1
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Phung TT, Huyen NT, Giang NT, Thu NM, Son NT, Tung NH, Lan NT, Ngo ST, Mai NT, Tung NT. Unraveling Hydrogen Adsorption on Transition Metal-Doped [Mo 3S 13] 2- Clusters: Insights from Density Functional Theory Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20467-20476. [PMID: 38737022 PMCID: PMC11079903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecular and dissociative hydrogen adsorption of transition metal (TM)-doped [Mo3S13]2- atomic clusters were investigated using density functional theory calculations. The introduced TM dopants form stable bonds with S atoms, preserving the geometric structure. The S-TM-S bridging bond emerges as the most stable configuration. The preferred adsorption sites were found to be influenced by various factors, such as the relative electronegativity, coordination number, and charge of the TM atom. Notably, the presence of these TM atoms remarkably improved the hydrogen adsorption activity. The dissociation of a single hydrogen molecule on TM[Mo3S13]2- clusters (TM = Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) is thermodynamically and kinetically favorable compared to their bare counterparts. The extent of favorability monotonically depends on the TM impurity, with a maximum activation barrier energy ranging from 0.62 to 1.58 eV, lower than that of the bare cluster (1.69 eV). Findings provide insights for experimental research on hydrogen adsorption using TM-doped molybdenum sulfide nanoclusters, with potential applications in the field of hydrogen energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Phung
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
- University
of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Huyen
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Giang
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Thu
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Son
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Tung
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thi Lan
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
- Institute
of Science and Technology, TNU-University
of Sciences, Thai Nguyen City 250000, Vietnam
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory
of Biophysics, Institute for Advanced Study in Technology, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 72915, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 72915, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Mai
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Tung
- Institute
of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 11307, Vietnam
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2
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Li HF, Wang HQ, Zhang JM, Qin LX, Zheng H, Zhang YH. Investigation of Structures, Stabilities, and Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Niobium Carbon Clusters Nb 7C n (n = 1-7). Molecules 2024; 29:1692. [PMID: 38675512 PMCID: PMC11051814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The geometrical structures, relative stabilities, and electronic and magnetic properties of niobium carbon clusters, Nb7Cn (n = 1-7), are investigated in this study. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, coupled with the Saunders Kick global search, are conducted to explore the structural properties of Nb7Cn (n = 1-7). The results regarding the average binding energy, second-order difference energy, dissociation energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, and chemical hardness highlight the robust stability of Nb7C3. Analysis of the density of states suggests that the molecular orbitals of Nb7Cn primarily consist of orbitals from the transition metal Nb, with minimal involvement of C atoms. Spin density and natural population analysis reveal that the total magnetic moment of Nb7Cn predominantly resides on the Nb atoms. The contribution of Nb atoms to the total magnetic moment stems mainly from the 4d orbital, followed by the 5p, 5s, and 6s orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Li
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Huai-Qian Wang
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jia-Ming Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lan-Xin Qin
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yong-Hang Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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3
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Jiang GD, Yang Q, Wei GP, Li ZY, He SG. Superior Reactivity of Molybdenum-Sulfur Cluster Anions Mo 5S 2- and Mo 5S 3- toward Dinitrogen. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11318-11324. [PMID: 37428555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the fact that Mo is a key element in biological nitrogenase, a series of gas-phase MoxSy- cluster anions are prepared and their reactivity toward N2 is investigated by the combination of mass spectrometry, photoelectron imaging spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The Mo5S2- and Mo5S3- cluster anions show remarkable reactivity compared with the anionic species reported previously. The spectroscopic results in conjunction with theoretical analysis reveal that a facile cleavage of N≡N bonds takes place on Mo5S2- and Mo5S3-. The large dissociative adsorption energy of N2 and the favorable entrance channel for initial N2 approaching are proposed as two decisive factors for the superior reactivity of Mo5S2- and Mo5S3-. Besides, the modulation of S ligands on the reactivity of metal centers with N2 is proposed. The highly reactive metal-sulfur species may be obtained by the coordination of two to three sulfur atoms to bare metal clusters so that an appropriate combination of electronic structures and charge distributions can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Duo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Gong-Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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4
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German E, Gebauer R. The Oxygen Evolution Reaction at MoS 2 Edge Sites: The Role of a Solvent Environment in DFT-Based Molecular Simulations. Molecules 2023; 28:5182. [PMID: 37446844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to study the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the edges of stripes of monolayer molybdenum disulfide. Experimentally, this material has been shown to evolve oxygen, albeit with low efficiency. Previous DFT studies have traced this low catalytic performance to the unfavourable adsorption energies of some reaction intermediates on the MoS2 edge sites. In this work, we study the effects of the aqueous liquid surrounding the active sites. A computational approach is used, where the solvent is modeled as a continuous medium providing a dielectric embedding of the catalyst and the reaction intermediates. A description at this level of theory can have a profound impact on the studied reactions: the calculated overpotential for the OER is lowered from 1.15 eV to 0.77 eV. It is shown that such variations in the reaction energetics are linked to the polar nature of the adsorbed intermediates, which leads to changes in the calculated electronic charge density when surrounded by water. These results underline the necessity to computationally account for solvation effects, especially in aqueous environments and when highly polar intermediates are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania German
- Department of Theoretical, Atomic and Optical Physics, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ralph Gebauer
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
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Xie B, Wang HQ, Li HF, Zhang JM, Zeng JK, Mei XJ, Zhang YH, Zheng H, Qin LX. Making Sense of the Growth Behavior of Ultra-High Magnetic Gd 2-Doped Silicon Clusters. Molecules 2023; 28:5071. [PMID: 37446733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth behavior, stability, electronic and magnetic properties of the Gd2Sin- (n = 3-12) clusters are reported, which are investigated using density functional theory calculations combined with the Saunders 'Kick' and the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm. The lowest-lying structures of Gd2Sin- (n = 3-12) are all exohedral structures with two Gd atoms face-capping the Sin frameworks. Results show that the pentagonal bipyramid (PB) shape is the basic framework for the nascent growth process of the present clusters, and forming the PB structure begins with n = 5. The Gd2Si5- is the potential magic cluster due to significantly higher average binding energies and second order difference energies, which can also be further verified by localized orbital locator and adaptive natural density partitioning methods. Moreover, the localized f-electron can be observed by natural atomic orbital analysis, implying that these electrons are not affected by the pure silicon atoms and scarcely participate in bonding. Hence, the implantation of these elements into a silicon substrate could present a potential alternative strategy for designing and synthesizing rare earth magnetic silicon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Xie
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Huai-Qian Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Hui-Fang Li
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Jia-Ming Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jin-Kun Zeng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xun-Jie Mei
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Yong-Hang Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lan-Xin Qin
- College of Engineering, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
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6
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Wang YY, Ding XL, Chen Y, Wang MM, Li W, Wang X. Trimetallic clusters in the sumanene bowl for dinitrogen activation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23265-23278. [PMID: 36156001 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is of great importance to find catalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) with high stability and reactivity. A series of M3 clusters (M = Ti, Zr, V, and Nb) supported on sumanene (C21H12) were designed as potential catalysts for the NRR by taking advantage of the high reactivity of trimetallic clusters and the unique geometric and electronic properties of sumanene, a bowl-like organic molecule. Detailed mechanisms of NN bond cleavage on C21H12-M3 were investigated by DFT calculations and compared with those on bare M3 clusters. M3 in the sumanene bowl is very stable with large binding energies, which prohibits the cohesion of M3 into M6. In the bowl, M3 has a (quasi-) equilateral triangle structure with lengthened M-M bonds, which is particularly beneficial to the N2 transfer process on Ti3 and V3 clusters. The N-N bond can be dissociated by both M3 and C21H12-M3 clusters without the overall energy barriers. A blurring effect is found in which some geometric and electronic properties of different metal types become similar when M3 is supported on the substrate. Our work demonstrates that sumanene is a suitable substrate to support M3 in the activation of N2 with enhanced stability and maintained a high level of reactivity compared to bare M3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ya Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China. .,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China. .,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China. .,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China. .,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China. .,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China. .,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Changping, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Physics and Energy Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071000, China
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7
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Wang YY, Ding XL, Gurti JI, Chen Y, Huang XQ, Li W, Wang X. Facile N≡N Bond Cleavage by Anionic Trimetallic Clusters V 3-x Ta x C 4 - (x=0-3): A DFT Study. Chemphyschem 2021; 23:e202100771. [PMID: 34821022 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Activation of N2 on anionic trimetallic V3-x Tax C4 - (x=0-3) clusters was theoretically studied employing density functional theory. For all studied clusters, initial adsorption of N2 (end-on) on one of the metal atoms (denoted as Site 1) is transferred to an of end-on: side-on: side-on coordination on three metal atoms, prior to N2 dissociation. The whole reaction is exothermic and has no global energy barriers, indicating that the dissociation of N2 is facile under mild conditions. The reaction process can be divided into two processes: N2 transfer (TRF) and N-N dissociation (DIS). For V-series clusters, which has a V atom on Site 1, the rate-determining step is DIS, while for Ta-series clusters with a Ta on Site 1, TRF may be the rate-determining step or has energy barriers similar to those of DIS. The overall energy barriers for heteronuclear V2 TaC4 - and VTa2 C4 - clusters are lower than those for homonuclear V3 C4 - and Ta3 C4 - , showing that the doping effect is beneficial for the activation and dissociation of N2 . In particular, V-Ta2 C4 - has low energy barriers in both TRF and DIS, and it has the highest N2 adsorption energy and a high reaction heat release. Therefore, a trimetallic heteronuclear V-series cluster, V-Ta2 C4 - , is suggested to have high reactivity to N2 activation, and may serve as a prototype for designing related catalysts at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ya Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Joseph Israel Gurti
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qian Huang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
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8
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Wang YY, Ding XL, Israel Gurti J, Chen Y, Li W, Wang X, Wang WJ, Deng JJ. Non-Dissociative Activation of Chemisorbed Dinitrogen on One or Two Vanadium Atoms Supported by a Mo 6 S 8 Cluster. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1645-1654. [PMID: 34050588 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of N2 on Mo6 S8 q _Vx clusters (x=0, 1, 2; q=0, ±1) were systematically studied by density functional theory calculations with dispersion corrections. It was found that the N2 can be chemisorbed and undergo non-dissociative activation on single or double metal atoms. The adsorption and activation are influenced by metal types (V or Mo), N2 coordination modes and charge states of the clusters. Particularly, anionic Mo6 S8 - _V2 clusters have remarkable ability to fix and activate N2 . In Mo6 S8 - _V2 , two V atoms prefer to adsorb on two adjacent S-Mo-S hollow sites, leading to the formation of a supported V…V unit. The N2 is bridged side-on coordinated with these two V atoms with high adsorption energy and significant charge transfer. The bond order, bond length and vibration frequency of the adsorbed N2 are close to those of a N-N single bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ya Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Joseph Israel Gurti
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Jun Deng
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
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