1
|
Li S, Zhang J, He J, Liu W, Wang Y, Huang Z, Pang H, Chen Y. Functional PDMS Elastomers: Bulk Composites, Surface Engineering, and Precision Fabrication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304506. [PMID: 37814364 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-the simplest and most common silicone compound-exemplifies the central characteristics of its class and has attracted tremendous research attention. The development of PDMS-based materials is a vivid reflection of the modern industry. In recent years, PDMS has stood out as the material of choice for various emerging technologies. The rapid improvement in bulk modification strategies and multifunctional surfaces has enabled a whole new generation of PDMS-based materials and devices, facilitating, and even transforming enormous applications, including flexible electronics, superwetting surfaces, soft actuators, wearable and implantable sensors, biomedicals, and autonomous robotics. This paper reviews the latest advances in the field of PDMS-based functional materials, with a focus on the added functionality and their use as programmable materials for smart devices. Recent breakthroughs regarding instant crosslinking and additive manufacturing are featured, and exciting opportunities for future research are highlighted. This review provides a quick entrance to this rapidly evolving field and will help guide the rational design of next-generation soft materials and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jian He
- Yizhi Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, No. 99 Danba Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Center for Composites, COMAC Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Flexible Capillary Microfluidic Devices Based on Surface-Energy Modified Polydimethylsiloxane and Polymethylmethacrylate with Room-Temperature Chemical Bonding. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-023-00096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
3
|
Shakeri A, Khan S, Jarad NA, Didar TF. The Fabrication and Bonding of Thermoplastic Microfluidics: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15186478. [PMID: 36143790 PMCID: PMC9503322 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Various fields within biomedical engineering have been afforded rapid scientific advancement through the incorporation of microfluidics. As literature surrounding biological systems become more comprehensive and many microfluidic platforms show potential for commercialization, the development of representative fluidic systems has become more intricate. This has brought increased scrutiny of the material properties of microfluidic substrates. Thermoplastics have been highlighted as a promising material, given their material adaptability and commercial compatibility. This review provides a comprehensive discussion surrounding recent developments pertaining to thermoplastic microfluidic device fabrication. Existing and emerging approaches related to both microchannel fabrication and device assembly are highlighted, with consideration toward how specific approaches induce physical and/or chemical properties that are optimally suited for relevant real-world applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amid Shakeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Shadman Khan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Noor Abu Jarad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tohid F. Didar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Trinh KTL, Thai DA, Lee NY. Bonding Strategies for Thermoplastics Applicable for Bioanalysis and Diagnostics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1503. [PMID: 36144126 PMCID: PMC9501821 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary science that includes physics, chemistry, engineering, and biotechnology. Such microscale systems are receiving growing interest in applications such as analysis, diagnostics, and biomedical research. Thermoplastic polymers have emerged as one of the most attractive materials for microfluidic device fabrication owing to advantages such as being optically transparent, biocompatible, cost-effective, and mass producible. However, thermoplastic bonding is a key challenge for sealing microfluidic devices. Given the wide range of bonding methods, the appropriate bonding approach should be carefully selected depending on the thermoplastic material and functional requirements. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of thermoplastic fabricating and bonding approaches, presenting their advantages and disadvantages, to assist in finding suitable microfluidic device bonding methods. In addition, we highlight current applications of thermoplastic microfluidics to analyses and diagnostics and introduce future perspectives on thermoplastic bonding strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieu The Loan Trinh
- Department of Industrial Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea
| | - Duc Anh Thai
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hammami S, Oseev A, Bargiel S, Zeggari R, Elie-Caille C, Leblois T. Microfluidics for High Pressure: Integration on GaAs Acoustic Biosensors with a Leakage-Free PDMS Based on Bonding Technology. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050755. [PMID: 35630222 PMCID: PMC9145980 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics integration of acoustic biosensors is an actively developing field. Despite significant progress in “passive” microfluidic technology, integration with microacoustic devices is still in its research state. The major challenge is bonding polymers with monocrystalline piezoelectrics to seal microfluidic biosensors. In this contribution, we specifically address the challenge of microfluidics integration on gallium arsenide (GaAs) acoustic biosensors. We have developed a robust plasma-assisted bonding technology, allowing strong connections between PDMS microfluidic chip and GaAs/SiO2 at low temperatures (70 °C). Mechanical and fluidic performances of fabricated device were studied. The bonding surfaces were characterized by water contact angle measurement and ATR-FTIR, AFM, and SEM analysis. The bonding strength was characterized using a tensile machine and pressure/leakage tests. The study showed that the sealed chips were able to achieve a limit of high bonding strength of 2.01 MPa. The adhesion of PDMS to GaAs was significantly improved by use of SiO2 intermediate layer, permitting the bonded chip to withstand at least 8.5 bar of burst pressure. The developed bonding approach can be a valuable solution for microfluidics integration in several types of MEMS devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saber Hammami
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR-6174, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France; (A.O.); (S.B.); (C.E.-C.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Aleksandr Oseev
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR-6174, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France; (A.O.); (S.B.); (C.E.-C.)
| | - Sylwester Bargiel
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR-6174, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France; (A.O.); (S.B.); (C.E.-C.)
| | - Rabah Zeggari
- FEMTO-Engineering, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25030 Besançon, France;
| | - Céline Elie-Caille
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR-6174, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France; (A.O.); (S.B.); (C.E.-C.)
| | - Thérèse Leblois
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS UMR-6174, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25030 Besançon, France; (A.O.); (S.B.); (C.E.-C.)
- Correspondence: (S.H.); (T.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Giri K, Tsao CW. Recent Advances in Thermoplastic Microfluidic Bonding. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:486. [PMID: 35334777 PMCID: PMC8949906 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is a multidisciplinary technology with applications in various fields, such as biomedical, energy, chemicals and environment. Thermoplastic is one of the most prominent materials for polymer microfluidics. Properties such as good mechanical rigidity, organic solvent resistivity, acid/base resistivity, and low water absorbance make thermoplastics suitable for various microfluidic applications. However, bonding of thermoplastics has always been challenging because of a wide range of bonding methods and requirements. This review paper summarizes the current bonding processes being practiced for the fabrication of thermoplastic microfluidic devices, and provides a comparison between the different bonding strategies to assist researchers in finding appropriate bonding methods for microfluidic device assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chia-Wen Tsao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Borók A, Laboda K, Bonyár A. PDMS Bonding Technologies for Microfluidic Applications: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:292. [PMID: 34436094 PMCID: PMC8394141 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes and compares the available surface treatment and bonding techniques (e.g., corona triggered surface activation, oxygen plasma surface activation, chemical gluing, and mixed techniques) and quality/bond-strength testing methods (e.g., pulling test, shear test, peel test, leakage test) for bonding PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) with other materials, such as PDMS, glass, silicon, PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PI (polyimide), PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PC (polycarbonate), COC (cyclic olefin copolymer), PS (polystyrene) and PEN (polyethylene naphthalate). The optimized process parameters for the best achievable bond strengths are collected for each substrate, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Attila Bonyár
- Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schneider S, Brás EJS, Schneider O, Schlünder K, Loskill P. Facile Patterning of Thermoplastic Elastomers and Robust Bonding to Glass and Thermoplastics for Microfluidic Cell Culture and Organ-on-Chip. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:575. [PMID: 34070209 PMCID: PMC8158514 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of microfluidics over the last decades relied almost exclusively on the elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The main reason for the success of PDMS in the field of microfluidic research is its suitability for rapid prototyping and simple bonding methods. PDMS allows for precise microstructuring by replica molding and bonding to different substrates through various established strategies. However, large-scale production and commercialization efforts are hindered by the low scalability of PDMS-based chip fabrication and high material costs. Furthermore, fundamental limitations of PDMS, such as small molecule absorption and high water evaporation, have resulted in a shift toward PDMS-free systems. Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) are a promising alternative, combining properties from both thermoplastic materials and elastomers. Here, we present a rapid and scalable fabrication method for microfluidic systems based on a polycarbonate (PC) and TPE hybrid material. Microstructured PC/TPE-hybrid modules are generated by hot embossing precise features into the TPE while simultaneously fusing the flexible TPE to a rigid thermoplastic layer through thermal fusion bonding. Compared to TPE alone, the resulting, more rigid composite material improves device handling while maintaining the key advantages of TPE. In a fast and simple process, the PC/TPE-hybrid can be bonded to several types of thermoplastics as well as glass substrates. The resulting bond strength withstands at least 7.5 bar of applied pressure, even after seven days of exposure to a high-temperature and humid environment, which makes the PC/TPE-hybrid suitable for most microfluidic applications. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the PC/TPE-hybrid features low absorption of small molecules while being biocompatible, making it a suitable material for microfluidic biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Eduardo J. S. Brás
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; (E.J.S.B.); (K.S.)
| | - Oliver Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.S.); (O.S.)
| | - Katharina Schlünder
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; (E.J.S.B.); (K.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany; (E.J.S.B.); (K.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- 3R Center Tübingen for In Vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|