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Servarayan KL, Sundaram E, Velayutham K, Aravind MK, Sundarapandi M, Ashokkumar B, Sivasamy VV. Simple enzyme based fluorimetric biosensor for urea in human biofluids. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124271. [PMID: 38613899 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
As an important biomarker for renal related diseases, detection of urea is playing a vital role in human biofluids on clinical diagnosis concern. In this work, a synthetic salicyaldehyde based imine fluorophore was synthesized using sonication method and conjugated with urease which was used as fluorescent biosensor for the detection of urea in serum samples. This enzyme based biosensor has shown a good selectivity and sensitivity towards urea with the linear range from 2 to 80 mM and the detection limit of 73 µM. The sensing response obtain is highly agreeing with existing analytical technique for urea detection which strongly recommends this biosensor for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Lakshmi Servarayan
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ellairaja Sundaram
- Department of Chemistry, Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam West, Madurai 625 234, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Manikka Kubendran Aravind
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Manickam Sundarapandi
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Balasubramaniem Ashokkumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vasantha Vairathevar Sivasamy
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamilnadu, India.
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2
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Tatarchuk SW, Choueiri RM, MacKay AJ, Johnston SJ, Cooper WM, Snyder KS, Medvedev JJ, Klinkova A, Chen LD. Understanding the Mechanism of Urea Oxidation from First-Principles Calculations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300889. [PMID: 38316612 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Developing electrocatalysts for urea oxidation reaction (UOR) works toward sustainably treating urea-enriched water. Without a clear understanding of how UOR products form, advancing catalyst performance is currently hindered. This work examines the thermodynamics of UOR pathways to produce N2, NO2 -, and NO3 - on a (0001) β-Ni(OH)2 surface using density functional theory with the computational hydrogen electrode model. Our calculations show support for two major experimental observations: (1) N2 favours an intramolecular mechanism, and (2) NO2 -/NO3 - are formed in a 1 : 1 ratio with OCN-. In addition, we found that selectivity between N2 and NO2 -/NO3 - on our model surface appears to be controlled by two key factors, the atom that binds the surface intermediates to the surface and how they are deprotonated. These UOR pathways were also examined with a Cu dopant, revealing that an experimentally observed increased N2 selectivity may originate from increasing the limiting potential required to form NO2 -. This work builds towards developing a more complete atomic understanding of UOR at the surface of NiOxHy electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Tatarchuk
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rachelle M Choueiri
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander J MacKay
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayne J Johnston
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - William M Cooper
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kayla S Snyder
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jury J Medvedev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anna Klinkova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Leanne D Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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3
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Mukundan G, Badhulika S. Nickel-cobalt metal-organic frameworks based flexible hydrogel as a wearable contact lens for electrochemical sensing of urea in tear samples. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:252. [PMID: 38589716 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
A flexible, wearable, non-invasive contact lens sensor utilizing nickel-cobalt metal-organic framework (Ni-Co-MOF) based hydrogel is introduced for urea monitoring in tear samples. The synthesized Ni-Co-MOF hydrogel exhibits a porous structure with interconnected voids, as visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Detailed structural and vibrational properties of the material were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The developed Ni-Co-MOF hydrogel sensor showcases a detection limit of 0.445 mM for urea within a linear range of 0.5-70 mM. Notably, it demonstrates exceptional selectivity, effectively distinguishing against interfering species like UA, AA, glucose, dopamine, Cl-, K+, Na+, Ca2+, and IgG. The enhanced electrocatalytic performance of the Ni-Co-MOF hydrogel electrode is attributed to the presence of Ni and Co, fostering Ni2+ oxidation on the surface and forming a Co2+ complex that acts as a catalyst for urea oxidation. The fabricated sensor exhibits successful detection and retrieval of urea in simulated tear samples, showcasing promising potential for bioanalytical applications. The binder-free, non-toxic nature of the Ni-Co-MOF hydrogel sensor presents exciting avenues for future utilization in non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing, including applications in wearable devices, point-of-care diagnostics, and personalized healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Mukundan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India
| | - Sushmee Badhulika
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, 502285, India.
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Ray P, Pal S, Sarkar A, Sultana F, Basu A, Show B. Oyster Pearl-Shaped Ternary Iron Chalcogenide, FeSe 0.5Te 0.5, Films on FTO through Electrochemical Growth from the Exchange of Chalcogens Boosted the Enzyme-Free Urea-Sensing Ability toward Real Analytes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1621-1642. [PMID: 38430188 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Here, iron chalcogenide thin films were developed for the first time by using the less hazardous electrodeposition technique at optimized conditions on an FTO glass substrate. The chalcogenides have different surface, morphological, structural, and optical properties, as well as an enzyme-free sensing behavior toward urea. Numerous small crystallites of about ∼20 to 25 nm for FeSe, ∼18 to 25 nm for FeTe, and ∼18 to 22 nm in diameter for FeSeTe are observed with partial agglomeration under an electron microscope, having a mixed phase of tetragonal and orthorhombic structures of FeSe, FeTe, and, FeSeTe, respectively. Profilometry, XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, XPS, EDX, UV-vis spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy were used for the analysis of binary and ternary composite semiconductors, FeSe, FeTe, and FeSeTe, respectively. Electrochemical experiments were conducted with the chalcogenide thin films and urea as the analyte in phosphate-buffered media at a pH of ∼ 7.4 in the concentration range of 3-413 μM. Cyclic voltammetry was performed to determine the sensitivity of the prepared electrode at an optimized scan rate of 50 mV s-1. The electrodeposited chalcogenide films appeared with a low detection limit and satisfactory sensitivity, of which the ternary chalcogenide film has the lowest LOD of 1.16 μM and the maximum sensitivity of 74.22 μA μM-1 cm-2. The transition metal electrode has a very wide range of detection limit of 1.25-2400 μM with a short response time of 4 s. This fabricated biosensor is capable of exhibiting almost 75% of its starting activity after 2 weeks of storage in the freezer at 4 °C. Simple methods of preparation, a cost-effective process, and adequate electrochemical sensing of urea confirm that the prepared sensor is suitable as an enzyme-free urea sensor and can be utilized for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purbali Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sunanda Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhimanyu Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Farhin Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arghyadeep Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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5
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Huang Y, Yang R, Zhong H, Lee CKW, Pan Y, Tan M, Chen Y, Jiang N, Li MG. High-Throughput Automatic Laser Printing Strategy toward Cost-effective Portable Integrated Urea Tele-Monitoring System. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301184. [PMID: 38019189 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A portable sweat urea sensing system is a promising solution to satisfy the booming requirement of kidney function tele-monitoring. However, the complicated manufacturing route and the cumbersome electrochemical testing system still need to be improved to develop the urea point-of-care testing (POCT) and tele-monitoring devices. Here, a universal technical route based on a high-throughput automatic laser printing strategy for fabricating the portable integrated urea monitoring system is proposed. This integrated system includes a high-performance laser-printed urea sensing electrode, a planar three-electrode system, and a self-developed wireless mini-electrochemical workstation. A precursor donor layer is activated by laser scribing and in situ transferred into functional nanoparticles for the drop-on-demand printing of the urea sensing electrode. The obtained electrodes show high sensitivity, low detection limit, fast response time, high selectivity, good average recovery, and long-term stability for urea sensing. Additionally, a laser-induced graphene circuit-based miniature planar three-electrode system and a wireless mini-electrochemical workstation are designed for sensing data collection and transmitting, achieving real-time urea POCT and tele-monitoring. This scalable method provides a universal solution for high-throughput and ultra-fast fabrication of urea-sensing electrodes. The portable integrated urea monitoring system is a competitive option to achieve cost-effective POCT and tele-monitoring for kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Huang
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Rongliang Yang
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Haosong Zhong
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Connie Kong Wai Lee
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yexin Pan
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Min Tan
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Mitch Guijun Li
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
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6
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Khataee S, Dehghan G, Shaghaghi Z, Khataee A. An enzyme-free sensor based on La-doped CoFe-layered double hydroxide decorated on reduced graphene oxide for sensitive electrochemical detection of urea. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:152. [PMID: 38388755 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of La-doped CoFe LDH@rGO nanocomposite is reported combining the advantages of LDH and rGO and shows promising performances in electrochemical sensors. The structure of the obtained nanocomposite was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope images (FE-SEM). Then, it was directly utilized to construct a carbon paste electrode (CPE) for urea detection. The electrochemical performance of the sensor was evaluated by various electrochemical methods. The La-CoFe LDH@rGO electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic properties, including a wide linear working range of 0.001-23.5 mM, very high sensitivity of 1.07 ± 0.023 µA µM-1 cm-2, a low detection limit of 0.33 ± 0.11 µM, and rapid response time of 5 s towards urea detection at the working potential of 0.4 V. Furthermore, the sensor displayed a high selectivity in different matrices, appropriate reproducibility, and long shelf life without activity loss during 3 months of storage under ambient conditions. Further tests were performed on serum and milk samples to confirm the capability of the proposed sensor for practical applications, demonstrating a reasonable recovery of 94.8 to 102% with an RSD value below 3%. Consequently, the synergistic effect of each component led to the good electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode towards urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Khataee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran
| | - Gholamrez Dehghan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Shaghaghi
- Coordination Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
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7
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Jagannathan M, Dhinasekaran D, Rajendran AR, Cho S. A Review of Electroactive Nanomaterials in the Detection of Nitrogen-Containing Organic Compounds and Future Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:989. [PMID: 37998164 PMCID: PMC10669399 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical and impedimetric detection of nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) in blood, urine, sweat, and saliva is widely used in clinical diagnosis. NOC detection is used to identify illnesses such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular complications, diabetes, cancer, and others. In recent years, nanomaterials have shown significant potential in the detection of NOCs using electrochemical and impedimetric sensors. This potential is due to the higher surface area, porous nature, and functional groups of nanomaterials, which can aid in improving the sensing performance with inexpensive, direct, and quick-time processing methods. In this review, we discuss nanomaterials, such as metal oxides, graphene nanostructures, and their nanocomposites, for the detection of NOCs. Notably, researchers have considered nanocomposite-based devices, such as a field effect transistor (FET) and printed electrodes, for the detection of NOCs. In this review, we emphasize the significant importance of electrochemical and impedimetric methods in the detection of NOCs, which typically show higher sensitivity and selectivity. So, these methods will open a new way to make embeddable electrodes for point-of-detection (POD) devices. These devices could be used in the next generation of non-invasive analysis for biomedical and clinical applications. This review also summarizes recent state-of-the-art technology for the development of sensors for on-site monitoring and disease diagnosis at an earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Jagannathan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13210, Republic of Korea;
| | - Durgalakshmi Dhinasekaran
- Department of Medical Physics, College of Engineering Campus, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ajay Rakkesh Rajendran
- Functional Nano-Materials (FuN) Laboratory, Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13210, Republic of Korea;
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Meng Y, Li Y, Liu S, Wang S, Dong H, Jiang F, Liu Q, Li Y, Wei Q. Sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on CuFe 2O 4-Pd for cardiac troponin I detection. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:249. [PMID: 37266715 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was designed by highly efficient catalytic cycle amplification strategy of CuFe2O4-Pd for sensitive detection of cardiac troponin I. CuFe2O4 with coupled variable valence metal elements exhibited favorable catalytic performance through bidirectional cycling of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cu+/Cu2+ redox pairs. More importantly, Cu+ acted as the intermediate product of the catalytic reaction, promoted the regeneration of Fe2+ and ensured the continuous recycling occurrence of the double redox pairs, and significantly amplified the current signal response. Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) loaded on the surface of amino-functionalized CuFe2O4 (CuFe2O4-NH2) served as electrochemical mediators to capture labeled antibodies (Ab2), and also as co-catalysts of CuFe2O4 to further enhance the catalytic efficiency, thus improving the sensitivity of the electrochemical immunosensor. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear range was 0.001 ~ 100 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 1.91 fg/mL. The electrochemical immunosensor has excellent analytical performance, giving a new impetus for the sensitive detection of cTnI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Yueyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China.
| | - Shanghua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China
| | - Yueyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, China.
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
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Mangrio S, Tahira A, Chang AS, Mahar IA, Markhand M, Shah AA, Medany SS, Nafady A, Dawi EA, Saleem LMA, Mustafa EM, Vigolo B, Ibupoto ZH. Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo 2O 4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040444. [PMID: 37185519 PMCID: PMC10135918 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4 with urea precursors was evaluated in order to develop a non-enzymatic urea sensor. In this study, NiCo2O4 nanostructures were synthesized hydrothermally at different concentrations of urea and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Nanostructures of NiCo2O4 exhibit a nanorod-like morphology and a cubic phase crystal structure. Urea can be detected with high sensitivity through NiCo2O4 nanostructures driven by urea precursors under alkaline conditions. A low limit of detection of 0.05 and an analytical range of 0.1 mM to 10 mM urea are provided. The concentration of 006 mM was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the linear range in the range of 0.1 mM to 8 mM. Several analytical parameters were assessed, including selectivity, stability, and repeatability. NiCo2O4 nanostructures can also be used to detect urea in various biological samples in a practical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjha Mangrio
- Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs 66111, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sattar Chang
- Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ali Mahar
- Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Mehnaz Markhand
- Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Ahmed Shah
- Department of metalluargy and Materials, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shymaa S Medany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elmuez A Dawi
- Nonlinear Dynamics Research Centre (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lama M A Saleem
- Biomolecular Science, Earth and Life Science, Amsterdam University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M Mustafa
- Department of Sciences and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Vigolo
- The Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France
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10
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Naz I, Tahira A, Shah AA, Bhatti MA, Mahar IA, Markhand MP, Mastoi GM, Nafady A, Medany SS, Dawi EA, Saleem LM, Vigolo B, Ibupoto ZH. Green Synthesis of NiO Nanoflakes Using Bitter Gourd Peel, and Their Electrochemical Urea Sensing Application. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:677. [PMID: 36985084 PMCID: PMC10053069 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To determine urea accurately in clinical samples, food samples, dairy products, and agricultural samples, a new analytical method is required, and non-enzymatic methods are preferred due to their low cost and ease of use. In this study, bitter gourd peel biomass waste is utilized to modify and structurally transform nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures during the low-temperature aqueous chemical growth method. As a result of the high concentration of phytochemicals, the surface was highly sensitive to urea oxidation under alkaline conditions of 0.1 M NaOH. We investigated the structure and shape of NiO nanostructures using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In spite of their flake-like morphology and excellent crystal quality, NiO nanostructures exhibited cubic phases. An investigation of the effects of bitter gourd juice demonstrated that a large volume of juice produced thin flakes measuring 100 to 200 nanometers in diameter. We are able to detect urea concentrations between 1-9 mM with a detection limit of 0.02 mM using our urea sensor. Additionally, the stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and selectivity of the sensor were examined. A variety of real samples, including milk, blood, urine, wheat flour, and curd, were used to test the non-enzymatic urea sensors. These real samples demonstrated the potential of the electrode device for measuring urea in a routine manner. It is noteworthy that bitter gourd contains phytochemicals that are capable of altering surfaces and activating catalytic reactions. In this way, new materials can be developed for a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, energy production, and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Naz
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.T.); (G.M.M.)
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.T.); (G.M.M.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs 66111, Pakistan;
| | - Aqeel Ahmed Shah
- Wet Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, University Road, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Ali Bhatti
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ali Mahar
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.T.); (G.M.M.)
| | | | - Ghulam Murtaza Mastoi
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.T.); (G.M.M.)
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shymaa S. Medany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Elmuez A. Dawi
- Nonlinear Dynamics Research Centre (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lama M. Saleem
- Biomolecular Science, Earth and Life Science, Amsterdam University, De Boelelaan 1 105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Brigitte Vigolo
- Institut Jean Lamour, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Zafar Hussain Ibupoto
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (I.N.); (A.T.); (G.M.M.)
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11
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Wearable potentiometric biosensor for analysis of urea in sweat. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:114994. [PMID: 36577175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce wearable potentiometric biosensors on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for on-body and on-site monitoring of urea in sweat. The biosensor architecture was judiciously designed to detect urea at different pHs and incorporate a pH sensor, thus containing polyaniline ink, urease bioink and a polyvinylchloride membrane. Urea detection could be performed in the wide range from 5 to 200 mM at pH 7.0, encompassing urea levels in human sweat. The biosensor response was fast (incubation time 5 min), with no interference from other substances in sweat. Reliable urea detection could be done in undiluted human sweat with a skin-worn flexible device using the pH correction strategy afforded by the pH sensor. The performance of the epidermal biosensor was not affected by severe bending strains. The feasibility of mass production was demonstrated by fabricating epidermal flexible biosensors using slot-die coating with a roll-to-roll technique.
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12
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Magar HS, Hassan RYA, Abbas MN. Non-enzymatic disposable electrochemical sensors based on CuO/Co 3O 4@MWCNTs nanocomposite modified screen-printed electrode for the direct determination of urea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2034. [PMID: 36739320 PMCID: PMC9899286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A new electrochemical impedimetric sensor for direct detection of urea was designed and fabricated using nanostructured screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with CuO/Co3O4 @MWCNTs. A facile and simple hydrothermal method was achieved for the chemical synthesis of the CuO/Co3O4 nanocomposite followed by the integration of MWCNTs to be the final platform of the urea sensor. A full physical and chemical characterization for the prepared nanomaterials were performed including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrochemical properties the modified electrodes with the nanomaterials at different composition ratios of the CuO/Co3O4 or MWCNTs. The impedimetric measurements were optimized to reach a picomolar sensitivity and high selectivity for urea detection. From the calibration curve, the linear concentration range of 10-12-10-2 M was obtained with the regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9961 and lower detection limit of 0.223 pM (S/N = 5). The proposed sensor has been used for urea analysis in real samples. Thus, the newly developed non-enzymatic sensor represents a considerable advancement in the field for urea detection, owing to the simplicity, portability, and low cost-sensor fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend S Magar
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, P.O. Box. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rabeay Y A Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, 12578, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Nooredeen Abbas
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, P.O. Box. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Picomolar, Electrochemical Detection of Paraoxon Ethyl, by Strongly Coordinated NiCo2O4-SWCNT Composite as an Electrode Material. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Aluminum oxide quantum dots (Al2O3): An Immediate Sensing aptitude for the detection of urea. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Solangi AG, Pirzada T, Shah AA, Halepoto IA, Chang AS, Solangi ZA, Solangi MY, Aftab U, Tonezzer M, Tahira A, Nafady A, Medany SS, Ibupoto ZH. Phytochemicals of mustard (
Brassica Campestris
) leaves tuned the nickel‐cobalt bimetallic oxide properties for enzyme‐free sensing of glucose. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tajness Pirzada
- Institute of Chemistry Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur Mirs Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Ahmed Shah
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering NED University of Engineering and Technology Karachi Pakistan
| | | | | | - Zulifqar Ali Solangi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yameen Solangi
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro Pakistan
| | - Umair Aftab
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro Pakistan
| | - Matteo Tonezzer
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM), Italian‐National‐Research‐Council (CNR) Trento Italy
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Shymaa S. Medany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
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16
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Dhinasekaran D, Soundharraj P, Jagannathan M, Rajendran AR, Rajendran S. Hybrid ZnO nanostructures modified graphite electrode as an efficient urea sensor for environmental pollution monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133918. [PMID: 35150706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we propose a facile electrochemical sensing platform for urea detection using pencil graphite electrode modified nanocomposites of CuO/ZnO and Fe2O3/ZnO. The detection of urea is essential to monitor for identifying its pollution in the water, at the soil surface and in diagnosing urea cycle disorder related diseases. Therefore, an effective, accurate, cost-effective method of diagnosis is urgently needed. Nanostructured metal oxides have the potential ability to detect molecules even at trace level and to explore this, the present work is formulated with Cu and Fe based ZnO nanocomposites for enhancing the sensing performance towards electrochemical sensing of urea. The sensing responses were confirmed from the increase in oxidation current with respect to the concentration of urea. The results show that Fe2O3/ZnO coated graphite electrode has a higher response against urea compared to ZnO and CuO/ZnO. The cyclic voltammetry studies also validate urea sensing of Fe-ZnO in the linear range of 0.8 μg/mL to 4 μg/mL, with the detection limit of 2.5 μg/mL. This suggests that the cost-effective pencil graphite electrode modified Fe2O3/ZnO can be utilized as a promising analytical tool for urea sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajay Rakkesh Rajendran
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile
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17
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Urgunde AB, Dhamija A, Gupta R. Nickel Cobaltite Nanoplate-Based Electrochemical Sensing Platform from Printable Inks for Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine and Uric Acid. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101166. [PMID: 34851036 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
2D metal oxide-based nanomaterials have emerged as an exciting area of research owing to their rich electrochemical properties and diverse applications, including biosensors. In this work, we have synthesized ultra-thin Co3 O4 , NiO, and NiCo2 O4 nanostructures supported on a carbon cloth and printed graphite/Kapton substrates following thermal reduction of self-assembled metal alkanethiolates. These nanostructures act as a sensing platform for simultaneous detection of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA), important biological molecules in physiological and pathological tests. The ultrathin 2D nanoplates of NiCo2 O4 spinel formed in this study exhibit high electrochemical activity than pristine NiO and Co3 O4 . The electrochemical characterization studies indicate that NiCo2 O4 possesses a high potential for DA and UA with a peak separation of ∼140 mV, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity. The low-cost and disposable, single-shot probe biosensors fabricated in this work possess a wide working range of 0.001-1000 μM with detection limits of 0.33 and 0.49 nM for DA and UA, respectively, with a practically achievable limit of quantification of ∼1 nM. Multiple sensing electrodes are printed on graphite/Kapton all at once following this method with improved reproducibility for DA and UA sensing further extending the scope of work towards mass fabrication and practical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay B Urgunde
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan-342037, India
| | - Anandita Dhamija
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan-342037, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Rajasthan-342037, India
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18
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Roy D, Singh P, Halder S, Chanda N, Mandal S. 3-D printed electrode integrated sensing chip and a PoC device for enzyme free electrochemical detection of blood urea. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 142:107893. [PMID: 34343778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report a novel electrochemical sensing chip and a point-of-care device (PoC) for enzyme-free electrochemical detection of urea in human blood. The electrochemical sensing chip was developed by 3-D printing of conductive Ag ink and subsequent electrodeposition of AuNP-rGO nanocomposite. Material characterization of the sensing chip was conducted to find a plausible mechanism for the electrochemical reaction with urea. Subsequently, the response with varying concentrations of urea in solution and human blood samples was tested. High peak response current (~5 times than that of the highest reported value), low impedance, rapid sensor fabrication procedure, high selectivity towards urea, excellent linear response (R2 = 0.99), high sensitivity of 183 μA mM-1 cm-2, the fast response indicated by high diffusion coefficient, the limit of detection of 0.1 µM, tested shelf life of more than 6 months and recovery rate of >99% ensured the application of the developed sensor chip towards PoC urea detection test kit. A PoC device housing an electronic circuitry following the principles of linear sweep voltammetry and compatible with a sensing chip was developed. A maximum percentage error of 4.86% and maximum RSD of 3.63% confirmed the use of the PoC device for rapid urea measurements in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Roy
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Saurav Halder
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India
| | - Nripen Chanda
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India.
| | - Soumen Mandal
- Material Processing and Microsystems Laboratory, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur, WB 713209, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India.
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19
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Buledi JA, Ameen S, Memon SA, Fatima A, Solangi AR, Mallah A, Karimi F, Malakmohammadi S, Agarwal S, Gupta VK. An improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor amplified with CuO nanostructures for sensitive determination of uric acid. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study displays the facile and fluent electrochemical determination of uric acid (UA) through exceptional copper oxide nanostructures (CuO), as an effective sensing probe. The copper oxide nanostructures were fabricated via an aqueous chemical growth method using sodium hydroxide as a reducing agent, which massively hold hydroxide source. Copper oxide nanostructures showed astonishing electrocatalytic behavior in the detection of UA. Different characterization techniques such as XRD, FESEM, and EDS were exploited to determine crystalline nature, morphologies, and elemental composition of synthesized nanostructures. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was subjected to investigate the electrochemical performance of UA using copper oxide nanostructures modified glassy carbon electrode CuO/GCE. The CV parameters were optimized at a scan rate of 50 mV/s with −0.7 to 0.9 potential range, and the UA response was investigated at 0.4 mV. PBS buffer of pH 7.4 was exploited as a supporting electrolyte. The linear dynamic range for UA was 0.001–351 mM with a very low limit of detection observed as 0.6 µM. The proposed sensor was successfully applied in urine samples for the detection of UA with improved sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil A. Buledi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh , 76080 , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ameen
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh , 76080 , Jamshoro , Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University , Shaheed Benazirabad , 67450 , Sindh , Pakistan
| | - Saba A. Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh , 76080 , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Almas Fatima
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh , 76080 , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Amber R. Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh , 76080 , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Arfana Mallah
- M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh , 76080 , Jamshoro , Pakistan
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology , Quchan , Iran
| | | | - Shilpi Agarwal
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Vinod Kumar Gupta
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
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20
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Botewad SN, Gaikwad DK, Girhe NB, Thorat HN, Pawar PP. Urea biosensors: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 70:485-501. [PMID: 33847399 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Present study is specially designed for the recent advances in biosensors to detect and quantify urea concentration. Urea (carbamide) is an organic compound made up of the carbonyl (C=O) functional group with two -NH2 groups having chemical formula CO (NH2 )2 . In nature, urea is found everywhere as the result of various processes, and in the human body, urea is an end product of nitrogen metabolism. An excessive concentration of urea in the human body is responsible for different critical diseases such as indigestion, acidity, ulcers, cancer, malfunctioning of kidneys, renal failure, urinary tract obstruction, dehydration, shock, burns, gastrointestinal bleeding, and so on. Moreover, below the normal level may cause hepatic failure, nephritic syndrome, cachexia, and so on. As well as in various fields such as fishery, dairy, food preservation, agriculture, and so on, urea is normally found and its detection is necessary. In urea biosensors, enzyme urease (Urs) is used as a bioreceptor element and retains its long last activity is the critical issue in front of the researcher. During recent decades, different nanoparticles (zinc oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, tin(IV) oxide, etc.), conducting polymer (polyaniline, polypyrrole, etc.), conducting polymer-nanoparticles composites, carbon materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide graphene), and so on are used in urea biosensors. The main emphasis of the present study is to provide cumulative and comprehensive information about the sensing parameters of urea biosensors based on the materials used for enzyme immobilization. Besides this special task, this review provides a fruitful discussion on the basics of biosensors briefly for new and upcoming researchers. Thus, the present study may act as a gift for a large audience that come from different fields and are working in biosensors research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil N Botewad
- Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Nitin B Girhe
- Jawahar Science, Commerce and Arts College, Andoor, Tq. Tuljapur District, Osmanabad, India
| | - Hanuman N Thorat
- Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravina P Pawar
- Department of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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21
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Wang X, Liu B, Li J, Zhai Y, Liu H, Li L, Wen H. Conductive 2D Metal‐organic Framework (Co, NiCo, Ni) Nanosheets for Enhanced Non‐enzymatic Detection of Urea. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Earth Sciences Hebei GEO University Shijiazhuang 050031 P. R. China
| | - Yunyun Zhai
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P. R. China
| | - Haiqing Liu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 P. R. China
| | - Herui Wen
- School of Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
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22
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Salandari-Jolge N, Ensafi AA, Rezaei B. Metal–organic framework derived metal oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite, a new tool for the determination of dipyridamole. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05329e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NICo2O4/NIO@MOF-5 rGO can detect dipyridamole at trace levels with high selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali A. Ensafi
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Iran
| | - Behzad Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111
- Iran
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23
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Fatema KN, Jung CH, Liu Y, Sagadevan S, Cho KY, Oh WC. New Design of Active Material Based on YInWO4-G-SiO2 for a Urea Sensor and High Performance for Nonenzymatic Electrical Sensitivity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6981-6994. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamrun Nahar Fatema
- Department of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Hanseo University, Seosan-si, Chungnam 356-706, Korea
| | - Chong-Hun Jung
- Decommissioning Technology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, P.O. Box 105,
Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Yin Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, P. R. China
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwang Youn Cho
- Korea Institutes of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Soho-ro, Jinju-Si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52851, South Korea
| | - Won-Chun Oh
- Department of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Hanseo University, Seosan-si, Chungnam 356-706, Korea
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, P. R. China
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24
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Liu J, Siavash Moakhar R, Sudalaiyadum Perumal A, Roman HN, Mahshid S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. An AgNP-deposited commercial electrochemistry test strip as a platform for urea detection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9527. [PMID: 32533102 PMCID: PMC7293235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an inexpensive, portable platform for urea detection via electrochemistry by depositing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on a commercial glucose test strip. We modified this strip by first removing the enzymes from the surface, followed by electrodeposition of AgNPs on one channel (working electrode). The morphology of the modified test strip was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and its electrochemical performance was evaluated via Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). We evaluated the performance of the device for urea detection via measurements of the dependency of peak currents vs the analyte concentration and from the relationship between the peak current and the square root of the scan rates. The observed linear range is 1-8 mM (corresponding to the physiological range of urea concentration in human blood), and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.14 mM. The selectivity, reproducibility, reusability, and storage stability of the modified test strips are also reported. Additional tests were performed to validate the ability to measure urea in the presence of confounding factors such as spiked plasma and milk. The results demonstrate the potential of this simple and portable EC platform to be used in applications such as medical diagnosis and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | | | | | - Horia Nicolae Roman
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
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25
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Kumar R. NiCo 2O 4 Nano-/Microstructures as High-Performance Biosensors: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:122. [PMID: 34138118 PMCID: PMC7770908 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic biosensors based on mixed transition metal oxides are deemed as the most promising devices due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, wide concentration range, low detection limits, and excellent recyclability. Spinel NiCo2O4 mixed oxides have drawn considerable attention recently due to their outstanding advantages including large specific surface area, high permeability, short electron, and ion diffusion pathways. Because of the rapid development of non-enzyme biosensors, the current state of methods for synthesis of pure and composite/hybrid NiCo2O4 materials and their subsequent electrochemical biosensing applications are systematically and comprehensively reviewed herein. Comparative analysis reveals better electrochemical sensing of bioanalytes by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NiCo2O4 nano-/microstructures than other morphologies. Better biosensing efficiency of NiCo2O4 as compared to corresponding individual metal oxides, viz. NiO and Co3O4, is attributed to the close intrinsic-state redox couples of Ni3+/Ni2+ (0.58 V/0.49 V) and Co3+/Co2+ (0.53 V/0.51 V). Biosensing performance of NiCo2O4 is also significantly improved by making the composites of NiCo2O4 with conducting carbonaceous materials like graphene, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes (single and multi-walled), carbon nanofibers; conducting polymers like polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI); metal oxides NiO, Co3O4, SnO2, MnO2; and metals like Au, Pd, etc. Various factors affecting the morphologies and biosensing parameters of the nano-/micro-structured NiCo2O4 are also highlighted. Finally, some drawbacks and future perspectives related to this promising field are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Jagdish Chandra DAV College, Dasuya, Distt. Hoshiarpur, 144205, Punjab, India.
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26
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Qin Y, Chen F, Halder A, Zhang M. Free‐Standing NiO Nanosheets as Non‐Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Qin
- College Life Science & Technology Xinjiang University 830046 Shengli Road Urumqi China
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40 DK-1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Fei Chen
- College Life Science & Technology Xinjiang University 830046 Shengli Road Urumqi China
| | - Arnab Halder
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Minwei Zhang
- College Life Science & Technology Xinjiang University 830046 Shengli Road Urumqi China
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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27
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Amini R, Asadpour‐Zeynali K. Cauliflower‐like NiCo
2
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4
−Zn/Al Layered Double Hydroxide Nanocomposite as an Efficient Electrochemical Sensing Platform for Selective Pyridoxine Detection. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Amini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Tabriz Tabriz 51666-16471 Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Karim Asadpour‐Zeynali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Tabriz Tabriz 51666-16471 Iran
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Amin S, Tahira A, Solangi AR, Mazzaro R, Ibupoto ZH, Fatima A, Vomiero A. Functional Nickel Oxide Nanostructures for Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Media. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Amin
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences & Mathematics Luleå University of Technology 97187 Luleå Sweden
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh Jamshoro 76080 Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad 67450, Sindh Pakistan
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences & Mathematics Luleå University of Technology 97187 Luleå Sweden
| | - Amber R. Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh Jamshoro 76080 Pakistan
| | - Raffaello Mazzaro
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences & Mathematics Luleå University of Technology 97187 Luleå Sweden
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems National Research Council Via Piero Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Zafar Hussain Ibupoto
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences & Mathematics Luleå University of Technology 97187 Luleå Sweden
- Institute of Chemistry University of Sindh Jamshoro 76080, Sindh Pakistan
| | - Almas Fatima
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh Jamshoro 76080 Pakistan
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences & Mathematics Luleå University of Technology 97187 Luleå Sweden
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Ca' Foscari University of Venice Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
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Morales-Cruz M, Solis-Marcano NE, Binder C, Priest C, Cabrera CR. Electrochemical Proteus vulgaris whole cell urea sensor in synthetic urine. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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