1
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Zeng X. The Strategies Towards Electrochemical Generation of Aryl Radicals. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402220. [PMID: 39012680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The advancement in electrochemical techniques has unlocked a new path for achieving unprecedented oxidations and reductions of aryl radical precursors in a controlled and selective manner. This approach facilitates the construction of aromatic carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. In light of the green merits and the growing importance of this technique in aryl radical chemistry, this review aims to provide an overview of the recent advance in the electrochemical generation of aryl radicals organized by the aryl radical precursor type, with a focus on the substrate scope, limitation, and underlying mechanism, thereby inspiring future work on electrochemical aryl radical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy and Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, People's Republic of China
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2
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Cui HL. Recent advances in oxidative chlorination. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1580-1601. [PMID: 38312070 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02012f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Considering the wide occurrence and extensive application of organic chlorides in many research fields, the development of easy, practical and green chlorination methodologies is much needed. In the oxidative chlorination strategy, active chlorinating species can be in situ formed by the interaction of easily accessible chlorides such as NaCl, HCl, KCl, CHCl3, etc. and suitable oxidants. Among the established chlorination approaches, this strategy is an attractive one as it features the use of readily available, cheap and safe inorganic or organic chlorides, good atom economy of chlorine, and multiple choices of oxidants. This review summarizes the representative methodologies in the field of oxidative chlorination, covering 2013 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing, 402160, PR China.
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3
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Kumar S, Chand S, Singh KN. Electro-oxidative coupling of Bunte salts with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates: a benign access to unsymmetrical sulfoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:850-856. [PMID: 38175526 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfoxides has been explored using Bunte salts and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under constant current electrolysis at room temperature. In addition to being eco-safe and using mild conditions, the present protocol is free from the use of metal/oxidant, and is endowed with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Shiv Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Krishna Nand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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4
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Shukla G, Singh M, Kumar Yadav A, Shankar Singh M. Aromatic C(sp 2 )-H Functionalization by Consecutive Paired Electrolysis: Dibromination of Aryl Amines with Dibromoethane at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2023:e202303179. [PMID: 38078727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a facile and efficient electrochemical method for the dibromination of aryl amines by double functionalization of aromatic C(sp2 )-H (both para and ortho) under metal- and external oxidant-free conditions at room temperature for the first time. The reaction is demonstrated using 1,2-dibromoethane to dibrominate a wide range of N-substituted aryl amines in a simple setup with C(+)/Pt(-) electrodes under mild reaction conditions. This transformation proceeds smoothly with a broad substrate scope affording the valuable and versatile N-substituted 2,4-dibromoanilines in moderate to excellent yields with high regioselectivity. In this paired electrolysis, cathodic reduction of 1,2-DBE followed by anodic oxidation generates bromonium intermediates, which then couple with anilines to furnish the dibrominated products. It represents a distinctive approach to challenging redox-neutral reactions. The versatility of the electrochemical ortho-, para-dibromination was reflected by unique regioselectivities for challenging aryl amines and gram-scale electrosynthesis without the use of a stoichiometric oxidant or an activating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Malkeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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5
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Wang FD, Wang C, Wang M, Yan H, Jiang J, Li P. Visible-light-induced halocyclization of 2-alkynylthioanisoles with simple alkyl halides towards 3-halobenzo[ b]thiophenes without an external photocatalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8170-8175. [PMID: 37782212 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy for the preparation of 3-halobenzo[b]thiophenes via a photo-driven halocyclization/demethylation of 2-alkynylthioanisoles with simple alkyl halides was developed. The reaction can proceed smoothly at room temperature under visible-light irradiation without any external photocatalyst, and the protocol has a range of advantages, including simplicity and mildness of the reaction conditions, good functional-group tolerance, and excellent yields of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Dou Wang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Chunmiao Wang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Min Wang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui 235000, P.R. China.
| | - Han Yan
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Jiang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Pinhua Li
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China.
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6
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Hu M, Zhang S, Qin C, Nie H, Xiong Z, Shi X, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang S, Ji F, Jiang G. Selective Electrochemical Halogenation of Functionalized Quinolone. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12958-12970. [PMID: 37620989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes an effective C3-H halogenation of quinoline-4(1H)-ones under electrochemical conditions, in which potassium halides serve as both halogenating agents and electrolytes. The protocol provides expedient access to different halogenated quinoline-4(1H)-ones with unique regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis employing convenient, environmentally friendly electrolysis, in an undivided cell. Mechanism studies have shown that halogen radicals can promote the activation of N-H bonds in quinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqian Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumiao Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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7
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Kher K, Dhaker M, Baroliya PK. Recent advances in electrochemical functionalization using diazonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7052-7061. [PMID: 37610707 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00978e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Arenediazonium salts have gained attention in the scientific community due to their numerous synthetic applications. In the traditional method of dediazoniation of arenediazonium salts, the requirements for toxic oxidants and costly catalysts affect their cost-effectiveness and sustainability. However, recent advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry allow for the in situ reduction of arenediazonium salts, affording different functionalizations under mild reaction conditions and with a shorter reaction time. Herein, we report advances up to now of facile organic electrochemical syntheses using arenediazonium salt precursors that avoid the use of hazardous reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kher
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India.
| | - Mukesh Dhaker
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India.
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8
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Zhang Y, Cai Z, Warratz S, Ma C, Ackermann L. Recent advances in electrooxidative radical transformations of alkynes. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDuring the past few years, electrochemical oxidative reactions through radical intermediates have emerged as an environmentally-benign, powerful platform for the facile formation of C–E (E = C, N, S, Se, O and Hal) bonds through single-electron-transfer (SET) processes at the electrodes. Functionalized unsaturated molecules and unusual structural motifs can, for instance, be directly constructed under exceedingly mild reaction conditions through initial radical attack onto alkynes. This minireview highlights the recent advances in electrooxidation in radical reactions until June 2022, with a particular focus on radical additions onto alkynes.
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9
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Si T, Cho H, Kim HY, Oh K. ortho-Naphthoquinone-Catalyzed Aerobic Hydrodeamination of Aryl Amines via in Situ De-diazotization of Aryl Diazonium Species. Org Lett 2022; 24:8531-8535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengda Si
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Cho
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
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10
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Rayner PJ, Fekete M, Gater CA, Ahwal F, Turner N, Kennerley AJ, Duckett SB. Real-Time High-Sensitivity Reaction Monitoring of Important Nitrogen-Cycle Synthons by 15N Hyperpolarized Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8756-8769. [PMID: 35508182 PMCID: PMC9121385 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Here, we show how
signal amplification by reversible exchange hyperpolarization
of a range of 15N-containing synthons can be used to enable
studies of their reactivity by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance
(NO2– (28% polarization), ND3 (3%), PhCH2NH2 (5%), NaN3 (3%),
and NO3– (0.1%)). A range of iridium-based
spin-polarization transfer catalysts are used, which for NO2– work optimally as an amino-derived carbene-containing
complex with a DMAP-d2 coligand. We harness
long 15N spin-order lifetimes to probe in situ reactivity
out to 3 × T1. In the case of NO2– (T1 17.7 s
at 9.4 T), we monitor PhNH2 diazotization in acidic solution.
The resulting diazonium salt (15N-T1 38 s) forms within 30 s, and its subsequent reaction with
NaN3 leads to the detection of hyperpolarized PhN3 (T1 192 s) in a second step via the
formation of an identified cyclic pentazole intermediate. The role
of PhN3 and NaN3 in copper-free click chemistry
is exemplified for hyperpolarized triazole (T1 < 10 s) formation when they react with a strained alkyne.
We also demonstrate simple routes to hyperpolarized N2 in
addition to showing how utilization of 15N-polarized PhCH2NH2 enables the probing of amidation, sulfonamidation,
and imine formation. Hyperpolarized ND3 is used to probe
imine and ND4+ (T1 33.6 s) formation. Furthermore, for NO2–, we also demonstrate how the 15N-magnetic resonance imaging
monitoring of biphasic catalysis confirms the successful preparation
of an aqueous bolus of hyperpolarized 15NO2– in seconds with 8% polarization. Hence, we create
a versatile tool to probe organic transformations that has significant
relevance for the synthesis of future hyperpolarized pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Callum A Gater
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Fadi Ahwal
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Norman Turner
- Department of Engineering and Technology, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Aneurin J Kennerley
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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11
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Copper-Free Halodediazoniation of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates in Deep Eutectic Solvents-like Mixtures. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061909. [PMID: 35335275 PMCID: PMC8950527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-like mixtures, based on glycerol and different halide organic and inorganic salts, are successfully exploited as new media in copper-free halodediazoniation of arenediazonium salts. The reactions are carried out in absence of metal-based catalysts, at room temperature and in a short time. Pure target products are obtained without the need for chromatographic separation. The solvents are fully characterized, and a computational study is presented aiming to understand the reaction mechanism.
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12
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den Hartog S, Neukermans S, Samanipour M, Ching HV, Breugelmans T, Hubin A, Ustarroz J. Electrocatalysis under a magnetic lens: A combined electrochemistry and electron paramagnetic resonance review. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Zhou P, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wang D. Electrochemical synthesis for α-arylation of ketones using enol acetates and aryl diazonium salts. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, an electrochemical method has been developed to achieve the α-arylation of ketones by reacting aryl diazonium salts with enol acetates. The broad scope of the reaction toward...
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14
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Jiang S, Nan N, He J, Guo J, Qin J, Xie Y, Ouyang X, Song R. Recent Progress in Aryl Radical-Mediated Cyclization of Unsaturated Bonds Based on Aryldiazonium Salts. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202210013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Chen J, Xie X, Liu J, Yu Z, Su W. Revisiting aromatic diazotization and aryl diazonium salts in continuous flow: highlighted research during 2001–2021. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aryl diazonium salts play an important role in chemical transformations; however their explosive nature limits their applications in batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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16
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Chang Z, Wang J, Lu X, Fu Y. Synthesis of gem-Difluoroalkenes through Nickel-Promoted Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Electrochemical oxidative bromolactonization of unsaturated carboxylic acids with sodium bromide: Synthesis of bromomethylated γ-lactones. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Young MC, Chand-Thakuri P, Alahakoon I, Liu D, Kapoor M, Kennedy JF, Jenkins KW, Rabon AM. Native Amine-Directed ortho-C–H Halogenation and Acetoxylation /Condensation of Benzylamines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1625-9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFree or unfunctionalized benzylamines are well known to participate in C–H activation in the presence of palladium salts. Despite the ease with which these complexes can be activated, subsequent functionalization of the dimeric cyclometalates can be challenging. We demonstrate herein a free primary amine based C–H activation/functionalization protocol that allows for the ortho-C–H chlorination and bromination of unprotected benzylamines. We also demonstrate how use of fluorine-based oxidants gives rise to a unique acetoxylation/cyclization owing to the nucleophilicity of the free primary amine directing group.
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19
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McKenzie ECR, Hosseini S, Petro AGC, Rudman KK, Gerroll BHR, Mubarak MS, Baker LA, Little RD. Versatile Tools for Understanding Electrosynthetic Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3292-3335. [PMID: 34919393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, green alternative to traditional organic methods. Understanding the mechanisms is not trivial yet is necessary to optimize reaction processes. To this end, a multitude of analytical tools is available to identify and quantitate reaction products and intermediates. The first portion of this review serves as a guide that underscores electrosynthesis fundamentals, including instrumentation, electrode selection, impacts of electrolyte and solvent, cell configuration, and methods of electrosynthesis. Next, the broad base of analytical techniques that aid in mechanism elucidation are covered in detail. These methods are divided into electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic, microscopic, and computational. Technique selection is dependent on predicted reaction pathways and electrogenerated intermediates. Often, a combination of techniques must be utilized to ensure accuracy of the proposed model. To conclude, future prospects that aim to enhance the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C R McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ana G Couto Petro
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kelly K Rudman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin H R Gerroll
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - R Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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20
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Sivendran N, Belitz F, Sowa Prendes D, Martínez ÁM, Schmid R, Goossen LJ. Photochemical Sandmeyer-type Halogenation of Arenediazonium Salts. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103669. [PMID: 34911153 PMCID: PMC9303768 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trihalide salts were found to efficiently promote photochemical dediazotizing halogenations of diazonium salts. In contrast to classical Sandmeyer reactions, no metal catalysts are required to achieve high yields and outstanding selectivities for halogenation over competing hydridodediazotization. Convenient protocols are disclosed for synthetically meaningful brominations, iodinations, and chlorinations of diversely functionalized derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardana Sivendran
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, GERMANY
| | - Florian Belitz
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, GERMANY
| | - Daniel Sowa Prendes
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, GERMANY
| | - Ángel Manu Martínez
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Organic Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, GERMANY
| | - Rochus Schmid
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, GERMANY
| | - Lukas J Goossen
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Organische Chemie I, Universitätsstraße 150, ZEMOS 2/27, 44801, 44801 Bochum, GERMANY
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21
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Harnedy J, Hareram MD, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Morrill LC. Electrochemical oxidative Z-selective C(sp 2)-H chlorination of acrylamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12643-12646. [PMID: 34762080 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05824j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the oxidative Z-selective C(sp2)-H chlorination of acrylamides has been developed. This catalyst and organic oxidant free method is applicable across various substituted tertiary acrylamides, and provides access to a broad range of synthetically useful Z-β-chloroacrylamides in good yields (22 examples, 73% average yield). The orthogonal derivatization of the products was demonstrated through chemoselective transformations and the electrochemical process was performed on gram scale in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harnedy
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Mishra Deepak Hareram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Louis C Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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22
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Akhtar R, Zahoor AF, Rasool N, Ahmad M, Ali KG. Recent trends in the chemistry of Sandmeyer reaction: a review. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1837-1873. [PMID: 34417715 PMCID: PMC8378299 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed reactions play a vital part to construct a variety of pharmaceutically important scaffolds from past few decades. To carry out these reactions under mild conditions with low-cost easily available precursors, various new methodologies have been reported day by day. Sandmeyer reaction is one of these, first discovered by Sandmeyer in 1884. It is a well-known reaction mainly used for the conversion of an aryl amine to an aryl halide in the presence of Cu(I) halide via formation of diazonium salt intermediate. This reaction can be processed with or without copper catalysts for the formation of C-X (X = Cl, Br, I, etc.), C-CF3/CF2, C-CN, C-S, etc., linkages. As a result, corresponding aryl halides, trifluoromethylated compounds, aryl nitriles and aryl thioethers can be obtained which are effectively used for the construction of biologically active compounds. This review article discloses various literature reports about Sandmeyer-related transformations developed during 2000-2021 which give different ideas to synthetic chemists about further development of new and efficient protocols for Sandmeyer reaction. An updated compilation of new approaches for Sandmeyer reaction is described in this review to construct a variety of carbon-halogen, carbon-phosphorous, carbon-sulfur, carbon-boron etc. linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kulsoom Ghulam Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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23
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Tavakkoli Z, Goljani H, Sepehrmansourie H, Nematollahi D, Zolfigol MA. New insight into the electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solutions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25811-25815. [PMID: 35479439 PMCID: PMC9037153 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied in this work and it is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion. The results of this research indicate that the reduction of aryldiazonium salts takes place in two single-electron steps. Our data show that when the substituted group on the phenyl ring is H, Cl, OH, NO2, OCH3 or SO3−, the corresponding diazonium salt shows poor adsorption characteristics, but when the substituted group is methyl, the corresponding diazonium salt shows strong adsorption characteristics. In the latter case, the voltammogram exhibits three cathodic peaks. In addition, the effect of various substitutions on the aryldiazonium reduction was studied by Hammett's method. The data are show that with increasing electron withdrawing capacity of the substituent, the reduction of corresponding diazonium salt becomes easier. Electrochemical reduction of different aryldiazonium salts in aqueous solution was studied. It is shown that the aryldiazonium salts are converted to the corresponding aryl radical and aryl anion.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tavakkoli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
| | - Hamed Goljani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University Hamedan 65174 Iran
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24
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Zhang X, Yang C, Gao H, Wang L, Guo L, Xia W. Reductive Arylation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes with Cyanoarenes by Electrolysis for the Synthesis of Alcohols. Org Lett 2021; 23:3472-3476. [PMID: 33861088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electroreductive arylation reaction of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes as well as ketones with electro-deficient (hetero)arenes is described. A variety of cyano(hetero)arenes and carbonyl compounds, especially aliphatic aldehydes, have been examined, providing secondary and tertiary alcohols in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and divided-cell experiments, support the generation of aliphatic ketyl radicals and persistent heteroaryl radical anions via cathodic reduction followed by radical-radical cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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25
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Mo F, Qiu D, Zhang L, Wang J. Recent Development of Aryl Diazonium Chemistry for the Derivatization of Aromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5741-5829. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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27
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Tian Z, Gong Q, Huang T, Liu L, Chen T. Practical Electro-Oxidative Sulfonylation of Phenols with Sodium Arenesulfinates Generating Arylsulfonate Esters. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15914-15926. [PMID: 33789426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A practical and sustainable synthesis of arylsulfonate esters has been developed through electro-oxidation. This reaction employed the stable and readily available phenols and sodium arenesulfinates as the starting materials and took place under mild reaction conditions without additional oxidants. A wide range of arylsulfonate esters including those bearing functional groups were produced in good to excellent yields. This reaction could also be conducted at a gram scale without a decrease of reaction efficiency. Those results well demonstrated the potential synthetic value of this reaction in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qihang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tianzeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tieqiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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28
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Yuan X, Cui Y, Zhang X, Qin L, Sun Q, Duan X, Chen L, Li G, Qiu J, Guo K. Electrochemical Tri‐ and Difluoromethylation‐Triggered Cyclization Accompanied by the Oxidative Cleavage of Indole Derivatives. Chemistry 2021; 27:6522-6528. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Sheng Cui
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Peng Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Long‐Zhou Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiu Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & Biomedical Science Nanjing University No.163, Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech University Lubbock TX 79409-1061 USA
| | - Jiang‐Kai Qiu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 Puzhu Rd S Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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29
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Abstract
The synthetic utility of aryl radicals has been established in the last century, however, their broad applications were hampered by ineffective generation methods. It was in the last decade, that a rapid development of various redox systems took place, thus triggering a renaissance of aryl radical chemistry. This tutorial review focuses on the start-of-the-art methods for generation of aryl radicals. Primarily, various light-induced systems, including photoredox catalysis, visible light transition metal catalysis, and chemistry of electron donor-acceptor complexes, are reviewed. The main current precursors of aryl radicals are evaluated together with the selected examples of their modern applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Kvasovs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell, BSB13, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, USA.
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell, BSB13, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, USA.
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30
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Scheide MR, Nicoleti CR, Martins GM, Braga AL. Electrohalogenation of organic compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2578-2602. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we target sp, sp2 and sp3 carbon fluorination, chlorination, bromination and iodination reactions using electrolysis as a redox medium. Mechanistic insights and substrate reactivity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R. Scheide
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Celso R. Nicoleti
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Guilherme M. Martins
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
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31
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Malviya BK, Singh K, Jaiswal PK, Karnatak M, Verma VP, Badsara SS, Sharma S. Catalyst-free synthesis of phenanthridines via electrochemical coupling of 2-isocyanobiphenyls and amines. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00250c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One pot metal-free synthesis of phenanthridines and amides under electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Mohanlal Sukhadia University
- Udaipur
- India
| | - Pradeep K. Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Texas A&M University
- College station
- USA
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32
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Jordan A, Stoy P, Sneddon HF. Chlorinated Solvents: Their Advantages, Disadvantages, and Alternatives in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2020; 121:1582-1622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory for Sustainable Chemistry, Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Patrick Stoy
- Drug Design and Selection, Platform and Technology Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Helen F. Sneddon
- GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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33
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhang X, Yang J, Yin Y, Jiang Y, Zeng C, Lu G, Yang Y, Mo F. Anodic oxidation triggered divergent 1,2- and 1,4-group transfer reactions of β-hydroxycarboxylic acids enabled by electrochemical regulation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12021-12028. [PMID: 34123217 PMCID: PMC8162457 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02386h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a set of electrochemically regulated protocols for the divergent synthesis of ketones and β-keto esters from the same β-hydroxycarboxylic acid starting materials. Enabled by electrochemical control, the anodic oxidation of carboxylic acids proceeded in either a one-electron or a two-electron pathway, leading to a 1,4-aryl transfer or a semipinacol-type 1,2-group transfer product with excellent chemoselectivity. The 1,4-aryl transfer represents an unprecedented example of carbon-to-oxygen group transfer proceeding via a radical mechanism. In contrast to previously reported radical group transfer reactions, this 1,4-group transfer process features the migration of electron-rich aryl substituents. Furthermore, with these chemoselective electrochemical oxidation protocols, a range of ketones and β-keto esters including those possessing a challenging-to-access medium-sized ring could be synthesized in excellent yields. We report a set of electrochemically regulated protocols for the divergent synthesis of ketones and β-keto esters from the same β-hydroxycarboxylic acid starting materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University Anyang 455000 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co., Ltd Tianjin 300457 P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co., Ltd Tianjin 300457 P. R. China
| | - Yunxing Yin
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co., Ltd Tianjin 300457 P. R. China
| | - Yangye Jiang
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Chengchu Zeng
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara California 93106 USA
| | - Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 China .,Jiangsu Donghai Silicon Industry S&T Innovation Center Jiangsu 222300 China
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34
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Li L, Yang M, He Q, Fan R. Conversion of anilines to chiral benzylic amines via formal one-carbon insertion into aromatic C-N bonds. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4805. [PMID: 32968063 PMCID: PMC7511326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insertion of atoms into aromatic carbon-nitrogen bonds is an appealing method for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules and it has the advantage of the availability and abundance of anilines. However, the direct cleavage of aromatic carbon-nitrogen bonds is challenging due to the particularly inert and stable nature of these bonds. Here we report a formal, enantioselective one-carbon insertion into an aromatic carbon-nitrogen bond via an aromaticity dissembly-reconstruction process to directly convert anilines to chiral α-branched benzylic amines. The process involves oxidative dearomatization of para-substituted anilines, chiral sulfur ylide-mediated asymmetric aziridination, and subsequent rearrangement. Chiral sulfur ylides serve as one-carbon insertion units. Atom insertion into aromatic carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bonds is useful for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules, but challenging due to the inert nature of these bonds. Here, the authors report one-carbon insertion into aromatic C-N bonds to directly convert anilines to chiral benzylic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Forensic Science, Oil-tea in Medical Health Care and Functional Product Development Engineering Research Center in Jiangxi, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Qiuqin He
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Renhua Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
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35
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Goljani H, Tavakkoli Z, Sadatnabi A, Nematollahi D. Two-Phase Electrochemical Generation of Aryldiazonium Salts: Application in Electrogenerated Copper-Catalyzed Sandmeyer Reactions. Org Lett 2020; 22:5920-5924. [PMID: 32700535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical generation of aryldiazonium salts from nitroarenes in a two-phase system (ethyl acetate/water) was reported for the first time. Some compounds including azo, azosulfone, and arylazides were prepared in good yields with good purity. Cathodically generated aryldiazoniums and anodically produced copper(Ι) ions were used to perform Sandmeyer reactions. To improve the method, an H-type self-driving cell equipped with a Zn rod as an anode was introduced and used for two-phase aryldiazonium production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Goljani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
| | - Zahra Tavakkoli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
| | - Ali Sadatnabi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
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36
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Zhao J, Ding L, Wang P, Liu Y, Huang M, Zhou X, Lu M. Electrochemical Nonacidic N‐Nitrosation/N‐Nitration of Secondary Amines through a Biradical Coupling Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Ping Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Lu‐jia Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Peng‐Cheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Min‐Jun Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xin‐Li Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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37
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Liu K, Deng Y, Song W, Song C, Lei A. Electrochemical Dearomative Halocyclization of Tryptamine and Tryptophol Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yuqi Deng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Wenxu Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Chunlan Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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38
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Yuan Y, Zheng Y, Xu B, Liao J, Bu F, Wang S, Hu JG, Lei A. Mn-Catalyzed Electrochemical Radical Cascade Cyclization toward the Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-one Derivatives. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yongfu Zheng
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Bizhen Xu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jiapeng Liao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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39
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Sar S, Chauhan J, Sen S. Generation of Aryl Radicals from Aryl Hydrazines via Catalytic Iodine in Air: Arylation of Substituted 1,4-Naphthoquinones. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4213-4222. [PMID: 32149251 PMCID: PMC7057683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arylated building blocks or heterocycles are key to myriad applications, including pharmaceutical drug discovery, materials sciences, and many more. Herein, we have reported a mild and efficient strategy for generation of aryl radicals by reacting appropriate aryl hydrazines with catalytic iodine in open air. The aryl radicals were quenched by diversely substituted 1,4-napthoquinones present in the reaction mixture to afford diversely substituted 2,3-napthoquinones in moderate to excellent yield. Control experiments provided insights into the putative reaction mechanism.
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40
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Fu Z, Hao G, Fu Y, He D, Tuo X, Guo S, Cai H. Transition metal-free electrocatalytic halodeborylation of arylboronic acids with metal halides MX (X = I, Br) to synthesize aryl halides. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01139k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and regioselective ipso-halogenation of diverse arylboronic acids with metal halide salts MX (X = I, Br) has been well established under electrochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjiang Fu
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
| | - Guangguo Hao
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Yaping Fu
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Dongdong He
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Xun Tuo
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Shengmei Guo
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
| | - Hu Cai
- College of Chemistry
- Nanchang University
- Nanchang
- China
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41
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Yang X, Yang QL, Wang XY, Xu HH, Mei TS, Huang Y, Fang P. Copper-Catalyzed Electrochemical Selective Bromination of 8-Aminoquinoline Amide Using NH4Br as the Brominating Reagent. J Org Chem 2019; 85:3497-3507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao-Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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42
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Wang M, Tang BC, Xiang JC, Chen XL, Ma JT, Wu YD, Wu AX. Aryldiazonium Salts Serve as a Dual Synthon: Construction of Fully Substituted Pyrazoles via Rongalite-Mediated Three-Component Radical Annulation Reaction. Org Lett 2019; 21:8934-8937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Hubei Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Cheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Hubei Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Chen Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Hubei Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Hubei Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Tian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Hubei Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Hubei Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Hubei Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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43
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Wang P, Yang Z, Wang Z, Xu C, Huang L, Wang S, Zhang H, Lei A. Electrochemical Arylation of Electron-Deficient Arenes through Reductive Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15747-15751. [PMID: 31433101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method has been developed to achieve arylation of electron-deficient arenes through reductive activation. Various electron-deficient arenes and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates are amenable to this transformation within the conditions of an undivided cell, providing the desired products in up to 92 % yield. Instead of preparing diazonium reagents, these reactions can begin from anilines, and they can be carried out in one pot. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies indicate that cathodic reduction of quinoxaline occurs using the transformation. Moreover, cyclic voltammetry indicates that both quinoxaline and aryl diazonium salt have relatively low reduction potentials, which suggests they can be activated through reduction during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China.,National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China
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44
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Yang L, Liu Z, Li Y, Lei N, Shen Y, Zheng K. Electrochemically Enabled C3-Formylation and -Acylation of Indoles with Aldehydes. Org Lett 2019; 21:7702-7707. [PMID: 31553193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is an effective strategy for oxidative cross-coupling of indoles with various aldehydes. The strategy is based on a two-step transformation via a well-known Mannich-type reaction and a C-N bond cleavage for carbonyl introduction. The key step-the C-N bond cleavage of the Mannich product-was enabled by electrochemistry. This strategy (with over 40 examples) ensures excellent functional-group tolerance as well as late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Zhaoran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Yujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Ning Lei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Yanling Shen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064 , P. R. China
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45
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Wang P, Yang Z, Wang Z, Xu C, Huang L, Wang S, Zhang H, Lei A. Electrochemical Arylation of Electron‐Deficient Arenes through Reductive Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
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46
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Sandford C, Edwards MA, Klunder KJ, Hickey DP, Li M, Barman K, Sigman MS, White HS, Minteer SD. A synthetic chemist's guide to electroanalytical tools for studying reaction mechanisms. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6404-6422. [PMID: 31367303 PMCID: PMC6615219 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring reactive intermediates can provide vital information in the study of synthetic reaction mechanisms, enabling the design of new catalysts and methods. Many synthetic transformations are centred on the alteration of oxidation states, but these redox processes frequently pass through intermediates with short life-times, making their study challenging. A variety of electroanalytical tools can be utilised to investigate these redox-active intermediates: from voltammetry to in situ spectroelectrochemistry and scanning electrochemical microscopy. This perspective provides an overview of these tools, with examples of both electrochemically-initiated processes and monitoring redox-active intermediates formed chemically in solution. The article is designed to introduce synthetic organic and organometallic chemists to electroanalytical techniques and their use in probing key mechanistic questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sandford
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Kevin J Klunder
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - David P Hickey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Koushik Barman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Henry S White
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , USA . ; ;
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47
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Zhou Z, Yuan Y, Cao Y, Qiao J, Yao A, Zhao J, Zuo W, Chen W, Lei A. Synergy of Anodic Oxidation and Cathodic Reduction Leads to Electrochemical C—H Halogenation. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Zhou
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Yong Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yangmin Cao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Jin Qiao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Anjin Yao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Wanqing Zuo
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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48
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Wan C, Song RJ, Li JH. Electrooxidative 1,2-Bromoesterification of Alkenes with Acids and N-Bromosuccinimide. Org Lett 2019; 21:2800-2803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Ren-Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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49
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Li F, Lin D, He T, Zhong W, Huang J. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Trifluoromethylation of
α, β‐
Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with CF
3
SO
2
Na. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang‐Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
| | - Dian‐Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
| | - Tian‐Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
| | - Wei‐Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
| | - Jing‐Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
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50
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Zhang S, Li L, Zhang J, Zhang J, Xue M, Xu K. Electrochemical fluoromethylation triggered lactonizations of alkenes under semi-aqueous conditions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3181-3185. [PMID: 30996899 PMCID: PMC6429606 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical difluoromethylation triggered lactonization of alkenes was developed for the first time. This protocol employs readily prepared CF2HSO2Na as the difluoromethylating reagent, affording unprecedented CF2H-containing lactones in moderate yields. Moreover, with CF3SO2Na as the trifluoromethylating reagent, a wide array of CF3-containing lactones were obtained under additional supporting electrolyte- and catalyst-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis , College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , 473061 , China . ;
| | - Lijun Li
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis , College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , 473061 , China . ;
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis , College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , 473061 , China . ;
| | - Junqi Zhang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis , College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , 473061 , China . ;
| | - Mengyu Xue
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis , College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , 473061 , China . ;
| | - Kun Xu
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Photo- and Electrochemical Catalysis , College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanyang Normal University , Nanyang , 473061 , China . ;
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124 , China
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