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Cardoza RE, McCormick SP, Martínez-Reyes N, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Busman M, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Analysis of substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:1-21. [PMID: 38183477 PMCID: PMC10771604 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a structurally diverse family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of multiple fungal genera. All trichothecene analogs share a core 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) structure but differ in presence, absence and types of substituents attached to various positions of EPT. Formation of some of the structural diversity begins early in the biosynthetic pathway such that some producing species have few trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates in common. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play critical roles in formation of trichothecene structural diversity. Within some species, relaxed substrate specificities of P450s allow individual orthologs of the enzymes to modify multiple trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates. It is not clear, however, whether the relaxed specificity extends to biosynthetic intermediates that are not produced by the species in which the orthologs originate. To address this knowledge gap, we used a mutant complementation-heterologous expression analysis to assess whether orthologs of three trichothecene biosynthetic P450s (TRI11, TRI13 and TRI22) from Fusarium sporotrichioides, Trichoderma arundinaceum, and Paramyrothecium roridum can modify trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates that they do not encounter in the organism in which they originated. The results indicate that TRI13 and TRI22 could not modify the intermediates that they do not normally encounter, whereas TRI11 could modify an intermediate that it does not normally encounter. These findings indicate that substrate promiscuity varies among trichothecene biosynthetic P450s. One structural feature that likely impacts the ability of the P450s to use biosynthetic intermediates as substrates is the presence and absence of an oxygen atom attached to carbon atom 3 of EPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
| | | | - Mark Busman
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Agricultural Research Service, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain.
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2
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Katsuta R. Advancement in structure elucidation of natural medium-sized lactones through synthesis and theoretical calculations. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:260-269. [PMID: 38111271 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Medium-sized lactones are an important class of natural products with diverse biological activities. Unlike conventional organic compounds, these molecules exhibit elevated levels of conformational flexibility. This inherent structural feature occasionally exacerbates the complexities associated with determining their conformation, thereby posing challenges in deciphering their stereochemistry or, in certain instances, leading to incorrect structures. This review highlights specific scenarios in which synthetic studies and computational chemistry have assumed pivotal roles in unveiling the structures of lactones, which have previously eluded definitive elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Katsuta
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Bolívar-Anillo HJ, Izquierdo-Bueno I, González-Rey E, González-Rodríguez VE, Cantoral JM, Collado IG, Garrido C. In Vitro Analysis of the Antagonistic Biological and Chemical Interactions between the Endophyte Sordaria tomento-alba and the Phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1022. [PMID: 38256097 PMCID: PMC10816056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic infections causing substantial global food losses are a persistent challenge. This study investigates a potential biocontrol strategy against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea using the endophytic fungus Sordaria tomento-alba isolated from Gliricidia sepium in Colombia. Today, synthetic fungicides dominate B. cinerea control, raising environmental and health concerns. S. tomento-alba exhibits notable in vitro effects, inhibiting B. cinerea growth by approximately 60% during co-culture and 50% in double disc co-culture. Additionally, it suppresses botryanes production and produces the compound heptacyclosordariolone, which has proven effective in inhibiting B. cinerea mycelial growth and spore germination in vitro. This biocontrol agent could be a potential eco-friendly alternative to replace synthetic fungicides. Our study provides insights into the chemical and biological mechanisms underpinning the antagonistic activity of S. tomento-alba, emphasizing the need for further research to understand its biosynthesis pathways and optimize its biocontrol potential. It also contributes molecular evidence of fungal interactions with implications for advanced forums in molecular studies in biology and chemistry, particularly in addressing plant pathogenic infections and promoting sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando José Bolívar-Anillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (H.J.B.-A.); (I.I.-B.); (E.G.-R.)
- Programa de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (H.J.B.-A.); (I.I.-B.); (E.G.-R.)
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Estrella González-Rey
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (H.J.B.-A.); (I.I.-B.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Victoria E. González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Jesús M. Cantoral
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (H.J.B.-A.); (I.I.-B.); (E.G.-R.)
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.)
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4
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Cardoza RE, Mayo-Prieto S, Martínez-Reyes N, McCormick SP, Carro-Huerga G, Campelo MP, Rodríguez-González Á, Lorenzana A, Proctor RH, Casquero PA, Gutiérrez S. Effects of trichothecene production by Trichoderma arundinaceum isolates from bean-field soils on the defense response, growth and development of bean plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005906. [PMID: 36452093 PMCID: PMC9702529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The trichothecene toxin-producing fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum has potential as a biological control agent. However, most biocontrol studies have focused only on one strain, IBT 40837. In the current study, three Trichoderma isolates recovered from bean-field soils produced the trichothecene harzianum A (HA) and trichodermol, the latter being an intermediate in the HA biosynthesis. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the three isolates were assigned to the species T. arundinaceum. Their genome sequences had a high degree of similarity to the reference IBT 40837 strain, in terms of total genome size, number of predicted genes, and diversity of putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. HA production by these bean-field isolates conferred significant in vitro antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which are some of the most important bean pathogens. Furthermore, the bean-field isolates stimulated germination of bean seeds and subsequent growth of above ground parts of the bean plant. Transcriptomic analysis of bean plants inoculated with these T. arundinaceum bean-field soil isolates indicated that HA production significantly affected expression of plant defense-related genes; this effect was particularly significant in the expression of chitinase-encoding genes. Together, these results indicate that Trichoderma species producing non-phytotoxic trichothecenes can induce defenses in plants without negatively affecting germination and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E. Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Sara Mayo-Prieto
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P. McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utiization Research, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - M. Piedad Campelo
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alicia Lorenzana
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Robert H. Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utiization Research, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Pedro A. Casquero
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Crop Production, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
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5
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Cardoza RE, McCormick SP, Izquierdo-Bueno I, Martínez-Reyes N, Lindo L, Brown DW, Collado IG, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Identification of polyketide synthase genes required for aspinolide biosynthesis in Trichoderma arundinaceum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:7153-7171. [PMID: 36166052 PMCID: PMC9592644 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum exhibits biological control activity against crop diseases caused by other fungi. Two mechanisms that likely contribute to this activity are upregulation of plant defenses and production of two types of antifungal secondary metabolites: the sesquiterpenoid harzianum A (HA) and the polyketide-derived aspinolides. The goal of the current study was to identify aspinolide biosynthetic genes as part of an effort to understand how these metabolites contribute to the biological control activity of T. arundinaceum. Comparative genomics identified two polyketide synthase genes (asp1 and asp2) that occur in T. arundinaceum and Aspergillus ochraceus, which also produces aspinolides. Gene deletion and biochemical analyses in T. arundinaceum indicated that both genes are required for aspinolide production: asp2 for formation of a 10-member lactone ring and asp1 for formation of a butenoyl subsituent at position 8 of the lactone ring. Gene expression and comparative genomics analyses indicated that asp1 and asp2 are located within a gene cluster that occurs in both T. arundinaceum and A. ochraceus. A survey of genome sequences representing 35 phylogenetically diverse Trichoderma species revealed that intact homologs of the cluster occurred in only two other species, which also produced aspinolides. An asp2 mutant inhibited fungal growth more than the wild type, but an asp1 mutant did not, and the greater inhibition by the asp2 mutant coincided with increased HA production. These findings indicate that asp1 and asp2 are aspinolide biosynthetic genes and that loss of either aspinolide or HA production in T. arundinaceum can be accompanied by increased production of the other metabolite(s). KEY POINTS: • Two polyketide synthase genes are required for aspinolide biosynthesis. • Blocking aspinolide production increases production of the terpenoid harzianum A. • Aspinolides and harzianum A act redundantly in antibiosis of T. arundinaceum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Cardoza
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Susan P McCormick
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre Sur, 4ª planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Natalia Martínez-Reyes
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Laura Lindo
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Daren W Brown
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Isidro G Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre Sur, 4ª planta, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Robert H Proctor
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- University Group for Research in Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture (GUIIAS), Area of Microbiology, University of León, 24400, Ponferrada, Spain.
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6
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Peng XY, Wu JT, Shao CL, Li ZY, Chen M, Wang CY. Co-culture: stimulate the metabolic potential and explore the molecular diversity of natural products from microorganisms. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:363-374. [PMID: 37073292 PMCID: PMC10077301 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial secondary metabolites have long been considered as potential sources of lead compounds for medicinal use due to their rich chemical diversity and extensive biological activities. However, many biosynthetic gene clusters remain silent under traditional laboratory culture conditions, resulting in repeated isolation of a large number of known compounds. The co-culture strategy simulates the complex ecological environment of microbial life by using an ecology-driven method to activate silent gene clusters of microorganisms and tap their metabolic potential to obtain novel bioactive secondary metabolites. In this review, representative studies from 2017 to 2020 on the discovery of novel bioactive natural products from co-cultured microorganisms are summarized. A series of natural products with diverse and novel structures have been discovered successfully by co-culture strategies, including fungus-fungus, fungus-bacterium, and bacterium-bacterium co-culture approaches. These novel compounds exhibited various bioactivities including extensive antimicrobial activities and potential cytotoxic activities, especially when it came to disparate marine-derived species and cross-species of marine strains and terrestrial strains. It could be concluded that co-culture can be an effective strategy to tap the metabolic potential of microorganisms, particularly for marine-derived species, thus providing diverse molecules for the discovery of lead compounds and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Jin-Tao Wu
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127 China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Zhi-Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100 China
| | - Min Chen
- Marine Science and Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127 China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 China
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7
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Bolivar-Anillo HJ, González-Rodríguez VE, Cantoral JM, García-Sánchez D, Collado IG, Garrido C. Endophytic Bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Isolated from Zea mays, as Potential Biocontrol Agent against Botrytis cinerea. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060492. [PMID: 34205845 PMCID: PMC8229056 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plant–microorganism associations date back more than 400 million years. Plants host microorganisms that establish many different relationships with them, some negative and others very positive for both organisms. A type of this relationship is established with microorganisms that live inside them, known as endophytic microorganisms; they can include bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. In this study, we isolate endophytic bacteria from maize plants, and we characterize them in order to check their potential for being used as biocontrol agents against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important phytopathogenic fungi in the world. The endophytic bacteria showed this antagonistic effect during in vitro assay and also during in vivo assay in Phaseolus vulgaris. At the same time, they showed the capacity for promoting growth in Zea mays plants. Abstract Plant diseases are one of the main factors responsible for food loss in the world, and 20–40% of such loss is caused by pathogenic infections. Botrytis cinerea is the most widely studied necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus. It is responsible for incalculable economic losses due to the large number of host plants affected. Today, B. cinerea is controlled mainly by synthetic fungicides whose frequent application increases risk of resistance, thus making them unsustainable in terms of the environment and human health. In the search for new alternatives for the biocontrol of this pathogen, the use of endophytic microorganisms and their metabolites has gained momentum in recent years. In this work, we isolated endophytic bacteria from Zea mays cultivated in Colombia. Several strains of Bacillus subtilis, isolated and characterized in this work, exhibited growth inhibition against B. cinerea of more than 40% in in vitro cultures. These strains were characterized by studying several of their biochemical properties, such as production of lipopeptides, potassium solubilization, proteolytic and amylolytic capacity, production of siderophores, biofilm assays, and so on. We also analyzed: (i) its capacity to promote maize growth (Zea mays) in vivo, and (ii) its capacity to biocontrol B. cinerea during in vivo infection in plants (Phaseolus vulgaris).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando José Bolivar-Anillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4 planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
- Programa de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Victoria E. González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.); (D.G.-S.)
| | - Jesús M. Cantoral
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.); (D.G.-S.)
| | - Darío García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.); (D.G.-S.)
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4 planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
- Correspondence: (I.G.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (V.E.G.-R.); (J.M.C.); (D.G.-S.)
- Correspondence: (I.G.C.); (C.G.)
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8
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Vicente I, Baroncelli R, Morán-Diez ME, Bernardi R, Puntoni G, Hermosa R, Monte E, Vannacci G, Sarrocco S. Combined Comparative Genomics and Gene Expression Analyses Provide Insights into the Terpene Synthases Inventory in Trichoderma. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1603. [PMID: 33081019 PMCID: PMC7603203 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is a fungal genus comprising species used as biocontrol agents in crop plant protection and with high value for industry. The beneficial effects of these species are supported by the secondary metabolites they produce. Terpenoid compounds are key players in the interaction of Trichoderma spp. with the environment and with their fungal and plant hosts; however, most of the terpene synthase (TS) genes involved in their biosynthesis have yet not been characterized. Here, we combined comparative genomics of TSs of 21 strains belonging to 17 Trichoderma spp., and gene expression studies on TSs using T. gamsii T6085 as a model. An overview of the diversity within the TS-gene family and the regulation of TS genes is provided. We identified 15 groups of TSs, and the presence of clade-specific enzymes revealed a variety of terpenoid chemotypes evolved to cover different ecological demands. We propose that functional differentiation of gene family members is the driver for the high number of TS genes found in the genomes of Trichoderma. Expression studies provide a picture in which different TS genes are regulated in many ways, which is a strong indication of different biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vicente
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - María Eugenia Morán-Diez
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Grazia Puntoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Campus Villamayor, 37185 Salamanca, Spain; (R.B.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Giovanni Vannacci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.B.); (G.P.); (G.V.); (S.S.)
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9
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Chang C, Geng J, Du Y, Lv Q, Dong Z, Liu J. Divergent total synthesis of aspinolides B, E and J. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lindo L, McCormick SP, Cardoza RE, Brown DW, Kim HS, Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, Gutiérrez S. Effect of deletion of a trichothecene toxin regulatory gene on the secondary metabolism transcriptome of the saprotrophic fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 119:29-46. [PMID: 30121242 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are terpenoid toxins produced by multiple fungal species with diverse lifestyles. In these fungi, the trichothecene biosynthetic gene (tri) cluster includes a gene encoding a Cys2His2 Zn-finger protein (TRI6). Analyses of plant pathogenic Fusarium species indicate that tri6 regulates tri gene expression. Here, we analyzed TRI6 function in the saprotrophic fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum, which produces the antimicrobial trichothecene harzianum A (HA). Deletion of the TRI6-encoding gene, tri6, blocked HA production and reduced expression of tri genes, and mevalonate biosynthetic genes required for synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), the primary metabolite that feeds into trichothecene biosynthesis. In contrast, tri6 deletion did not affect expression of ergosterol biosynthetic genes required for synthesis of ergosterol from FPP, but did increase ergosterol production, perhaps because increased levels of FPP were available for ergosterol synthesis in the absence of trichothecene production. RNA-seq analyses indicated that genes in 10 of 49 secondary metabolite (SM) biosynthetic gene clusters in T. arundinaceum exhibited increased expression and five exhibited reduced expression in a tri6 deletion mutant (Δtri6). Despite the metabolic and transcriptional changes, Δtri6 mutants were not reduced in their ability to inhibit growth of fungal plant pathogens. Our results indicate that T. arundinaceum TRI6 regulates expression of both tri and mevalonate pathway genes. It remains to be determined whether the effects of tri6 deletion on expression of other SM clusters resulted because TRI6 can bind to promoter regions of cluster genes or because trichothecene production affects other SM pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lindo
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Ponferrada, Spain.
| | - Susan P McCormick
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States.
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Ponferrada, Spain.
| | - Daren W Brown
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States.
| | - Hye-Seon Kim
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States.
| | - Nancy J Alexander
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Robert H Proctor
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, United States.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Ponferrada, Spain.
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