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Žibert T, Likozar B, Huš M. Modelling Photocatalytic N 2 Reduction to Ammonia: Where We Stand and Where We Are Going. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301730. [PMID: 38523408 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Artificial ammonia synthesis via the Haber-Bosch process is environmentally problematic due to the high energy consumption and corresponding CO2 ${_2 }$ emissions, produced during the reaction and before hand in hydrogen production upon methane steam reforming. Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation as a greener alternative to the conventional Haber-Bosch process enables us to perform nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under mild conditions, harnessing light as the energy source. Herein, we systematically review first-principles calculations used to determine the electronic/optical properties of photocatalysts, N2 adsorption and to expound possible NRR mechanisms. The most commonly studied photocatalysts for nitrogen fixation are usually modified with dopants, defects, co-catalysts and Z-scheme heterojunctions to prevent charge carrier recombination, improve charge separation efficiency and adjust a band gap to for utilizing a broader light spectrum. Most studies at the atomistic level of modeling are grounded upon density functional theory (DFT) calculations, wholly foregoing excitation effects paramount in photocatalysis. Hence, there is a dire need to consider methods beyond DFT to study the excited state properties more accurately. Furthermore, a few studies have been examined, which include higher level kinetics and macroscale simulations. Ultimately, we show there is still ample room for improvement with regard to first principles calculations and their integration in multiscale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Žibert
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Likozar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Huš
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, Poljanska 40, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Association for Technical Culture (ZOTKS), Zaloška 65, SI, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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He F, Hu Y, Zhong H, Wang Z, Peng S, Li Y. Effect of molten-salt modulation on the composition and structure of g-C 3N 4-based photocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10476-10487. [PMID: 37577935 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), as an attractive metal-free polymer photocatalyst, has attracted extensive attention in energy and environmental fields in recent years. The photoactivity of bulk g-C3N4 is moderate on account of solid-phase thermal-condensation synthesis. This leads to inadequate light absorption, limited surface area, and easy recombination of charge carriers. The composition and nanostructure of g-C3N4 have been studied extensively. Molten-salt modulation is fascinating because of its "green" credentials and the properties of liquid-phase reaction systems. The review focuses mainly on molten-salt modulation of the composition and structure of g-C3N4 based-photocatalysts. We focus on elemental doping, molecular doping, and defect engineering, as well as control of the crystal structure, multi-dimensional structure, hom/heterostructures for photocatalytic applications. This review provides new insights to develop g-C3N4-based photocatalysts with control of composition and structure by facile molten-salt modulation in energy-conversion and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Shaoqin Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yuexiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
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3
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Roles of Zn single atom over carbon nitride-based heterojunction in boosting photogenerated carrier transfer. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Wei Y, Jiang W, Liu Y, Bai X, Hao D, Ni BJ. Recent advances in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation and beyond. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2990-2997. [PMID: 35166288 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00198e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The traditional synthesis of ammonia is an industrial process with high energy consumption that is not environmentally friendly; thus, it is urgent to develop cost-effective approaches to synthesize ammonia under ambient conditions. In recent years, the photochemical synthesis of ammonia has become a hot research frontier. In this mini review, we summarize the recent advances in materials sciences for photocatalytic nitrogen fixation. Beyond nitrogen fixation, we talk about an alternative for artificial ammonia synthesis and coupling reactions with other reactions for the synthesis of other high-value chemicals. The results and findings of this review will help the development of ammonia synthesis and the synthesis of other high-value chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Derek Hao
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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5
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Identification of Active Species in Photodegradation of Aqueous Imidacloprid over g-C3N4/TiO2 Nanocomposites. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, g-C3N4/TiO2 composites were fabricated through a hydrothermal method for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid (IMI) pesticide. The composites were fabricated at varying loading of sonochemically exfoliated g-C3N4 (denoted as CNS). Complementary characterization results indicate that the heterojunction between the CNS and TiO2 formed. Among the composites, the 0.5CNS/TiO2 material gave the highest photocatalytic activity (93% IMI removal efficiency) under UV-Vis light irradiation, which was 2.2 times over the pristine g-C3N4. The high photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4/TiO2 composites could be ascribed to the band gap energy reduction and suppression of photo-induced charge carrier recombination on both TiO2 and CNS surfaces. In addition, it was found that the active species involved in the photodegradation process are OH• and holes, and a possible mechanism was proposed. The g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalysts exhibited stable photocatalytic performance after regeneration, which shows that g-C3N4/TiO2 is a promising material for the photodegradation of imidacloprid pesticide in wastewater.
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Cheng M, Xiao C, Xie Y. Shedding Light on the Role of Chemical Bond in Catalysis of Nitrogen Fixation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007891. [PMID: 34476865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ) and nitrates are essential for human society because of their widespread utilization for producing medicines, fibers, fertilizers, etc. In recent years, the development on nitrogen fixation under mild reaction conditions has attracted much attention. However, the very low conversion efficiency and ambiguous catalytic mechanism remain the major hurdles for the research of nitrogen fixation. This review aims to clarify the role of chemical bond in catalytic nitrogen fixation by summarizing and analyzing the recent development of nitrogen fixation research. In detail, the atomic-scale mechanism of nitrogen fixation reaction, the various methods to improve the nitrogen fixation performance, and the computational investigation of nitrogen fixation are discussed, all from a chemical bond perspective. It is hoped that this review could trigger more profound pondering and deeper exploration in the field of catalytic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, iCHEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chong Xiao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, iCHEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Centre for Excellence in Nanoscience, iCHEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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7
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Photocatalytic Fixation of Molecular Nitrogen in Systems Based on Graphite-Like Carbon Nitride: a Review. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-021-09678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Saji SE, Lu H, Lu Z, Carroll A, Yin Z. An Experimentally Verified LC-MS Protocol toward an Economical, Reliable, and Quantitative Isotopic Analysis in Nitrogen Reduction Reactions. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2000694. [PMID: 34928081 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To substitute the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process for the synthesis of ammonia, some labile techniques, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and photothermocatalysis, have emerged and attracted intense research interest. However, the contamination of the reaction system is one of the major concerns on how to reliably and accurately evaluate the performance of these catalysts, which is why various control studies are involved. Isotopic labeling studies are one of the most reliable control strategies in nitrogen fixation experiments, to ensure that N2 is exclusively the source of the generated ammonia. As a convenient, sensitive and accurate technique distinguished with a quantitative atomic mass resolution, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been extensively employed for the detection of ammonia in aqueous electrolyte systems. However, the previous work protocols for 15 N2 isotopic analysis using LC-MS either involved hazardous procedures which could potentially damage the instrument, or lacked in their experimental verification using real samples. Herein, a safe, reproducible and economical protocol for the detection of ammonia using LC-MS is presented, exhibiting an exponentially steep progressive detectivity of 15 N abundance, well verified with a series of experimental results for nitrogen reduction reactions. This is expected to provide a prudent cost-effective and sustainable gateway into isotopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Elizabeth Saji
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Haijiao Lu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ziyang Lu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Adam Carroll
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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9
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Li FR, Wang T, Li YJ, Xu XY, Ma CH, Chen WL, Zhu GS. Heteropoly Blue/Protonation-Defective Graphitic Carbon Nitride Heterojunction for the Photo-Driven Nitrogen Reduction Reaction. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5829-5839. [PMID: 33779146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a heterojunction is a crucial strategy to design highly effective nonnoble metal nanocatalysts for the photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (PNRR). Heteropoly blues (r-POMs) can act as electron-transfer mediators in PNRR, but its agglomeration limits the further promotion of PNRR productivity. In this work, we construct a protonation-modified surface of N-vacancy g-C3N4 (HV-C3N4), achieving the high dispersion of r-POMs via the surface modification strategy. Enlightened by the synergy effect of the nitrogenase, r-POMs were anchored onto HV-C3N4 nanosheets through an electrostatic self-assembly method for preparing r-POMs-based protonation-defective graphitic carbonitride (HV-C3N4/r-POMs). As an electron donor, r-PW12 can match with the energy level of HV-C3N4 to build a heterojunction. The electron redistribution of the heterojunction facilitates the optimization of the electronic structure for enhancing the performance of PNRR. HV-C3N4/r-PW12 exhibits the best PNRR efficiency of 171.4 μmol L-1 h-1, which is boosted by 94.39% (HV-C3N4) and 86.98% (r-PW12). The isotope 15NH4+ experiment proves that ammonia is derived from N2, not carbon nitride. This study opens up a crucial view to achieve the high dispersion of r-POMs nanoparticles and develop high-efficiency nonnoble metal photocatalysts for the PNRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Yun-Jiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xue-Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Chun-Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Wei-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Guang-Shan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
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10
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Huang R, Li X, Gao W, Zhang X, Liang S, Luo M. Recent advances in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: from active sites to ammonia quantification methods. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14844-14861. [PMID: 35423978 PMCID: PMC8697998 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation has become a hot topic in recent years due to its mild and sustainable advantages. While modifying the photocatalyst to enhance its electron separation, light absorption and nitrogen reduction abilities, the role of the active sites in the catalytic reaction cannot be ignored because the N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N nitrogen bond is too strong to activate. This review summarizes the recent research on nitrogen fixation, focusing on the active sites for N2 on the catalyst surface, classifying common active sites, explaining the main role and additional role of the active sites in catalytic reactions, and discussing the methods to increase the number of active sites and their activation ability. Finally, the outlook for future research is presented. It is hoped this review could help researchers understand more about the activation of the nitrogen molecules and lead more efforts into research on nitrogen fixation photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Photovoltaic Materials, Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Wanguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Sen Liang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Photovoltaic Materials, Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
| | - Min Luo
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University Yinchuan Ningxia 750021 China
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11
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Zhang L, Ge J, Zhuang T, Ding X, Zheng X. Enhanced photocatalytic nitrogen fixation performance of g-C3N4 under the burning explosion effect. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-021-01947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Li P, Gao S, Liu Q, Ding P, Wu Y, Wang C, Yu S, Liu W, Wang Q, Chen S. Recent Progress of the Design and Engineering of Bismuth Oxyhalides for Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation. ADVANCED ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aesr.202000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Li
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials College of Elementary Education Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT) Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education) College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials College of Elementary Education Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Peiren Ding
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials College of Elementary Education Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yunyun Wu
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials College of Elementary Education Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Changzheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environmental Remediation Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
| | - Shaobin Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environmental Remediation Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Beijing 100044 China
| | - Wen Liu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT) Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education) College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Laboratory for Micro-sized Functional Materials College of Elementary Education Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 China
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
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Gao W, Li X, Luo S, Luo Z, Zhang X, Huang R, Luo M. In situ modification of cobalt on MXene/TiO2 as composite photocatalyst for efficient nitrogen fixation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 585:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Zhao W, Liu B, Qin J, Ke J, Yu L, Hu X. Defect and Interface Engineering on Two‐Dimensional Nanosheets for the Photocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction Reaction. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhao
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Baojun Liu
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment Ministry of Education Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Jiangzhou Qin
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Jun Ke
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Yu
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Xia Hu
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment Ministry of Education Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
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15
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Meng A, Teng Z, Zhang Q, Su C. Intrinsic Defects in Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Photocatalysis Applications. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3405-3415. [PMID: 32902148 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introducing intrinsic defects in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) without the addition of exotic atoms have been verified as an available strategy to boost the photocatalytic performance. This minireview focuses on the fundamental classifications and positive roles of intrinsic defects in PCN for photocatalysis applications. The intrinsic defects in PCN are classified into several types, such as nitrogen vacancy, carbon vacancy and derivative functional groups such as cyano, amino and cyanamide groups. The critical roles of these defects on the electronic configuration, charge transfer and surface properties of PCN are also carefully classified and elaborated. Furthermore, the photocatalysis applications of the defective PCN including photocatalytic water splitting, N2 fixation, H2 O2 production, CO2 reduction and NO removal are summarized. In the end, the challenges and opportunities of defect chemistry in PCN for photocatalysis field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Meng
- International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Teng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, 804-8550, Japan
| | - Qitao Zhang
- International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaboration Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang M, Zhu K, Qin L, Kang SZ, Li X. Enhanced electron transfer and photocatalytic hydrogen production over the carbon nitride/porphyrin nanohybrid finely bridged by special copper. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02272d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A graphitic carbon nitride/tetrakis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin nanohybrid smartly fabricated with special Cu showed excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center of Graphene Research
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Kun Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center of Graphene Research
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Lixia Qin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center of Graphene Research
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Shi-Zhao Kang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center of Graphene Research
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Xiangqing Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center of Graphene Research
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
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