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Sentre-Arribas E, Aparicio-Millán A, Lemaître A, Favero I, Tamayo J, Calleja M, Gil-Santos E. Simultaneous Optical and Mechanical Sensing Based on Optomechanical Resonators. ACS Sens 2024; 9:371-378. [PMID: 38156765 PMCID: PMC10825865 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Optical and mechanical resonators have each been abundantly employed in sensing applications, albeit following separate development. Here we show that bringing together optical and mechanical resonances in a unique sensing device significantly improves the sensor performance. To that purpose, we employ nanoscale optomechanical disk resonators that simultaneously support high quality optical and mechanical modes localized in tiny volumes, which provide extraordinary sensitivities. We perform environmental sensing, but the conclusions of our work extend to other sensing applications. First, we determine optical and mechanical responsivities to temperature and relative humidity changes. Second, by characterizing mechanical and optical frequency stabilities, we determine the corresponding limits of detection. Mechanical modes appear more sensitive to relative humidity changes, while optical modes appear more sensitive to temperature ones, reaching, respectively, 0.05% and 0.6 mK of independent resolution. We then prove that simultaneous optical and mechanical monitoring enables disentangling both effects and demonstrates 0.1% and 1 mK resolution, even considering that both parameters may change at the same time. Finally, we highlight the importance of actively tracking the optical mode when optomechanical sensor devices. Not doing so enforces tedious independent calibration, influences the device sensitivity during the experiment, and shortens the sensing range. The present work hence clarifies the requirements for the optimal operation of optomechanical sensors, which will be of importance for chemical and biological sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sentre-Arribas
- OptoMechanicalSensors Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Alicia Aparicio-Millán
- OptoMechanicalSensors Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 9001, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Javier Tamayo
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Montserrat Calleja
- Bionanomechanics Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
| | - Eduardo Gil-Santos
- OptoMechanicalSensors Lab, Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), E-28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid Spain
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2
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Guo J, Gröblacher S. Integrated optical-readout of a high-Q mechanical out-of-plane mode. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:282. [PMID: 36171197 PMCID: PMC9519924 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of high-QM macroscopic mechanical resonators has enabled great advances in optomechanics. Further improvements could allow for quantum-limited or quantum-enhanced applications at ambient temperature. Some of the remaining challenges include the integration of high-QM structures on a chip, while simultaneously achieving large coupling strengths through an optical read-out. Here, we present a versatile fabrication method, which allows us to build fully integrated optomechanical structures. We place a photonic crystal cavity directly above a mechanical resonator with high-QM fundamental out-of-plane mode, separated by a small gap. The highly confined optical field has a large overlap with the mechanical mode, enabling strong optomechanical interaction strengths. Furthermore, we implement a novel photonic crystal design, which allows for a very large cavity photon number, a highly important feature for optomechanical experiments and sensor applications. Our versatile approach is not limited to our particular design but allows for integrating an out-of-plane optical read-out into almost any device layout. Additionally, it can be scaled to large arrays and paves the way to realizing quantum experiments and applications with mechanical resonators based on high-QM out-of-plane modes alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Guo
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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3
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Pevec S, Donlagic D. Resonant-Opto-Thermomechanical Oscillator (ROTMO): A Low-Power, Large Displacement, High-Frequency Optically Driven Microactuator. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107552. [PMID: 35869621 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A light-driven micromechanical oscillator is presented, which can be operated by a low optical power (in the mW, or even the µW range), can produce large mechanical displacements (>5-100 µm), and can be designed to operate at frequencies from sub-kHz up to more than 200 kHz. The actuation of the oscillator is achieved by an asymmetrically metal-coated optical microwire configured into a silica micromechanical oscillator. The metalized optical microwire confines and absorbs the light strongly over a short distance, which results in a controlled optical power conversion into heat, and, consequently, into mechanical actuation through the temperature rise and the difference in thermal expansions of the silica microwire and the asymmetrically applied metal layer. Mechanical displacements are amplified further by the resonance operation of the oscillator, which is driven by a low-power, harmonic optical excitation signal generated by a current-modulated laser diode. Proper selection of the micromechanical oscillator's geometrical configuration and materials allows for a high-frequency operation at large mechanical displacements of the oscillator, while relying on low excitation optical power. The presented concept of a fully optically driven micromechanical oscillator may, thus, present a basis for realization of new classes of actuated micro-opto-mechanical Systems and similar photonics microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pevec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska cesta 46, Maribor, SI-2000, Slovenia
| | - Denis Donlagic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska cesta 46, Maribor, SI-2000, Slovenia
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4
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Lamberti FR, Palanchoke U, Geurts TPJ, Gely M, Regord S, Banniard L, Sansa M, Favero I, Jourdan G, Hentz S. Real-Time Sensing with Multiplexed Optomechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1866-1873. [PMID: 35170318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectromechanical resonators have been successfully used for a variety of sensing applications. Their extreme resolution comes from their small size, which strongly limits their capture area. This leads to a long analysis time and the requirement for large sample quantity. Moreover, the efficiency of the electrical transductions commonly used for silicon resonators degrades with increasing frequency, limiting the achievable mechanical bandwidth and throughput. Multiplexing a large number of high-frequency resonators appears to be a solution, but this is complex with electrical transductions. We propose here a route to solve these issues, with a multiplexing scheme for very high-frequency optomechanical resonators. We demonstrate the simultaneous frequency measurement of three silicon microdisks fabricated with a 200 mm wafer large-scale process. The readout architecture is simple and does not degrade the sensing resolutions. This paves the way toward the realization of sensors for multiparametric analysis with an extremely low limit of detection and response time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Gely
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Louise Banniard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Sansa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Sébastien Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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5
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Sbarra S, Waquier L, Suffit S, Lemaître A, Favero I. Multimode Optomechanical Weighting of a Single Nanoparticle. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:710-715. [PMID: 35020404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multimode optomechanical sensing of individual nanoparticles with a radius between 75 and 150 nm. A semiconductor optomechanical disk resonator is optically driven and detected under ambient conditions, as nebulized nanoparticles land on it. Multiple mechanical and optical resonant signals of the disk are tracked simultaneously, providing access to several pieces of physical information about the landing analyte in real time. Thanks to a fast camera registering the time and position of landing, these signals can be employed to weight each nanoparticle with precision. Sources of error and deviation are discussed and modeled, indicating a path to evaluate the elasticity of the nanoparticles on top of their mere mass. The device is optimized for the future investigation of biological particles in the high megadalton range, such as large viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sbarra
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Louis Waquier
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Stephan Suffit
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau 91120, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, Paris 75013, France
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6
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Schwab L, Allain PE, Mauran N, Dollat X, Mazenq L, Lagrange D, Gély M, Hentz S, Jourdan G, Favero I, Legrand B. Very-high-frequency probes for atomic force microscopy with silicon optomechanics. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:32. [PMID: 35371536 PMCID: PMC8931076 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been consistently supporting nanosciences and nanotechnologies for over 30 years and is used in many fields from condensed matter physics to biology. It enables the measurement of very weak forces at the nanoscale, thus elucidating the interactions at play in fundamental processes. Here, we leverage the combined benefits of micro/nanoelectromechanical systems and cavity optomechanics to fabricate a sensor for dynamic mode AFM at a frequency above 100 MHz. This frequency is two decades above the fastest commercial AFM probes, suggesting an opportunity for measuring forces at timescales unexplored thus far. The fabrication is achieved using very-large-scale integration technologies derived from photonic silicon circuits. The probe's optomechanical ring cavity is coupled to a 1.55 μm laser light and features a 130 MHz mechanical resonance mode with a quality factor of 900 in air. A limit of detection in the displacement of 3 × 10-16 m/√Hz is obtained, enabling the detection of the Brownian motion of the probe and paving the way for force sensing experiments in the dynamic mode with a working vibration amplitude in the picometer range. When inserted in a custom AFM instrument embodiment, this optomechanical sensor demonstrates the capacity to perform force-distance measurements and to maintain a constant interaction strength between the tip and sample, an essential requirement for AFM applications. Experiments indeed show a stable closed-loop operation with a setpoint of 4 nN/nm for an unprecedented subpicometer vibration amplitude, where the tip-sample interaction is mediated by a stretched water meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Schwab
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - P. E. Allain
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - N. Mauran
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - X. Dollat
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - L. Mazenq
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - D. Lagrange
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - M. Gély
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S. Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - G. Jourdan
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, Minatec Campus, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - I. Favero
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 75013 Paris, France
| | - B. Legrand
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPR 8001, 31031 Toulouse, France
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7
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Galeotti F, Lindgren G, Petruzzella M, van Otten FWM, Sadeghian Marnani H, Mohtashami A, van der Heijden R, Fiore A. Demonstration of atomic force microscopy imaging using an integrated opto-electro-mechanical transducer. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 230:113368. [PMID: 34492425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The low throughput of atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the main drawback in its large-scale deployment in industrial metrology. A promising solution would be based on the parallelization of the scanning probe system, allowing acquisition of the image by an array of probes operating simultaneously. A key step for reaching this goal relies on the miniaturization and integration of the sensing mechanism. Here, we demonstrate AFM imaging employing an on-chip displacement sensor, based on a photonic crystal cavity, combined with an integrated photodetector and coupled to an on-chip waveguide. This fully-integrated sensor allows high-sensitivity and high-resolution in a very small footprint and its readout is compatible with current commercial AFM systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Galeotti
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Gustav Lindgren
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Maurangelo Petruzzella
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Frank W M van Otten
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hamed Sadeghian Marnani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Mohtashami
- Nano-Opto-Mechanical Instruments, Dept. of Optomechatronics, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientic Research TNO, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Heijden
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Fiore
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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8
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Allain PE, Guha B, Baker C, Parrain D, Lemaître A, Leo G, Favero I. Electro-Optomechanical Modulation Instability in a Semiconductor Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:243901. [PMID: 34213944 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In semiconductor nano-optomechanical resonators, several forms of light-matter interaction can enrich the canonical radiation pressure coupling of light and mechanical motion and give rise to new dynamical regimes. Here, we observe an electro-optomechanical modulation instability in a gallium arsenide disk resonator. The regime is evidenced by the concomitant formation of regular and dense combs in the radio-frequency and optical spectrums of the resonator associated with a permanent pulsatory dynamics of the mechanical motion and optical intensity. The mutual coupling between light, mechanical oscillations, carriers, and heat, notably through photothermal interactions, stabilizes an extended mechanical comb in the ultrahigh frequency range that can be controlled optically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Etienne Allain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Biswarup Guha
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Baker
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - David Parrain
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aristide Lemaître
- Centre de Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, CNRS UMR 9001, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Giuseppe Leo
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 7162, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet 75013 Paris, France
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9
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Abstract
In the scanning probe microscope system, the weak signal detection of cantilever vibration is one of the important factors affecting the sensor sensitivity. In our current work, we present a novel design concept for an atomic force microscope (AFM) combined with optomechanics with an ultra-high quality factor and a low thermal noise. The detection system consists of a fixed mirror placed on the cantilever of the AFM and pump-probe beams that is equivalent to a Fabry-Perot cavity. We realize that the AFM combined with an optical cavity can achieve ultra-sensitive detection of force gradients of 10-12 N m-1 in the case of high-vacuum and low effective temperature of 1 mK, which may open up new avenues for super-high resolution imaging and super-high precision force spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei He
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ka-Di Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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10
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Casuso I, Redondo-Morata L, Rico F. Biological physics by high-speed atomic force microscopy. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190604. [PMID: 33100165 PMCID: PMC7661283 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While many fields have contributed to biological physics, nanotechnology offers a new scale of observation. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) provides nanometre structural information and dynamics with subsecond resolution of biological systems. Moreover, HS-AFM allows us to measure piconewton forces within microseconds giving access to unexplored, fast biophysical processes. Thus, HS-AFM provides a tool to nourish biological physics through the observation of emergent physical phenomena in biological systems. In this review, we present an overview of the contribution of HS-AFM, both in imaging and force spectroscopy modes, to the field of biological physics. We focus on examples in which HS-AFM observations on membrane remodelling, molecular motors or the unfolding of proteins have stimulated the development of novel theories or the emergence of new concepts. We finally provide expected applications and developments of HS-AFM that we believe will continue contributing to our understanding of nature, by serving to the dialogue between biology and physics. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Dynamic in situ microscopy relating structure and function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Casuso
- Aix-Marseile University, Inserm, CNRS, LAI, 163 Av. de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Lorena Redondo-Morata
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U1019, CNRS UMR 8204, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Felix Rico
- Aix-Marseile University, Inserm, CNRS, LAI, 163 Av. de Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France
- e-mail:
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11
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Sansa M, Defoort M, Brenac A, Hermouet M, Banniard L, Fafin A, Gely M, Masselon C, Favero I, Jourdan G, Hentz S. Optomechanical mass spectrometry. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3781. [PMID: 32728047 PMCID: PMC7391691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomechanical mass spectrometry has proven to be well suited for the analysis of high mass species such as viruses. Still, the use of one-dimensional devices such as vibrating beams forces a trade-off between analysis time and mass resolution. Complex readout schemes are also required to simultaneously monitor multiple resonance modes, which degrades resolution. These issues restrict nanomechanical MS to specific species. We demonstrate here single-particle mass spectrometry with nano-optomechanical resonators fabricated with a Very Large Scale Integration process. The unique motion sensitivity of optomechanics allows designs that are impervious to particle position, stiffness or shape, opening the way to the analysis of large aspect ratio biological objects of great significance such as viruses with a tail or fibrils. Compared to top-down beam resonators with electrical read-out and state-of-the-art mass resolution, we show a three-fold improvement in capture area with no resolution degradation, despite the use of a single resonance mode. The use of one dimensional devices in nanomechanical mass spectrometry leads to a trade-off between analysis time and resolution. Here, the authors report single-particle mass spectrometry using integrated optomechanical resonators, impervious to particle position, stiffness or shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sansa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Martial Defoort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMA, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ariel Brenac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG-Spintec, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Hermouet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Louise Banniard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre Fafin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Gely
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Masselon
- CEA, IRIG, Biologie à Grande Echelle, F-38054, Grenoble, France.,Inserm, Unité 1038, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Ivan Favero
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, CNRS UMR 7162, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Sébastien Hentz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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