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Qin M, Khan IM, Ding N, Qi S, Dong X, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Aptamer-modified paper-based analytical devices for the detection of food hazards: Emerging applications and future perspective. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108368. [PMID: 38692442 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Food analysis plays a critical role in assessing human health risks and monitoring food quality and safety. Currently, there is a pressing need for a reliable, portable, and quick recognition element for point-of-care testing (POCT) to better serve the demands of on-site food analysis. Aptamer-modified paper-based analytical devices (Apt-PADs) have excellent characteristics of high portability, high sensitivity, high specificity, and on-site detection, which have been widely used and concerned in the field of food safety. The article reviews the basic components and working principles of Apt-PADs, and introduces their representative applications detecting food hazards. Finally, the advantages, challenges, and future directions of Apt-PADs-based sensing performance are discussed, to provide new directions and insights for researchers to select appropriate Apt-PADs according to specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Imran Mahmood Khan
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Ning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoze Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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2
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de Godoy HA, Faria AM, Roza NAV, Bach-Toledo L, Simabuco FM, Scharlack NK, de Oliveira RB, Antunes AEC, Arthur R, Mazon T. Point-of-Care Electrochemical Immunosensor Applied against Nosocomial Infection: Staphylococcus aureus Detection in Human Hand Skin. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1949-1957. [PMID: 38741263 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that causes nosocomial infections, resulting in unacceptable morbidity and mortality rates. In this work, we proposed the construction of a nanostructured ZnO-based electrochemical immunosensor for qualitative and semiquantitative detection of S. aureus using simple methods for growing zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs) on a sensor board and immobilizing the anti-S. aureus antibody on ZnO NRs through cystamine and glutaraldehyde. The immunosensor detected S. aureus in the 103-107 colony-forming unit (CFU) mL-1 range and showed a limit of detection (LoD) around 0.792 × 103 CFU mL-1. Beyond a satisfactory LoD, the developed immunosensor presented other advantages, such as high versatility for point-of-care assays and a suitable selective factor that admits the detection of the S. aureus concentration range in human hand skin after washing. Moreover, the immunosensor showed the potential to be an excellent device to control nosocomial infection by detecting the presence of S. aureus in human hand skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Alves de Godoy
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13484-332 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Macedo Faria
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer, CTI, 13069-901 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Bach-Toledo
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer, CTI, 13069-901 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nayara Kastem Scharlack
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rangel Arthur
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13484-332 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita Mazon
- Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer, CTI, 13069-901 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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3
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Coatrini-Soares A, Soares JC, Popolin-Neto M, de Mello SS, Sanches EA, Paulovich FV, Oliveira ON, Mattoso LHC. Multidimensional calibration spaces in Staphylococcus Aureus detection using chitosan-based genosensors and electronic tongue. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132460. [PMID: 38772468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis diagnosis can be made by detecting Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which requires high sensitivity and selectivity. Here, we report on microfluidic genosensors and electronic tongues to detect S. aureus DNA using impedance spectroscopy with data analysis employing visual analytics and machine learning techniques. The genosensors were made with layer-by-layer films containing either 10 bilayers of chitosan/chondroitin sulfate or 8 bilayers of chitosan/sericin functionalized with an active layer of cpDNA S. aureus. The specific interactions leading to hybridization in these genosensors allowed for a low limit of detection of 5.90 × 10-19 mol/L. The electronic tongue had four sensing units made with 6-bilayer chitosan/chondroitin sulfate films, 10-bilayer chitosan/chondroitin sulfate, 8-bilayer chitosan/sericin, and 8-bilayer chitosan/gold nanoparticles modified with sericin. Despite the absence of specific interactions, various concentrations of DNA S. aureus could be distinguished when the impedance data were plotted using a dimensionality reduction technique. Selectivity of S. aureus DNA was confirmed using multidimensional calibration spaces, based on machine learning, with accuracy up to 89 % for the genosensors and 66 % for the electronic tongue. Hence, with these computational methods one may opt for the more expensive genosensors or the simpler and cheaper electronic tongue, depending on the sensitivity level required to diagnose mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Coatrini-Soares
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Coatrini Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Mario Popolin-Neto
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences (ICMC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil; Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP), 14804-296 Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando V Paulovich
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil.
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Tabaraki R, Nazari F. Vancomycin-modified nitrogen and chloride doped carbon dots and their application as a Staphylococcus aureus probe. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1268:341311. [PMID: 37268336 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this research, N, Cl-doped carbon dots (N, Cl-CDs) were prepared in choline chloride-glycerol deep eutectic solvent (DES) by microwave method. N, Cl-CDs surface was modified with vancomycin for detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria in the range of 102-107 colony-forming unit per milliliter (CFU/mL). The detection limit was 101 CFU/mL. Morphology and structure of N, Cl-CDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), photoluminescence spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and zeta potential. The prepared N, Cl-CDs had excellent dispersion in water, particle size range of 2-3 nm, and quantum yield of 38.75%. Speed, wide linear range and more convenient were advantages of new probe with respect to other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tabaraki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Nazari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
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5
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Soares A, Soares JC, dos Santos DM, Migliorini FL, Popolin-Neto M, dos Santos Cinelli Pinto D, Carvalho WA, Brandão HM, Paulovich FV, Correa DS, Oliveira ON, Mattoso LHC. Nanoarchitectonic E-Tongue of Electrospun Zein/Curcumin Carbon Dots for Detecting Staphylococcus aureusin Milk. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13721-13732. [PMID: 37091421 PMCID: PMC10116536 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a nanoarchitectonic electronic tongue made with flexible electrodes coated with curcumin carbon dots and zein electrospun nanofibers, which could detect Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) in milk using electrical impedance spectroscopy. Electronic tongues are based on the global selectivity concept in which the electrical responses of distinct sensing units are combined to provide a unique pattern, which in this case allowed the detection of S. aureus through non-specific interactions. The electronic tongue used here comprised 3 sensors with electrodes coated with zein nanofibers, carbon dots, and carbon dots with zein nanofibers. The capacitance data obtained with the three sensors were processed with a multidimensional projection technique referred to as interactive document mapping (IDMAP) and analyzed using the machine learning-based concept of multidimensional calibration space (MCS). The concentration of S. aureus could be determined with the sensing units, especially with the one containing zein as the limit of detection was 0.83 CFU/mL (CFU stands for colony-forming unit). This high sensitivity is attributed to molecular-level interactions between the protein zein and C-H groups in S. aureus according to polarization-modulated infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) data. Using machine learning and IDMAP, we demonstrated the selectivity of the electronic tongue in distinguishing milk samples from mastitis-infected cows from milk collected from healthy cows, and from milk spiked with possible interferents. Calibration of the electronic tongue can also be reached with the MCS concept employing decision tree algorithms, with an 80.1% accuracy in the diagnosis of mastitis. The low-cost electronic tongue presented here may be exploited in diagnosing mastitis at early stages, with tests performed in the farms without requiring specialized laboratories or personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey
Coatrini Soares
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Coatrini Soares
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University
of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Danilo Martins dos Santos
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda L. Migliorini
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle dos Santos Cinelli Pinto
- Embrapa
Gado de Leite CEP, Juiz de Fora 3603-330, Brazil
- Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Humberto Mello Brandão
- Embrapa
Gado de Leite CEP, Juiz de Fora 3603-330, Brazil
- Programa
de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vieira Paulovich
- Department
of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven
University of Technology (TU/e), Eindhoven 5600 MB, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Souza Correa
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São
Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University
of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
- Nanotechnology
National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
- luiz.mattoso@embrapa,br
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Wang R, Luo J. Ag NP-filter paper based SERS sensor coupled with multivariate analysis for rapid identification of bacteria. RSC Adv 2022; 13:499-505. [PMID: 36605639 PMCID: PMC9769535 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05715h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and accurate identification of bacteria is essential to ensure food safety and prevent pathogenic bacterial infection. In this study, a highly efficient method was established for accurately identifying bacterial species by applying Ag NP-filter paper based Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) statistical methods. The flexible Ag NP filter paper substrate with high sensitivity and uniformity was prepared by a facile and low-cost silver mirror reaction at room temperature, which exhibited desirable SERS activity in bacteria detection. Furthermore, PLS-DA was successfully employed to distinguish SERS spectra from S. aureus CMCC 26003, E. faecalis ATCC29212 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 with a sensitivity of 93.3-100%, specificity of 96.7-97%, and overall predicting accuracy of 95.8%. This exploratory study demonstrates that a Ag NP-filter paper based SERS sensor coupled with PLS-DA has great potential for rapid and effective detection and identification of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Chemical Engineering College, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering Zigong Sichuan 643000 China
| | - Jiamin Luo
- Chemical Engineering College, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering Zigong Sichuan 643000 China
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Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Deng L. An ultrasensitive fluorescence detection template of pathogenic bacteria based on dual catalytic hairpin DNA Walker@Gold nanoparticles enzyme-free amplification. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 277:121259. [PMID: 35489113 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrating the advantages of catalytic hairpin components and multi-foot DNA walker, we designed a 16S rRNA detection probe template for pathogen bacteria, which utilizes DNA ligation quencher and dual catalytic hairpin@DNA walker to induce signal recovery. The dual catalytic hairpin@DNA walker uses the walking position of the target on the AuNP as a foothold to promote the reaction, so that the biosensing of the low-abundance target sequence can induce signal recovery. During the entire experiment, no enzyme is required, which can avoid the limitation of enzyme degradation under unfavorable conditions and the inability to detect the target. Most importantly, the detection template has the advantages of high sensitivity, and its detection limit is significantly better than that of single hairpin DNA walker probe. As the detection system can sensitively and rapidly detect its targeted bacteria and not rely on any enzyme and sophisticated instrumentation, it has great potential for sensitive and specific pathogenic bacteria detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Le Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, PR China.
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Soares JC, Soares AC, Angelim MKSC, Proença-Modena JL, Moraes-Vieira PM, Mattoso LHC, Oliveira ON. Diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 infection using electrical impedance spectroscopy with an immunosensor to detect the spike protein. Talanta 2021; 239:123076. [PMID: 34876273 PMCID: PMC8607795 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mass testing for the diagnostics of COVID-19 has been hampered in many countries owing to the high cost of the methodologies to detect genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. In this paper, we report on a low-cost immunosensor capable of detecting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, including in samples of inactivated virus. Detection is performed with electrical impedance spectroscopy using an immunosensor that contains a monolayer film of carboxymethyl chitosan as matrix, coated with an active layer of antibodies specific to the spike protein. In addition to a low limit of detection of 0.179 fg/mL within an almost linear behavior from 10−20 g/mL to 10−14 g/mL, the immunosensor was highly selective. For the samples with the spike protein could be distinguished in multidimensional projection plots from samples with other biomarkers and analytes that could be interfering species for healthy and infected patients. The excellent analytical performance of the immunosensors was validated with the distinction between control samples and those containing inactivated SARS-CoV-2 at different concentrations. The mechanism behind the immunosensor performance is the specific antibody-protein interaction, as confirmed with the changes induced in C–H stretching and protein bands in polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectra (PM-IRRAS). Because impedance spectroscopy measurements can be made with low-cost portable instruments, the immunosensor proposed here can be applied in point-of-care diagnostics for mass testing even in places with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Andrey C Soares
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Monara Kaelle S C Angelim
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Luiz Proença-Modena
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbilities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz H C Mattoso
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590, São Carlos, Brazil.
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Ng HY, Lee WC, Kung CT, Li LC, Lee CT, Fu LM. Recent Advances in Microfluidic Devices for Contamination Detection and Quality Inspection of Milk. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:558. [PMID: 34068982 PMCID: PMC8156775 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Milk is a necessity for human life. However, it is susceptible to contamination and adulteration. Microfluidic analysis devices have attracted significant attention for the high-throughput quality inspection and contaminant analysis of milk samples in recent years. This review describes the major proposals presented in the literature for the pretreatment, contaminant detection, and quality inspection of milk samples using microfluidic lab-on-a-chip and lab-on-paper platforms in the past five years. The review focuses on the sample separation, sample extraction, and sample preconcentration/amplification steps of the pretreatment process and the determination of aflatoxins, antibiotics, drugs, melamine, and foodborne pathogens in the detection process. Recent proposals for the general quality inspection of milk samples, including the viscosity and presence of adulteration, are also discussed. The review concludes with a brief perspective on the challenges facing the future development of microfluidic devices for the analysis of milk samples in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee-Yeong Ng
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (H.-Y.N.); (W.-C.L.); (L.-C.L.); (C.-T.L.)
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (H.-Y.N.); (W.-C.L.); (L.-C.L.); (C.-T.L.)
| | - Chia-Te Kung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
| | - Lung-Chih Li
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (H.-Y.N.); (W.-C.L.); (L.-C.L.); (C.-T.L.)
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (H.-Y.N.); (W.-C.L.); (L.-C.L.); (C.-T.L.)
| | - Lung-Ming Fu
- Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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