1
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Liu Y, Kajihara Y, Okamoto R. Post-translational activation of the C-terminus of polypeptides for the synthesis of peptide thioesters and peptide thioester surrogates. Front Chem 2024; 12:1424953. [PMID: 39076613 PMCID: PMC11284063 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1424953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Semisynthesis using recombinant polypeptides is a powerful approach for the synthesis of proteins having a variety of modifications. Peptide thioesters, of which the peptide C-terminus is activated by a thioester, are utilized for coupling peptide building blocks. Biological methods employing intein have been a center for the C-terminal thioesterification of recombinant polypeptides. Chemical activation has emerged as an alternative methodology for synthesizing peptide thioesters from recombinant polypeptides. Chemical reactions are compatible with various solutions containing organic solvents, chaotropic reagents, or detergents that are generally incompatible with biomolecules such as intein. Despite the potential utility of chemical activation, available methods remain limited. This article introduces the methods for the chemical activation of a peptide C-terminus applied to the chemical synthesis of proteins. By showcasing these methodologies, we aim to accelerate the advancement of new chemical reactions and methodologies and broaden the frontiers for the chemical synthesis of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kajihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Okamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Forefront Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Zeng Y, Shi W, Liu Z, Xu H, Liu L, Hang J, Wang Y, Lu M, Zhou W, Huang W, Tang F. C-terminal modification and functionalization of proteins via a self-cleavage tag triggered by a small molecule. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7169. [PMID: 37935692 PMCID: PMC10630284 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise modification or functionalization of the protein C-terminus is essential but full of challenges. Herein, a chemical approach to modify the C-terminus is developed by fusing a cysteine protease domain on the C-terminus of the protein of interest, which could achieve the non-enzymatic C-terminal functionalization by InsP6-triggered cysteine protease domain self-cleavage. This method demonstrates a highly efficient way to achieve protein C-terminal functionalization and is compatible with a wide range of amine-containing molecules and proteins. Additionally, a reversible C-terminal de-functionalization is found by incubating the C-terminal modified proteins with cysteine protease domain and InsP6, providing a tool for protein functionalization and de-functionalization. Last, various applications of protein C-terminal functionalization are provided in this work, as demonstrated by the site-specific assembly of nanobody drug conjugates, the construction of a bifunctional antibody, the C-terminal fluorescent labeling, and the C-terminal transpeptidation and glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiaying Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Mengru Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Rd, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Center for Biotherapeutics Discovery Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.555 Zuchongzhi Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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3
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Otaka A. Development of Naturally Inspired Peptide and Protein Chemistry. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:748-764. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
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4
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Denda M, Otaka A. Advances in Preparation of Peptide and Protein Thioesters Aiming to Use in Medicinal Sciences. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:316-323. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Denda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
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5
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Mo Z, Lin S, Chen W, He C. Protein Ligation and Labeling Enabled by a C-Terminal Tetracysteine Tag. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115377. [PMID: 35060269 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hydrazinolysis of S-cyanylated peptide provides an alternative way to afford protein α-hydrazide, a key reagent used in native chemical ligation (NCL), without the aid of any inteins or enzymes. The currently used non-selective S-cyanylation, however, allows no other cysteine in the protein besides the one at the cleavage site. Herein, we report a regioselective S-cyanylation and hydrazinolysis strategy achieved via the fusion of a tetracysteine tag to the C-terminal of the protein of interest. We term it tetracysteine enabled protein ligation (TCEPL). While highly selective, the strategy is applicable for proteins expressed as inclusion bodies, and this was showcased by the efficient semi-synthesis of an iron-sulfur protein rubredoxin and the catalytic and hinge domains of matrix metalloprotease-14 (MMP-14) containing 207 amino acid residues. Furthermore, the TCEPL strategy was exploited for protein C-terminal labeling with amino reagents bearing a variety of functional groups, demonstrating its versatility and generality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Mo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunmao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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6
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Mo Z, Lin S, Chen W, He C. Protein Ligation and Labeling Enabled by a C‐Terminal Tetracysteine Tag. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Mo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Wentao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Chunmao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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7
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Zhang D, Wang Z, Hu S, Chan NY, Liew HT, Lescar J, Tam JP, Liu CF. Asparaginyl Endopeptidase-Mediated Protein C-Terminal Hydrazinolysis for the Synthesis of Bioconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:238-247. [PMID: 34985285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs) are cysteinyl enzymes naturally catalyzing the hydrolysis and transpeptidation reactions at Asx-Xaa bonds. These reactions go by a common acyl-enzyme thioester intermediate, which is either attacked by water (for a protease-AEP) or by a peptidic amine nucleophile (for a ligase-AEP) to form the respective hydrolysis or aminolysis product. Herein, we show that hydrazine and hydroxylamine, two α-effect nucleophiles, are capable of resolving the thioester intermediate to yield peptide and protein products containing a C-terminal hydrazide and hydroxamic acid functionality, respectively. The hydrazinolysis reaction exhibits very high efficiency and can be completed in minutes at a low enzyme-to-substrate ratio. We further show the utility of the so-formed asparaginyl hydrazide in native chemical ligation and hydrazone conjugation. Using an EGFR-targeting affibody as a model protein, we have showcased our methodology in the preparation of a number of protein ligation or conjugation products, which are decorated with various functional moieties. The ZEGFR affibody-doxorubicin conjugate shows high selective binding and cytotoxicity toward the EGFR-positive A431 cells. Our results demonstrate the advantages of AEP-mediated protein hydrazinolysis as a simple and straightforward strategy for the precision manufacturing of protein bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingpeng Zhang
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Side Hu
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Ning-Yu Chan
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Heng Tai Liew
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
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8
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Nomura K, Liu Y, Kajihara Y. Synthesis of homogeneous glycoproteins with diverse N-glycans. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2022; 81:57-93. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Chong YK, Chandrashekar C, Zhao D, Maki Y, Okamoto R, Kajihara Y. Optimization of Semisynthetic Approach for Glycosyl Interferon-β-polypeptide by Utilizing Bacterial Protein Expression and Chemical Modification. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1907-1915. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02391h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a sufficient amount of homogenous glycoprotein is of great interest because the natural glycoproteins show a considerable heterogeneity in oligosaccharide structures making the studies of glycan structure-function relationship...
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10
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Ueda M, Komiya C, Arii S, Kusumoto K, Denda M, Okuhira K, Shigenaga A, Otaka A. Sequence-Independent Traceless Method for Preparation of Peptide/Protein Thioesters Using CPaseY-Mediated Hydrazinolysis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:1226-1232. [PMID: 33028801 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteins incorporating artificial moieties such as fluorophores and drugs have enjoyed increasing use in chemical biology and drug development research. Preparation of such artificial protein derivatives has relied mainly on native chemical ligation in which peptide/protein thioesters chemoselectively react with N-terminal cysteine (Cys) peptides to afford protein molecules. The protein thioesters derived from expressed proteins represent thioesters that are very useful for the preparation of artificial proteins by native chemical ligation with synthetic peptides with N-terminal Cys. We recently have developed a traceless thioester-producing protocol using carboxypeptidase Y (CPaseY) which is compatible with an expressed protein. The traceless character is ensured by CPaseY-mediated hydrazinolysis of C-terminal Xaa (X)-Cys-proline (Pro)-leucine (Leu)-OH sequence followed by an auto-processing of the Cys-Pro (CP) dipeptide unit, affording the corresponding X-thioester (X-SR). However, hydrazinolysis of the amide bond in the prolyl leucine junction depends significantly on the nature of X. In the case of hydrophobic X residues, the hydrazinolysis overreacts to give several hydrazides while the reaction of hydrophilic X residues proceeds slowly. In this research, we attempted to develop an X-independent CPaseY-mediated protocol and found that the incorporation of a triple CP sequence into the C-terminal end (X-(CP)3-Leu-OH) allows for efficient X-SR formation in a manner that is independent of X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ueda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Chiaki Komiya
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Sayuki Arii
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Kohshi Kusumoto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Masaya Denda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
| | - Keiichiro Okuhira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University.,Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University
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11
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Martin V, Egelund PHG, Johansson H, Thordal Le Quement S, Wojcik F, Sejer Pedersen D. Greening the synthesis of peptide therapeutics: an industrial perspective. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42457-42492. [PMID: 35516773 PMCID: PMC9057961 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is generally the method of choice for the chemical synthesis of peptides, allowing routine synthesis of virtually any type of peptide sequence, including complex or cyclic peptide products. Importantly, SPPS can be automated and is scalable, which has led to its widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry, and a variety of marketed peptide-based drugs are now manufactured using this approach. However, SPPS-based synthetic strategies suffer from a negative environmental footprint mainly due to extensive solvent use. Moreover, most of the solvents used in peptide chemistry are classified as problematic by environmental agencies around the world and will soon need to be replaced, which in recent years has spurred a movement in academia and industry to make peptide synthesis greener. These efforts have been centred around solvent substitution, recycling and reduction, as well as exploring alternative synthetic methods. In this review, we focus on methods pertaining to solvent substitution and reduction with large-scale industrial production in mind, and further outline emerging technologies for peptide synthesis. Specifically, the technical requirements for large-scale manufacturing of peptide therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Martin
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Peter H G Egelund
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | | | - Felix Wojcik
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, CMC API Development Smørmosevej 17-19 DK-2880 Bagsværd Denmark +45 4444 8888
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12
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Chio TI, Demestichas BR, Brems BM, Bane SL, Tumey LN. Expanding the Versatility of Microbial Transglutaminase Using α‐Effect Nucleophiles as Noncanonical Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tak Ian Chio
- Department of Chemistry Binghamton University State University of New York 25 Murray Hill Rd Vestal NY 13850 USA
| | - Breanna R. Demestichas
- Department of Chemistry Binghamton University State University of New York 25 Murray Hill Rd Vestal NY 13850 USA
| | - Brittany M. Brems
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University State University of New York 96 Corliss Ave Johnson City NY 13790 USA
| | - Susan L. Bane
- Department of Chemistry Binghamton University State University of New York 25 Murray Hill Rd Vestal NY 13850 USA
| | - L. Nathan Tumey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University State University of New York 96 Corliss Ave Johnson City NY 13790 USA
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13
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Chio TI, Demestichas BR, Brems BM, Bane SL, Tumey LN. Expanding the Versatility of Microbial Transglutaminase Using α-Effect Nucleophiles as Noncanonical Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13814-13820. [PMID: 32268004 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The substrate promiscuity of microbial transglutaminase (mTG) has been exploited in various applications in biotechnology, in particular for the attachment of alkyl amines to glutamine-containing peptides and proteins. Here, we expand the substrate repertoire to include hydrazines, hydrazides, and alkoxyamines, resulting in the formation of isopeptide bonds with varied susceptibilities to hydrolysis or exchange by mTG. Furthermore, we demonstrate that simple unsubstituted hydrazine and dihydrazides can be used to install reactive hydrazide handles onto the side chain of internal glutamine residues. The distinct hydrazide handles can be further coupled with carbonyls, including ortho-carbonylphenylboronic acids, to form site-specific and functional bioconjugates with tunable hydrolytic stability. The extension of the substrate scope of mTG beyond canonical amines thus substantially broadens the versatility of the enzyme, providing a new approach to facilitate novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Ian Chio
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 25 Murray Hill Rd, Vestal, NY, 13850, USA
| | - Breanna R Demestichas
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 25 Murray Hill Rd, Vestal, NY, 13850, USA
| | - Brittany M Brems
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA
| | - Susan L Bane
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 25 Murray Hill Rd, Vestal, NY, 13850, USA
| | - L Nathan Tumey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 96 Corliss Ave, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA
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14
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Abstract
The chemistries selectively modifying recombinant proteins are valuable for the discovery and development of biologic therapeutics. We report here a Lys modification strategy that engages a Cys residue to covalently tether the reagents to the target that facilitates a proximity-driven intramolecular O-to-N acyl-transfer process yielding desired Lys-acylated products. We utilized GLP-1 as a case study, followed by desulfurization of the Cys mutation to native Ala regenerating the native sequence in a traceless fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hymel
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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