gradient Gaps. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000584. [PMID: 32670768 PMCID: PMC7341108 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sensor-actuators with exciting functionalities, such as action self-sensing, position self-sensing, posture self-sensing, or active sensing, are promising for applications in biomedical device, human-machine interaction, intelligent self-protection devices, and humanoid robots. Despite recent progress, it remains challenging to achieve a macroscopical integrated sensor-actuator in a material system with microstructures. To address this critical challenge, a 4D printing bioinspired microstructure strategy is reported to design a high-performance integrated sensor-actuator capable of simultaneous actuation and sensation. Decoupled thermal stimulation and strain sensation is achieved by combining nanocarbon black/polylactic acid composites with bioinspired gradient microgap structures. As a result, printed integrated sensor-actuators can actively touch objects triggered by thermal stimulation and self-sense the touching state through the resistance change. It is anticipated that the basic design principle underlying this behavior can be used to develop integrated sensor-actuators of various shapes and functionalities to meet desirable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daobing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Qingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - HongLie Song
- Applied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100083China
| | - Kejun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin University JilinChangchun130022P. R. China
| | - Shifeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Faculty of EngineeringChina University of GeosciencesWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Chunze Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430074China
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38
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Jung J, Kim KK, Suh YD, Hong S, Yeo J, Ko SH. Recent progress in controlled nano/micro cracking as an alternative nano-patterning method for functional applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1036-1049. [PMID: 32469038 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Generally, cracking occurs for many reasons connected to uncertainties and to the non-uniformity resulting from intrinsic deficiencies in materials or the non-linearity of applied external (thermal, mechanical, etc.) stresses. However, recently, an increased level of effort has gone into analyzing the phenomenon of cracking and also into methods for controlling it. Sophisticated manipulation of cracking has yielded various cutting-edge technologies such as transparent conductors, mechanical sensors, microfluidics, and energy devices. In this paper, we present some of the recent progress that has been made in controlling cracking by giving an overview of the fabrication methods and working mechanisms used for various mediums. In addition, we discuss recent progress in the various applications of methods that use controlled cracking as an alternative to patterning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Jung
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Tang N, Zhou C, Qu D, Fang Y, Zheng Y, Hu W, Jin K, Wu W, Duan X, Haick H. A Highly Aligned Nanowire-Based Strain Sensor for Ultrasensitive Monitoring of Subtle Human Motion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2001363. [PMID: 32390318 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Achieving highly accurate responses to external stimuli during human motion is a considerable challenge for wearable devices. The present study leverages the intrinsically high surface-to-volume ratio as well as the mechanical robustness of nanostructures for obtaining highly-sensitive detection of motion. To do so, highly-aligned nanowires covering a large area were prepared by capillarity-based mechanism. The nanowires exhibit a strain sensor with excellent gauge factor (≈35.8), capable of high responses to various subtle external stimuli (≤200 µm deformation). The wearable strain sensor exhibits also a rapid response rate (≈230 ms), mechanical stability (1000 cycles) and reproducibility, low hysteresis (<8.1%), and low power consumption (<35 µW). Moreover, it achieves a gauge factor almost five times that of microwire-based sensors. The nanowire-based strain sensor can be used to monitor and discriminate subtle movements of fingers, wrist, and throat swallowing accurately, enabling such movements to be integrated further into a miniaturized analyzer to create a wearable motion monitoring system for mobile healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Cheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Danyao Qu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Ye Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Youbin Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Wenwen Hu
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Ke Jin
- School of Aerospace Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710126, China
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40
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Qi PD, Li N, Liu Y, Qu CB, Li M, Ma JL, Huang GW, Xiao HM. Understanding the Cycling Performance Degradation Mechanism of a Graphene-Based Strain Sensor and an Effective Corresponding Improvement Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:23272-23283. [PMID: 32343550 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based strain sensors have attracted tremendous interest due to their potential application as intelligent wearable sensing devices. However, for graphene-based strain sensors, it is found that the sensing property at the beginning of the tensile cycle is not stable. Concretely, the peak resistance value gradually declines in the first dozens of cycles in every cyclic test. This is a problem that obviously affects the measurement accuracy but is rarely investigated so far. In this paper, this phenomenon is for the first time systematically studied. According to the reliable experimental results, it can be concluded that the decline of resistance is caused by the evolution of wrinkle morphologies in the graphene layer, which is essentially attributed to the temporary slippage of the graphene sheets under external stress. Based on the analyzed mechanism, a targeted improvement solution was proposed and verified. By the combined effects of polydopamine and Ni2+, the slippage among the rGO sheets was suppressed and a strain sensor with excellent sensing stability was obtained as expected. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the modified sensor was six times higher than that of the pristine one due to the change in the crack form, demonstrating it to be an effective method to obtain a graphene-based strain sensor with comprehensively high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Di Qi
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cheng-Bing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Li Ma
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gui-Wen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Energy Conversion, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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A deep-learned skin sensor decoding the epicentral human motions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2149. [PMID: 32358525 PMCID: PMC7195472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
State monitoring of the complex system needs a large number of sensors. Especially, studies in soft electronics aim to attain complete measurement of the body, mapping various stimulations like temperature, electrophysiological signals, and mechanical strains. However, conventional approach requires many sensor networks that cover the entire curvilinear surfaces of the target area. We introduce a new measuring system, a novel electronic skin integrated with a deep neural network that captures dynamic motions from a distance without creating a sensor network. The device detects minute deformations from the unique laser-induced crack structures. A single skin sensor decodes the complex motion of five finger motions in real-time, and the rapid situation learning (RSL) ensures stable operation regardless of its position on the wrist. The sensor is also capable of extracting gait motions from pelvis. This technology is expected to provide a turning point in health-monitoring, motion tracking, and soft robotics.
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42
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Aslanidis E, Skotadis E, Moutoulas E, Tsoukalas D. Thin Film Protected Flexible Nanoparticle Strain Sensors: Experiments and Modeling. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20092584. [PMID: 32370042 PMCID: PMC7248731 DOI: 10.3390/s20092584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the working performance of Platinum (Pt), solvent-free nanoparticle (NP)-based strain sensors made on a flexible substrate has been studied. First, a new model has been developed in order to explain sensor behaviour under strain in a more effective manner than what has been previously reported. The proposed model also highlights the difference between sensors based on solvent-free and solvent-based NPs. As a second step, the ability of atomic layer deposition (ALD) developed Al2O3 (alumina) thin films to act as protective coatings against humidity while in adverse conditions (i.e., variations in relative humidity and repeated mechanical stress) has been evaluated. Two different alumina thicknesses (5 and 11 nm) have been tested and their effect on protection against humidity is studied by monitoring sensor resistance. Even in the case of adverse working conditions and for increased mechanical strain (up to 1.2%), it is found that an alumina layer of 11 nm provides sufficient sensor protection, while the proposed model remains valid. This certifies the appropriateness of the proposed strain-sensing technology for demanding applications, such as e-skin and pressure or flow sensing, as well as the possibility of developing a comprehensive computational tool for NP-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Aslanidis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Skotadis
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Moutoulas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
- Centre for Electronics Frontiers Zepler, Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton Highfield Campus, University Road, Building 53 (Mountbatten), Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Applied Physics, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (E.M.); (D.T.)
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Dinh Le TS, An J, Huang Y, Vo Q, Boonruangkan J, Tran T, Kim SW, Sun G, Kim YJ. Ultrasensitive Anti-Interference Voice Recognition by Bio-Inspired Skin-Attachable Self-Cleaning Acoustic Sensors. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13293-13303. [PMID: 31687810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human voice recognition systems (VRSs) are a prerequisite for voice-controlled human-machine interfaces (HMIs). In order to avoid interference from unexpected background noises, skin-attachable VRSs are proposed to directly detect physiological mechanoacoustic signals based on the vibrations of vocal cords. However, the sensitivity and response time of existing VRSs are bottlenecks for efficient HMIs. In addition, water-based contaminants in our daily lives, such as skin moisture and raindrops, normally result in performance degradation or even functional failure of VRSs. Herein, we present a skin-attachable self-cleaning ultrasensitive and ultrafast acoustic sensor based on a reduced graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane composite film with bioinspired microcracks and hierarchical surface textures. Benefitting from the synergetic effect of the spider-slit-organ-like multiscale jagged microcracks and the lotus-leaf-like hierarchical structures, our superhydrophobic VRS exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor, GF = 8699), an ultralow detection limit (ε = 0.000 064%), an ultrafast response/recovery behavior, an excellent device durability (>10 000 cycles), and reliable detection of acoustic vibrations over the audible frequency range (20-20 000 Hz) with high signal-to-noise ratios. These superb performances endow our skin-attachable VRS with anti-interference perception of human voices with high precision even in noisy environments, which will expedite the voice-controlled HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Son Dinh Le
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jianing An
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Quoc Vo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Jeeranan Boonruangkan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Tuan Tran
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Science Town, Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) , Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) , Northwestern Polytechnical University , 127 West Youyi Road , Xi'an 710072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University (NTU) , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Science Town, Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
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44
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Zhang J, Sun T, Liu L, Niu S, Wang K, Song H, Han Q, Han Z, Ren L, Lin Q. Flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensors based on microcrack arrays inspired by scorpions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22740-22748. [PMID: 35519462 PMCID: PMC9067138 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03663f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been tremendous interest in flexible pressure sensors to meet the technological demands of modern society. For practical applications, pressure sensors with high sensitivity at small strains and low detection limits are highly desired. In this paper, inspired by the slit sensillum of the scorpion, a flexible pressure sensor is presented which has regular microcrack arrays and its reversed pattern acts as a tunable contact area of the sensing material microstructures. The template with regular crack arrays generated on the inner surface is fabricated using a solvent-induced swelling method, which provides a simple and economical way to obtain the controllable fabrication of crack arrays without any physical damage to materials. At the same time, the working principle of the bio-inspired pressure sensor is attributed to pressure-dependent variations because of the contact area change between the interlocking polydimethylsiloxane films with the negative and positive patterns of the microcrack arrays. The device shows good performance, with a gauge factor of 27.79 kPa-1 (0-2.4 kPa), a short response/recovery time (111/95 ms), a low detectable pressure limit and excellent reproducibility over 3000 cycles. Practical applications, such as the detection of human motion and touch sensing, are then tested in this work, and the results imply that it should have significant potential applications in numerous fields. Note that the reversed pattern of the slit sensillum of the scorpion is explored to enhance the performance of pressure sensors, thus opening a new route for the fabrication of flexible pressure sensors, even wearable electronics, in a cost-effective and scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University 500 West 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Kejun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Honglie Song
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 People's Republic of China
| | - Qigang Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University Changchun 130022 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University 500 West 120th Street New York NY 10027 USA
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Abstract
This paper presents the fabrication and implementation of novel resistive sensors that were implemented for strain-sensing applications. Some of the critical factors for the development of resistive sensors are addressed in this paper, such as the cost of fabrication, the steps of the fabrication process which make it time-consuming to complete each prototype, and the inability to achieve optimised electrical and mechanical characteristics. The sensors were fabricated via magnetron sputtering of thin-film chromium and gold layer on the thin-film substrates at defined thicknesses. Sticky copper tapes were attached on the two sides of the sensor patches to form the electrodes. The operating principle of the fabricated sensors was based on the change in their responses with respect to the corresponding changes in their relative resistance as a function of the applied strain. The strain-induced characteristics of the patches were studied with different kinds of experiments, such as consecutive bending and pressure application. The sensors with 400 nm thickness of gold layer obtained a sensitivity of 0.0086 Ω/ppm for the pressure ranging between 0 and 400 kPa. The gauge factor of these sensors was between 4.9–6.6 for temperatures ranging between 25 °C and 55 °C. They were also used for tactile sensing to determine their potential as thin-film sensors for industrial applications, like in robotic and pressure-mapping applications. The results were promising in regards to the sensors’ controllable film thickness, easy operation, purity of the films and mechanically sound nature. These sensors can provide a podium to enhance the usage of resistive sensors on a higher scale to develop thin-film sensors for industrial applications.
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Zhang C, Li H, Huang A, Zhang Q, Rui K, Lin H, Sun G, Zhu J, Peng H, Huang W. Rational Design of a Flexible CNTs@PDMS Film Patterned by Bio-Inspired Templates as a Strain Sensor and Supercapacitor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1805493. [PMID: 30945787 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201805493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible devices integrated with sensing and energy storage functions are highly desirable due to their potential application in wearable electronics and human motion detection. Here, a flexible film is designed in a facile and low-cost leaf templating process, comprising wrinkled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the conductive layer and patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with bio-inspired microstructure as a soft substrate. Assembled from wrinkled CNTs on patterned PDMS film, a strain sensor is realized to possess sensitive resistance response against various deformations, producing a resistance response of 0.34%, 0.14%, and 9.1% under bending, pressing, and 20% strain, respectively. Besides, the strain sensor can reach a resistance response of 3.01 when stretched to 44%. Furthermore, through the electro-deposition of polyaniline, the CNTs film is developed into a supercapacitor, which exhibits a specific capacitance of 176 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and a capacitance retention of 88% after 10 000 cycles. In addition, the fabricated supercapacitor shows super flexibility, delivering a capacitance retention of 98% after 180° bending for 100 cycles, 95% after 45° twisting for 100 cycles, and 98% after 100% stretching for 400 cycles. The superior capacitance stability demonstrates that the design of wrinkled CNTs-based electrodes fixed by microstructures is beneficial to the excellent electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Aoming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Kun Rui
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Qi Z, Bian H, Yang Y, Nie N, Wang F. Graphene/Glycerin Solution-Based Multifunctional Stretchable Strain Sensor with Ultra-High Stretchability, Stability, and Sensitivity. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040617. [PMID: 31014031 PMCID: PMC6523101 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly stretchable, flexible, and sensitive strain sensors have promising applications in motion detection-especially multifunctional strain sensors that can detect stretching, bending, compression and twisting. Herein, this study presents a graphene and glycerol solution-based multifunctional sensor with ultra-high stretchability and sensitivity. Owing to the self-lubrication and fluidity of the graphene-glycerol solution, the strain sensors display super stretchability up to 1000%, a maximum gauge factor up to 45.13, and excellent durability for over 10,000 cycles. In addition, the sensor can also rapidly respond to small strains (1%, 5%, 10%) and different stretching rates (12.5%/s, 25%/s, 50%/s, and 100%/s). More impressively, the sensors can measure up to 50 kPa pressure and 180° twisting without any damage. Furthermore, the strain sensors demonstrate their applicability in scenarios involving motion detection, such as that for finger bending, wrist rotating, touching, and drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Qi
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Hailiang Bian
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Nantian Nie
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Fuliang Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Ma Z, Li S, Wang H, Cheng W, Li Y, Pan L, Shi Y. Advanced electronic skin devices for healthcare applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 7:173-197. [PMID: 32254546 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic skin, a kind of flexible electronic device and system inspired by human skin, has emerged as a promising candidate for wearable personal healthcare applications. Wearable electronic devices with skin-like properties will provide platforms for continuous and real-time monitoring of human physiological signals such as tissue pressure, body motion, temperature, metabolites, electrolyte balance, and disease-related biomarkers. Transdermal drug delivery devices can also be integrated into electronic skin to enhance its non-invasive, real-time dynamic therapy functions. This review summarizes the recent progress in electronic skin devices for applications in human health monitoring and therapy systems as well as several potential mass production technologies such as inkjet printing and 3D printing. The opportunities and challenges in broadening the applications of electronic skin devices in practical healthcare are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonic and Electronic Materials, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, China.
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