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Tsukamoto T. Recent advances in atomic cluster synthesis: a perspective from chemical elements. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10533-10550. [PMID: 38651597 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite its potential significance, "cluster chemistry" remains a somewhat marginalized topic within the chemistry field. However, atomic clusters with their unusual and unique structures and properties represent a novel material group situated between molecules and nanoparticles or solid matter, judging from both scientific standpoints and historical backgrounds. Surveying an entire material group, including all substances that can be regarded as a cluster, is essential for establishing cluster chemistry as a more prominent chemistry field. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding by categorizing, summarizing, and reviewing clusters, focusing on their constituent elements in the periodic table. However, because numerous disparate synthetic processes have been individually developed to date, their straightforward and uniform classification is a challenging task. As such, comprehensively reviewing this field from a chemical composition viewpoint presents significant obstacles. It should be therefore noted that despite adopting a synthetic method-based classification in this review, the discussions presented herein could entail inaccuracies. Nevertheless, this unorthodox viewpoint unfolds a new scientific perspective which accentuates the common ground between different development processes by emphasizing the lack of a definitive border between their synthetic methods and material groups, thus opening new avenues for cementing cluster chemistry as an attractive chemistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Tsukamoto
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
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2
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Wang M, Wang Y. Advances for Triangular and Sandwich-Shaped All-Metal Aromatics. Molecules 2024; 29:763. [PMID: 38398515 PMCID: PMC10892378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Much experimental work has been contributed to all-metal σ, π and δ-aromaticity among transition metals, semimetallics and other metals in the past two decades. Before our focused investigations on the properties of triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics, A. I. Boldyrev presented general discussions on the concepts of all-metal σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity for metallo-clusters. Schleyer illustrated that Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) were among the most authoritative criteria for aromaticity. Ugalde discussed the earlier developments of all-metal aromatic compounds with all possible shapes. Besides the theoretical predictions, many stable all-metal aromatic trinuclear clusters have been isolated as the metallic analogues of either the σ-aromatic molecule's [H3]+ ion or the π-aromatic molecule's [C3H3]+ ion. Different from Hoffman's opinion on all-metal aromaticity, triangular all-metal aromatics were found to hold great potential in applications in coordination chemistry, catalysis, and material science. Triangular all-metal aromatics, which were theoretically proved to conform to the Hückel (4n + 2) rule and possess the smallest aromatic ring, could also play roles as stable ligands during the formation of all-metal sandwiches. The triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics have not yet been specifically summarized despite their diversity of existence, puissant developments and various interesting applications. These findings are different from the public opinion that all-metal aromatics would be limited to further applications due to their overstated difficulties in synthesis and uncertain stabilities. Our review will specifically focus on the summarization of theoretical predictions, feasible syntheses and isolations, and multiple applications of triangular and sandwich shaped all-metal aromatics. The appropriateness and necessities of this review will emphasize and disseminate their importance and applications forcefully and in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
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3
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Taubert J, Vogt M, Langer R. Mass spectrometric detection of ion pairs containing rigid copper clusters and weakly coordinating counter ions using liquid injection field desorption/ionisation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:68-74. [PMID: 36437773 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221139419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative mass spectrometric investigation using electrospray ionisation (ESI) and liquid injection field desorption/ionisation (LIFDI) techniques is reported for the highly luminescent and cationic copper cluster [(PCP)3Cu4]+ (1[Formula: see text], PCP = [1,3-(Ph2P)2C6H3]-). Depending on the available counter ion X-, ion pairs consisting of the original or a modified cluster cation and the weakly coordinating counter ion can be detected by LIFDI-high-resolution-mass spectrometry in addition to the cluster cation. Notably, only large counter ions with an extremely low tendency for metal coordination give rise to the observation of ion pairs, whereas smaller ions such as BF4- do not show peaks corresponding to ion pairs in their mass spectra. In principle, two pathways were identified for the formation of positively charged ion pairs: (i) association of a generated Cu+ ion to the neutral ion pair [(PCP)3Cu4]X (1+X, X- = BAr20F, BAr24F) and (ii) abstraction of an electron from the neutral ion pair [(PCP)3Cu4]X (1+X), leading to the oxidised ion pair [1+X][Formula: see text] (X- = Al(ORF)4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Taubert
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Vogt
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Robert Langer
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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4
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Theoretical Analysis of Polynuclear Zinc Complexes Isolobally Related to Hydrocarbons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314858. [PMID: 36499186 PMCID: PMC9736195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the isolobal analogy of ZnCp (Cp = η5-C5H5) and ZnR (R = alkyl or aryl group) fragments with hydrogen atom and fragment [Zn(CO)2] with a CH2 carbene, the following complexes [(ZnCp)2{µ-Zn(CO)2}], 1, [(ZnPh)2{µ-Zn(CO)2}], 2, [(ZnPh){µ-Zn(CO)2}(ZnCp)], 3, [(ZnCp)2{µ-Zn2(CO)4}], 4, [(ZnPh)2{µ-Zn2(CO)4}], 5, [(ZnPh){µ-Zn(CO)2}2(ZnCp)], 6, [Zn3(CO)6], 7 and [Zn5(CO)10], 8, were built. These polynuclear zinc compounds are isolobally related to simple hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, cyclopropane and cyclopentane). They have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) to compare the nature and topology of the Zn-Zn bond with previous studies. There are bond critical points (BCPs) between each pair of adjacent Zn centers in complexes 1-8 with Zn-Zn distances within the range 2.37-2.50 Å. The nature of the Zn-Zn bond in these complexes can be described as polar rather than pure covalent bonds. Although in a subtle way, the presence of different ligands and zinc oxidation states introduces asymmetry and polarity in the Zn-Zn bond. In addition, the Zn-Zn bond is delocalized in nature in complex 7 whereas it can be described as a localized bond for the remaining zinc complexes here studied.
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5
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Fairlamb IJS. Well-Defined Pd n Clusters for Cross-Coupling and Hydrogenation Catalysis: New Opportunities for Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
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6
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Bigi F, Cauzzi D, Della Ca’ N, Malacria M, Maggi R, Motti E, Wang Y, Maestri G. Evolution of Triangular All-Metal Aromatic Complexes from Bonding Quandaries to Powerful Catalytic Platforms. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:373-385. [PMID: 36855666 PMCID: PMC9955218 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes an overview on the literature detailing the observation of trinuclear complexes that present delocalized metal-metal bonds similar to those of regular aromatics, which are formed combining main group elements. A particular emphasis is given to the structural and electronic features of aromatic clusters that are sufficiently stable to allow their isolation. In parallel to the description of their key bonding properties, the work presents reported catalytic applications of these complexes, which already span from elaborated C-C-forming cascades to highly efficient cross-coupling methods. These examples present peculiar aspects of the unique reactivity exerted by all-metal aromatic complexes, which can often be superior to their established, popular mononuclear peers in terms of chemoselectivity and chemical robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Bigi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy,IMEM-CNR, Parco Area
delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Cauzzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Della Ca’
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, IPCM, UMR CNRS 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75252 Cedex 05, France
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Motti
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng
University, 252059 Liaocheng, China
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy,
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7
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Cai Y, Jiang S, Dong L, Xu X. Synthesis and reactivity of heterometallic complexes containing Mg- or Zn-metalloligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3817-3827. [PMID: 35107467 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04117g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heteronuclear metal complexes comprising main group metals and transition metals have attracted widespread attention from researchers due to their applications in stoichiometric and catalytic activation of small molecules with possible cooperative effects. Herein, the advances of heterometallic complexes containing Mg- or Zn-metalloligands over the past ten years are reviewed. They consist of two parts: (i) synthetic approaches to heterometallic complexes. Only a brief discussion is made on the different Mg/Zn precursors since they have been summarized before. (ii) Stoichiometric and catalytic reactivities of heterometallic complexes containing Mg/Zn metalloligands. The exploration of the cooperative catalytic reaction of heterometallic complexes is still in its infancy, promising but challenging; thus, further investigations are required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Shengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Liqiu Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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8
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Li B, Huse K, Wölper C, Schulz S. Synthesis and reactivity of heteroleptic zinc(I) complexes toward heteroallenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13692-13695. [PMID: 34842862 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05617d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic zinc(I) complexes L1,2Zn-ZnCp* (L1 = HC[C(CF3)NC6F5]21; L2 = HC[C(Me)NDipp]2; Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2C6H32) are synthesized by reactions of Cp*2Zn2 with L1H and L2ZnH. 2 reacts with t-BuNCO to give unprecedented carbamate complex (4), while reactions with RN3 gave bis-hexazene, triazenide, and trimeric azide complexes (5-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Kevin Huse
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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9
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Staiger L, Kratky T, Günther S, Urstoeger A, Schuster M, Tomanek O, Zbořil R, Fischer RW, Fischer RA, Cokoja M. Nanometallurgy in solution: organometallic synthesis of intermetallic Pd-Ga colloids and their activity in semi-hydrogenation catalysis. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15038-15047. [PMID: 34533180 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) of Pd1--xGax (x = 0.67, 0.5, 0.33), stabilized in non-aqueous colloidal solution, were obtained via an organometallic approach under mild conditions using [Pd2(dvds)3] and GaCp* as all-hydrocarbon ligated metal-precursor compounds (dvds = 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-divinyl-disiloxane; Cp* = η5-C5Me5; Me = CH3). The reaction of the two precursors involves the formation of a library of molecular clusters [PdnGamCp*y(dvds)z], as shown by liquid injection field desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LIFDI-MS). Full characterization of the catalytic system (HR-TEM, EDX, DLS, PXRD, XPS, NMR, IR, Raman) confirmed the formation of ultra-small, spherical NPs with narrow size distributions ranging from 1.2 ± 0.2 nm to 2.1 ± 0.4 nm (depending on the Pd : Ga ratio). The catalytic performance of the Pd1--xGax NPs in the semi-hydrogenation of terminal and internal alkynes and the influence of the gallium content on product selectivity were investigated. The highest activities (65%) and selectivities (81%) are achieved using colloids with a "stoichiometric" Pd/Ga ratio of 1 : 1 at 0 °C and 2.0 bar H2 pressure. While lower Ga ratios lead to an increase in activity, higher Ga contents increase the olefin selectivity but are detrimental to the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Staiger
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Tim Kratky
- Chair of Physical Chemistry with Focus on Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Chair of Physical Chemistry with Focus on Catalysis, Catalysis Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Alexander Urstoeger
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Michael Schuster
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Ondrej Tomanek
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Mirza Cokoja
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany.
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10
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Schütz M, Gemel C, Klein W, Fischer RA, Fässler TF. Intermetallic phases meet intermetalloid clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8496-8510. [PMID: 34114586 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article intermetalloid clusters of Cu-Zn, Cu-AI, Cu-Sn, and Cu-Pb are discussed. Intermetallic compounds based on these metal combinations are of the Hume-Rothery type with well-defined structures related to the valence electron count of the involved metals. Many Zintl-type and molecular clusters with these metals are known with remarkable structural parallels to the respective solid-state phases. On several examples, this article discusses intermetalloid clusters in terms of their metal core structures and relates them to structural principles in intermetallic solid-state phases. Also the syntheses of such clusters are addressed. Zintl-type and molecular clusters are most generally accessible from organometallic precursor complexes with redox processes between the different metals as an underlying synthesis concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Muhr M, Heiß P, Schütz M, Bühler R, Gemel C, Linden MH, Linden HB, Fischer RA. Enabling LIFDI-MS measurements of highly air sensitive organometallic compounds: a combined MS/glovebox technique. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9031-9036. [PMID: 33970171 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new setup combining a ThermoFisher Exactive Plus Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer with a liquid injection field desorption ionization (LIFDI) source directly connected to an inert atmosphere glovebox is presented. The described setup allows for the analysis of very air- and moisture sensitive samples. Furthermore, the soft nature of LIFDI ionization gives access to the molecular ions of fragile molecules. This new setup is therefore especially useful for sensitive organometallic complexes. The functionality of the new setup is tested against [(Cp)2TiCl]˙, which is known for its notorious sensitivity to air and moisture. Its drastic colour change from green to orange upon exposure to air further supports the easy detection of traces of oxygen during the experiment. In addition, we applied this setup to the mass spectrometric analysis of the qualitative composition of a Cu/Al cluster mixture, which is not accessible by other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muhr
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Patricia Heiß
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael Bühler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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12
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Orlando Morais F, Andriani KF, Da Silva JLF. Investigation of the Stability Mechanisms of Eight-Atom Binary Metal Clusters Using DFT Calculations and k-means Clustering Algorithm. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3411-3420. [PMID: 34161078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report density functional theory calculations combined with the k-means clustering algorithm and the Spearman rank correlation analysis to investigate the stability mechanisms of eight-atom binary metal AB clusters, where A and B are Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Al, and Zn (7 unary and 21 binary clusters). Based on the excess energy analysis, the six most stable binary clusters are NiAl, NiGa, CoAl, FeNi, NiZn, and FeAl, and except for FeNi, their highest energetic stabilities can be explained by the hybridization of the d- and sp-states, which is maximized at the 50% composition, i.e., A4B4. Based on the Spearman correlation analysis, the energetic stability of the binary clusters increases with an increase in the highest occupied molecule orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energy separation, which can be considered as a global descriptor. Furthermore, reducing the total magnetic moment values increases the stability for binary clusters without the Fe, Co, and Ni species, while the binary FeB, CoB, and NiB clusters increase their energetic stability with a decrease in the cluster radius, respectively, i.e., an energetic preference for compact structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Orlando Morais
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla F Andriani
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juarez L F Da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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13
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Schütz M, Gemel C, Muhr M, Jandl C, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Fischer RA. Exploring Cu/Al cluster growth and reactivity: from embryonic building blocks to intermetalloid, open-shell superatoms. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6588-6599. [PMID: 34040734 PMCID: PMC8132940 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00268f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster growth reactions in the system [Cu5](Mes)5 + [Al4](Cp*)4 (Mes = mesitylene, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadiene) were explored and monitored by in situ LIFDI-MS and 1H-NMR. Feedback into experimental design allowed for an informed choice and precise adjustment of reaction conditions and led to isolation of the intermetallic cluster [Cu4Al4](Cp*)5(Mes) (1). Cluster 1 reacts with excess 3-hexyne to yield the triangular cluster [Cu2Al](Cp*)3 (2). The two embryonic [Cu4Al4](Cp*)5(Mes) and [Cu2Al](Cp*)3 clusters 1 and 2, respectively, were shown to be intermediates in the formation of an inseparable composite of the closely related clusters [Cu7Al6](Cp*)6 (3), [HCu7Al6](Cp*)6 (3H) and [Cu8Al6](Cp*)6 (4), which just differ by one Cu core atom. The radical nature of the open-shell superatomic [Cu7Al6](Cp*)6 cluster 3 is reflected in its reactivity towards addition of one Cu core atom leading to the closed shell superatom [Cu8Al6](Cp*)6 (4), and as well by its ability to undergo σ(C-H) and σ(Si-H) activation reactions of C6H5CH3 (toluene) and (TMS)3SiH (TMS = tris(trimethylsilyl)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 D-85748 Garching Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 D-85748 Garching Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Maximilian Muhr
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 D-85748 Garching Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1 D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich Lichtenbergstrasse 4 D-85748 Garching Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1 D-85748 Garching Germany
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14
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Li B, Wölper C, Huse K, Schulz S. Intermediate snapshot on the insertion reaction of isocyanates into the Zn-Cp* bond of dizincocene Cp* 2Zn 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8643-8646. [PMID: 32601630 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03831h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic Zn(i) complexes Cp*Zn-Zn(N(R)C(Cp*)O) (R = Dipp = 2,6-i-Pr2-C6H32, t-Bu 3) with unsymmetrically η4-coordinated Cp* substituents represent snapshots of the insertion reaction of RNCO into the Zn-Cp* bond of Cp*2Zn21. The bonding situation in 2 and 3, which represent the first Zn(i) olefin complexes, was evaluated by computational calculation and further compared to other Zn(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Kevin Huse
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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15
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Qiao L, Zhang C, Shu CC, Morgan HWT, McGrady JE, Sun ZM. [Cu4@E18]4– (E = Sn, Pb): Fused Derivatives of Endohedral Stannaspherene and Plumbaspherene. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13288-13293. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Cong-Cong Shu
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Harry W. T. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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16
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Schütz M, Muhr M, Freitag K, Gemel C, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Da Silva ACH, Da Silva JLF, Fässler TF, Fischer RA. Contrasting Structure and Bonding of a Copper-Rich and a Zinc-Rich Intermetalloid Cu/Zn Cluster. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9077-9085. [PMID: 32578989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the Cu(I) sources, [Cu5](Mes)5 and [(iDipp)CuOtBu] (Mes = mesityl; iDipp = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene) with the Zn(I) complex [Zn2](Cp*)2 leads to a mixture of intermetallic Cu/Zn clusters with a distribution of species that is dependent on the stoichiometric ratio of the reactants, the reaction time, as well as the temperature. Systematic and careful investigation of the product mixtures rendered the isolation of two new clusters possible, i.e., the Zn-rich, red cluster 1, [CuZn10](Cp*)7 = [Cu(ZnZnCp*)3(ZnCp*)4], as well as the Cu-rich, dark-green cluster 2 [Cu10Zn2](Mes)6(Cp*)2. Structure and bonding of these two species was rationalized with the help of density functional theory calculations. Whereas 1 can be viewed as an 18-electron Cu center coordinated to four ZnCp* and three ZnZnCp* one-electron ligands (with some interligand bonding interaction), compound 2 is better to be described as a six-electron superatom cluster. This unusual electron count is associated with a prolate distortion from a spherical superatom structure. This unexpected situation is likely to be associated with the ZnCp* capping units that offer the possibility to strongly bind to the top and the bottom of the cluster in addition to the bridging mesityl ligands stabilizing the Cu core of the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Maximilian Muhr
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kerstin Freitag
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Augusto C H Da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, PO Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juarez L F Da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, PO Box 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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17
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Jiang S, Chen M, Xu X. Formation of Zn-Zn and Zn-Pd Bonded Complexes by Reactions of Terminal Zinc Hydrides with Pd(II) Species. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13213-13220. [PMID: 31502831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Divalent palladium-induced homocoupling of terminal zinc hydrides to zinc-zinc bonded complexes was achieved herein. Reactions of zinc hydrides [LZnH] (L = CH3C(2,6-iPr2C6H3N)CHC(CH3)(N(CH2)nCH2PPh2); 1a: n = 1; 1b: n = 2) with 0.5 equiv of allyl(cyclopentadienyl)palladium(II) afforded heterotrinuclear [Zn2Pd] complexes 3 containing direct Zn-Zn and Zn-Pd bonds, with concomitant elimination of propylene and cyclopentadiene. Complexes 3 were also accessed by the reactions of zinc hydrides 1 with allylpalladium(II) chloride with release of propylene and hydrogen chloride. Treatment of zinc hydrides 1 with 1 equiv of allyl(cyclopentadienyl)palladium(II) gave Zn-Pd bonded complex 5 by elimination of propylene, which can be transformed into heterotrinuclear complex 3 by further reaction with one additional molar equivalent of zinc hydrides. Heterobimetallic Zn-Pd complex 5b was found to be an effective catalyst in the hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde and its derivatives. Reaction of 5b with silane reagent Ph2SiH2 produced [Pd2Si2H2] complex 8 with cleavage of the Pd-Zn bond, which served as an initiating species in the catalytic reaction. Complexes 4b, 5, and 8 in this study were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
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18
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Ayala R, Galindo A. A QTAIM and DFT study of the dizinc bond in non-symmetric [CpZn2Ln] complexes. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Hornung J, Muhr M, Gemel C, Fischer RA. All-zinc coordinated nickel-complexes as molecular mimics for NiZn catalyst surfaces, a density functional theory study. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11743-11748. [PMID: 31298254 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02005e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A prospective connection between Hume-Rothery inspired TM/E (TM = transition metal; E = Al, Ga, Zn) complexes and clusters with the related solid-state intermetallic TM/E compounds is presented with respect to the industrially relevant catalytic semihydrogenation of acetylene. The theoretical study dealing with [Ni(ER)n(C2Hx)4-n] (x = 2, 4; R = CH3, C5Me5,) calculated on the DFT level of theory shows intriguing structural and electronic properties of the examined complexes. Different Ni-E complexes show preferred binding of C2H2 over C2H4 in bridging positions between Ni and E depending on the [Ni(ER)n] fragment. These findings render molecular TM/E systems, such as Ni/Zn, promising candidates to mimic key intermediates of intermetallic catalysts applied in heterogeneous hydrogenation reactions. We put these findings into the context of existing synthetic results and illustrate different experimental approaches to obtain compounds of the general formula [TMaEb](Cp*)c(UHC)d (UHC = unsaturated hydrocarbon ligands) as potential surface models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Hornung
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Muhr
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Christian Gemel
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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