1
|
Small molecule binding to surface-supported single-site transition-metal reaction centres. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7407. [PMID: 36456555 PMCID: PMC9715722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite dominating industrial processes, heterogeneous catalysts remain challenging to characterize and control. This is largely attributable to the diversity of potentially active sites at the catalyst-reactant interface and the complex behaviour that can arise from interactions between active sites. Surface-supported, single-site molecular catalysts aim to bring together benefits of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, offering easy separability while exploiting molecular design of reactivity, though the presence of a surface is likely to influence reaction mechanisms. Here, we use metal-organic coordination to build reactive Fe-terpyridine sites on the Ag(111) surface and study their activity towards CO and C2H4 gaseous reactants using low-temperature ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunnelling microscopy, scanning tunnelling spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy supported by density-functional theory models. Using a site-by-site approach at low temperature to visualize the reaction pathway, we find that reactants bond to the Fe-tpy active sites via surface-bound intermediates, and investigate the role of the substrate in understanding and designing single-site catalysts on metallic supports.
Collapse
|
2
|
Baranowski D, Cojocariu I, Sala A, Africh C, Comelli G, Schio L, Tormen M, Floreano L, Feyer V, Schneider CM. Conservation of Nickel Ion Single-Active Site Character in a Bottom-Up Constructed π-Conjugated Molecular Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210326. [PMID: 36070193 PMCID: PMC9827996 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface chemistry holds the potential for ultimate miniaturization of functional devices. Porphyrins are promising building-blocks in exploring advanced nanoarchitecture concepts. More stable molecular materials of practical interest with improved charge transfer properties can be achieved by covalently interconnecting molecular units. On-surface synthesis allows to construct extended covalent nanostructures at interfaces not conventionally available. Here, we address the synthesis and properties of covalent molecular network composed of interconnected constituents derived from halogenated nickel tetraphenylporphyrin on Au(111). We report that the π-extended two-dimensional material exhibits dispersive electronic features. Concomitantly, the functional Ni cores retain the same single-active site character of their single-molecule counterparts. This opens new pathways when exploiting the high robustness of transition metal cores provided by bottom-up constructed covalent nanomeshes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baranowski
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6)Jülich Research Center52428JülichGermany
| | - Iulia Cojocariu
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6)Jülich Research Center52428JülichGermany
| | | | | | - Giovanni Comelli
- TASC LaboratoryCNR-IOM34149TriesteItaly
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Trieste34127TriesteItaly
| | | | | | | | - Vitaliy Feyer
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6)Jülich Research Center52428JülichGermany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen47048DuisburgGermany
| | - Claus M. Schneider
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6)Jülich Research Center52428JülichGermany
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-Essen47048DuisburgGermany
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUC DavisDavisCA 95616USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baranowski D, Cojocariu I, Sala A, Africh C, Comelli G, Schio L, Tormen M, Floreano L, Feyer V, Schneider CM. Conservation of Nickel Ion Single‐Active Site Character in a Bottom‐Up Constructed π‐Conjugated Molecular Network. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baranowski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH: Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH PGI-6 GERMANY
| | - Iulia Cojocariu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH: Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH PGI-6 GERMANY
| | | | | | - Giovanni Comelli
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Physics ITALY
| | | | | | | | - Vitaliy Feyer
- Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Leo brand strasse GERMANY
| | - Claus M. Schneider
- Forschungszentrum Jülich: Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH PGI-6 Leo-Brandt-Straße 52425 Jülich GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Magnetic Behaviour of CoTPP Supported on Coinage Metal Surfaces in the Presence of Small Molecules: A Molecular Cluster Study of the Surface trans-Effect. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020218. [PMID: 35055236 PMCID: PMC8778902 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory, combined with the molecular cluster model, has been used to investigate the surface trans-effect induced by the coordination of small molecules L (L = CO, NH3, NO, NO2 and O2) on the cobalt electronic structure of cobalt tetraphenylporphyrinato (CoTPP) surface-supported on coinage metal surfaces (Cu, Ag, and Au). Regardless of whether L has a closed- or an open-shell electronic structure, its coordination to Co takes out the direct interaction between Co and the substrate eventually present. The CO and NH3 bonding to CoTPP does not influence the Co local electronic structure, while the NO (NO2 and O2) coordination induces a Co reduction (oxidation), generating a 3d8 CoI (3d6 CoIII) magnetically silent closed-shell species. Theoretical outcomes herein reported demonstrate that simple and computationally inexpensive models can be used not only to rationalize but also to predict the effects of the Co–L bonding on the magnetic behaviour of CoTPP chemisorbed on coinage metals. The same model may be straightforwardly extended to other transition metals or coordinated molecules.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamalakannan S, Rudharachari Maiyelvaganan K, Palanisamy K, Thomas A, Ben Said R, Prakash M, Hochlaf M. Carbon dioxide adsorption and activation on ionic liquid decorated Au(111) surface: A DFT study. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131612. [PMID: 34325262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We use first principle approaches to study the adsorption and catalytic activation mechanism of CO2 on ionic liquids (ILs, [CnMIm]+[Cl]- (n = 0-6)) attached to a Au(111) surface. The adsorption of CO2 at this liquid-solid model interface occurs via either (i) parallel π-stacking mode or (ii) CO2 oxygen lone pair (lp)···π interaction. These CO2 physisorption modes, which depend on the CO2 landing angle at this interface, are identified as an efficient way to activate CO2 and its further conversion into value-added products. For illustration, we discuss the conversion of CO2 into formic acid where the ILs@Au(111) decorated interface allows reduction of the activation energy for the CO2 + H2 → HCOOH reaction. In sum, our electrode/electrolyte based interface model provides valuable information to design novel heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 conversion. Indeed, our work establishes that a suitable interface material is enough to activate CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugasundaram Kamalakannan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, TN, India
| | - K Rudharachari Maiyelvaganan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Kandhan Palanisamy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Anoopa Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Ridha Ben Said
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muthuramalingam Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, TN, India.
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- Université Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/LISIS, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454, Champs sur Marne, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Wang YQ, Feng YC, Wang D, Wan LJ. Insights into electrocatalysis by scanning tunnelling microscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5832-5849. [PMID: 34027957 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of electrocatalytic reaction is important for the design and development of highly efficient electrocatalysts for energy technology. Investigating the surface structures of electrocatalysts and the surface processes in electrocatalytic reactions at the atomic and molecular scale is helpful to identify the catalytic role of active sites and further promotes the development of emerging electrocatalysts. Since it was invented, scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) has become a powerful technique to investigate surface topographies and electronic properties at the nanoscale resolution. STM can be operated in diversified environments. Electrochemical STM can be used to investigate the surface processes during electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the critical intermediates in catalysis on catalyst surfaces can be identified by STM at low temperature or ultrahigh vacuum. STM has been extensively utilized in electrocatalysis research, including the structure-activity relationship of electrocatalysts, the distribution of active sites, and surface processes in electrocatalytic reactions. In this review, progress in the application of STM in electrocatalysis is systematically discussed. The construction of model electrocatalysts and electrocatalytic systems are summarized. Then, we present the STM investigation of electrocatalyst structures and surface processes related to electrocatalysis. Challenges and future developments in the field are discussed in the outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya-Chen Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has gained increasing attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to its ability to reveal electrocatalyst surface structures down to the atomic level in either ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) or harsh electrochemical conditions. The detailed knowledge of surface structures, surface electronic structures, surface active sites as well as the interaction between surface adsorbates and electrocatalysts is highly beneficial in the study of electrocatalytic mechanisms and for the rational design of electrocatalysts. Based on this, this review will discuss the application of STM in the characterization of electrocatalyst surfaces and the investigation of electrochemical interfaces between electrocatalyst surfaces and reactants. Based on different operating conditions, UHV-STM and STM in electrochemical environments (EC-STM) are discussed separately. This review will also present emerging techniques including high-speed EC-STM, scanning noise microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Graphic Abstract
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodríguez LM, Gómez P, Más-Montoya M, Abad J, Tárraga A, Cerdá JI, Méndez J, Curiel D. Synthesis and Two-Dimensional Chiral Surface Self-Assembly of a π-Conjugated System with Three-Fold Symmetry: Benzotri(7-Azaindole). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1782-1788. [PMID: 33146444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel expanded π-conjugated system, namely benzotri(7-azaindole), BTAI, is reported. Its C3h symmetry along with the integration of six complementary donor and acceptor N-H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds in the conjugated structure promote the 2D self-assembly on Au(111) over extended areas. Besides, a perfect commensurability with the gold lattice endows the physisorbed molecular film with a remarkable stability. The structural features of BTAI result in two levels of surface chirality: Firstly, the molecules become chiral upon adsorption on the surface. Then, due to the favorable N-H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond-directed self-assembly, along with the relative molecular rotation with respect to the substrate, supramolecular chirality manifests in two mirror enantiomorphous domains. Thus, the system undergoes spontaneous chiral resolution. LEED and STM assisted by theoretical simulations have been employed to characterize in detail these novel 2D conglomerates with relevant chiral properties for systems with C3h symmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Rodríguez
- Department of Surfaces and Coatings, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049-, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Gómez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100-, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miriam Más-Montoya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100-, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Abad
- Department of Applied Physics and Naval Technology, Technical University of Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30203-, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alberto Tárraga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100-, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jorge I Cerdá
- Department of Interfaces and Nanostructures, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049-, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Méndez
- Department of Surfaces and Coatings, Institute of Material Science of Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049-, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Curiel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus of Espinardo, 30100-, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Synthesis and Two‐Dimensional Chiral Surface Self‐Assembly of a π‐Conjugated System with Three‐Fold Symmetry: Benzotri(7‐Azaindole). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
10
|
Ostovan A, Papior N, Zahedi M, Moshfegh AZ. Towards developing efficient metalloporphyrin-based hybrid photocatalysts for CO 2 reduction; an ab initio study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23128-23140. [PMID: 33025986 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03279d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiophene-based donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) oligomer substituted metalloporphyrins (MPors) with different 3d central metal-ions (M = Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) were systematically investigated to screen efficient hybrid photocatalysts for CO2 reduction based on density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT simulations. Compared with base MPors, the newly designed hybrid photocatalysts have a lower bandgap energy, stronger and broader absorption spectra, and enhanced intermolecular charge transfer, exciton lifetime, and light-harvesting efficiency. Then, the introduction of D-A-D electron donor (ED) groups into the meso-positions of MPors is a promising method for the construction of efficient photocatalysts. According to the calculated adsorption distance, adsorption energy, Hirshfeld charge and electrostatic potential analysis, it was revealed that CO2 physically adsorbed on the designed photocatalyst surface. In addition, among the studied model systems the ZnPor(ED)4 catalyst with four D-A-D electron donors exhibits the best photocatalytic performance due to its broadest absorption spectra with λmax = 500.12 nm and the highest adsorption energy of about 26 kJ mol-1. Finally, the sensing ability of the ZnPor(ED)4-based multi-terminal molecular junction for CO2 gas detection is determined using Green's functions. The transmission plots of this molecular junction are barely changed due to the physical adsorption of CO2 on the molecular surface, leading to the low sensitivity of the device. We believe that such a theoretical design can provide a general approach for further experimental and computational studies of photocatalysts used in the CO2 reduction process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azar Ostovan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|