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Ducrozet F, Girard HA, Leroy J, Larquet E, Florea I, Brun E, Sicard-Roselli C, Arnault JC. New Insights into the Reactivity of Detonation Nanodiamonds during the First Stages of Graphitization. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102671. [PMID: 34685112 PMCID: PMC8537936 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to compare the early stages of graphitization of the same DND source for two annealing atmospheres (primary vacuum, argon at atmospheric pressure) in an identical set-up. DND samples are finely characterized by a combination of complementary techniques (FTIR, Raman, XPS, HR-TEM) to highlight the induced modifications for temperature up to 1100 °C. The annealing atmosphere has a significant impact on the graphitization kinetics with a higher fraction of sp2-C formed under vacuum compared to argon for the same temperature. Whatever the annealing atmosphere, carbon hydrogen bonds are created at the DND surface during annealing according to FTIR. A “nano effect”, specific to the <10 nm size of DND, exalts the extreme surface chemistry in XPS analysis. According to HR-TEM images, the graphitization is limited to the first outer shell even for DND annealed at 1100 °C under vacuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Ducrozet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEDEX, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; (F.D.); (J.L.)
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (E.B.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Hugues A. Girard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEDEX, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; (F.D.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.G.); (J.-C.A.)
| | - Jocelyne Leroy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEDEX, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; (F.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Eric Larquet
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory (PMC), UMR CNRS 7643, Ecole Polytechnique, IP-Paris, 91228 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Ileana Florea
- Laboratory of Physics of Interfaces and Thin Films (LPICM), UMR CNRS 7647, Ecole Polytechnique, IP-Paris, 91228 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Emilie Brun
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (E.B.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Cécile Sicard-Roselli
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (E.B.); (C.S.-R.)
| | - Jean-Charles Arnault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEDEX, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France; (F.D.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.A.G.); (J.-C.A.)
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Delivery of siRNA to Ewing Sarcoma Tumor Xenografted on Mice, Using Hydrogenated Detonation Nanodiamonds: Treatment Efficacy and Tissue Distribution. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030553. [PMID: 32204428 PMCID: PMC7153391 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds of detonation origin are promising delivery agents of anti-cancer therapeutic compounds in a whole organism like mouse, owing to their versatile surface chemistry and ultra-small 5 nm average primary size compatible with natural elimination routes. However, to date, little is known about tissue distribution, elimination pathways and efficacy of nanodiamonds-based therapy in mice. In this report, we studied the capacity of cationic hydrogenated detonation nanodiamonds to carry active small interfering RNA (siRNA) in a mice model of Ewing sarcoma, a bone cancer of young adults due in the vast majority to the EWS-FLI1 junction oncogene. Replacing hydrogen gas by its radioactive analog tritium gas led to the formation of labeled nanodiamonds and allowed us to investigate their distribution throughout mouse organs and their excretion in urine and feces. We also demonstrated that siRNA directed against EWS-FLI1 inhibited this oncogene expression in tumor xenografted on mice. This work is a significant step to establish cationic hydrogenated detonation nanodiamond as an effective agent for in vivo delivery of active siRNA.
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