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Dale HA, Hodges GR, Lloyd-Jones GC. Kinetics and Mechanism of Azole n-π*-Catalyzed Amine Acylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18126-18140. [PMID: 37526380 PMCID: PMC10436283 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Azole anions are highly competent in the activation of weak acyl donors, but, unlike neutral (aprotic) Lewis bases, are not yet widely applied as acylation catalysts. Using a combination of in situ and stopped-flow 1H/19F NMR spectroscopy, kinetics, isotopic labeling, 1H DOSY, and electronic structure calculations, we have investigated azole-catalyzed aminolysis of p-fluorophenyl acetate. The global kinetics have been elucidated under four sets of conditions, and the key elementary steps underpinning catalysis deconvoluted using a range of intermediates and transition state probes. While all evidence points to an overarching mechanism involving n-π* catalysis via N-acylated azole intermediates, a diverse array of kinetic regimes emerges from this framework. Even seemingly minor changes to the solvent, auxiliary base, or azole catalyst can elicit profound changes in the temporal evolution, thermal sensitivity, and progressive inhibition of catalysis. These observations can only be rationalized by taking a holistic view of the mechanism and a set of limiting regimes for the kinetics. Overall, the analysis of 18 azole catalysts spanning nearly 10 orders of magnitude in acidity highlights the pitfall of pursuing ever more nucleophilic catalysts without regard for catalyst speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey
J. A. Dale
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - George R. Hodges
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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Liu Y, He Z, Ma W, Bao G, Li Y, Yu C, Li J, E R, Xu Z, Wang R, Sun W. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Late-Stage Introduction of Oxime Ethers into Peptides at the Carboxylic Acid Site. Org Lett 2022; 24:9248-9253. [PMID: 36508502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a method of introducing biological oxime ether fragments into peptides by CuI-catalyzed late-stage modification and functionalization of peptides, utilizing their acid moiety and varied 2H-azirines. As a result of its mild conditions, high atom economy, moderate yield, and excellent functional-group tolerance, the method can provide access to late-stage peptide modification and functionalization at their acid sites both in the homogeneous phase and on resins in SPPS, providing a new tool kit for peptide functionalization, diversification, and fluorescent labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Wen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Bao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Changjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Jingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyao E
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, 199 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P. R. China
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3
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Pan YL, Shao YB, Wang J, Liu Z, Chen L, Li X. Kinetic Resolution of 2 H-Azirines by Asymmetric Allylation Reactions. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Liang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying-Bo Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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