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Xu YJ, Zhang KT, Wang JR, Wang YZ. Biopolymer-Based Flame Retardants and Flame-Retardant Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2414880. [PMID: 39780556 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202414880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Polymeric materials featuring excellent flame retardancy are essential for applications requiring high levels of fire safety, while those based on biopolymers are highly favored due to their eco-friendly nature, sustainable characteristics, and abundant availability. This review first outlines the pyrolysis behaviors of biopolymers, with particular emphasis on naturally occurring ones derived from non-food sources such as cellulose, chitin/chitosan, alginate, and lignin. Then, the strategies for chemical modifications of biopolymers for flame-retardant purposes through covalent, ionic, and coordination bonds are presented and compared. The emphasis is placed on advanced methods for introducing biopolymer-based flame retardants into polymeric matrices and fabricating biopolymer-based flame-retardant materials. Finally, the challenges for sustaining the current momentum in the utilization of biopolymers for flame-retardant purposes are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jun Xu
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, College of Textiles & Clothing, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D&A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kai-Tao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, College of Textiles & Clothing, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D&A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ji-Rong Wang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, College of Textiles & Clothing, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D&A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Jin D, Tian W, Guo W, He H, Liang J, Ji H, Li X, Li D, Jin P. Gel beads prepared by polyvinyl alcohol cross-linking with phytic acid and Fe as novel microbial carriers for simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 410:131245. [PMID: 39151566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing the stability of biomass and ensuring a stable activity of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria are crucial for successful operation of the simultaneous partial nitrification, Anammox, and denitrification (SNAD) process. In this study, gel beads of polyvinyl alcohol/phytic acid (PVA/PA) and polyvinyl alcohol/phytic acid/Fe (PVA/PA/Fe) were prepared as innovative bio-carriers. Theoretical simulations and analyses revealed that these carriers are predominantly connected via hydrogen and borate bonds, with PVA/PA/Fe also featuring metal coordination bonds. The total nitrogen removal efficiency of reactors with PVA/PA/Fe and PVA/PA increased by 13.5 % and 9.0 %, respectively, compared to reactor without carriers. The iron-enriched PVA/PA/Fe carriers significantly improve SNAD by promoting Anammox, Feammox, and nitrate-dependent Fe2+ oxidation reactions, leading to faster nitrogen conversion and higher nitrogen removal rate than reactor without carriers and with PVA/PA. Using of PVA/PA and PVA/PA/Fe gel beads as bio-carriers offers benefits to the SNAD process, including cost-effective and low carbon requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyuan Jin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenqing Tian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wuke Guo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Haochen He
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jidong Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Hua Ji
- Suez Water Treatment Company Limited, Beijing 100026, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Shaanxi Construction Engineering Installation Group Co., Ltd, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Dangyong Li
- Shaanxi Construction Engineering Installation Group Co., Ltd, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Pengkang Jin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Tan W, Zuo C, Liu X, Tian Y, Bai L, Ren Y, Liu X. Developing flame retardant, smoke suppression and self-healing polyvinyl alcohol composites by dynamic reversible cross-linked chitosan-based macromolecule. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:135734. [PMID: 39293619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing threat of white pollution to the public health and ecosystem, functional materials driven by green and sustainable biological macromolecule are attracting considerable attention. Inspired by the double-helix structure of DNA, a P-B-N ternary synergistic chitosan-based macromolecule (PBCS) was constructed to prepare flame retardant, smoke suppression and self-healing polyvinyl alcohol composite (PVA@PBCS) via dynamic reversible interactions. The limiting oxygen index value of PVA@PBCS increased from 19.6 % to 28.7 %, whereas the peak heat release rate and total heat release decreased by 47.04 % and 43.37 %, respectively. Besides, the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production of PVA@PBCS also decreased by 45.31 % and 54.98 %. With the presence of borate ester-based covalent and multiple hydrogen bonds, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVA@PBCS increased by 19.50 % and 16.85 % compared to the control sample, and the healing efficiency for tensile strength and elongation at break was as high as 93.86 % and 90.57 %, respectively. This work developed an eco-friendly and effective scenario for fabricating flame retardant and smoke suppression PVA materials, stimulating the substantial potential of chitosan-based biomacromolecule and dynamic reversible cross-linked tactics in self-healing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chunlong Zuo
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yin Tian
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lu Bai
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuanlin Ren
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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Wei A, Ou M, Wang S, Zou Y, Xiang C, Xu F, Sun L. Preparation of a Highly Flame-Retardant Urea-Formaldehyde Resin and Flame Retardance Mechanism. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1761. [PMID: 39000619 PMCID: PMC11243799 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin is the most widely used adhesive resin. However, it is necessary to improve its flame-retardant performance to expand its applications. In this study, exploiting electrostatic interactions, anionic phytic acid and cationic chitosan were combined to form a bio-based intumescent flame-retardant, denoted phytic acid-chitosan polyelectrolyte (PCS). The molecular structure of the urea-formaldehyde resin was optimized by crosslinking with melamine and plasticizing with polyvinyl alcohol-124. Thus, by combining PCS with the urea-formaldehyde resin and with ammonium polyphosphate and ammonium chloride as composite curing agents, flame-retardant urea-formaldehyde resins (FRUFs) were prepared. Compared to traditional UF resin, FRUF showed excellent flame retardancy and not only reached the UL-94 V-0 level, but the limit of oxygen index was also as high as 36%. Compared to those of UF, the total heat release and peak heat release rate of FRUF decreased by 86.44% and 81.13%, respectively. The high flame retardancy of FRUF originates from the combination of oxygen and heat isolation by the dense carbon layer, quenching of phosphorus free radicals, and dilution of oxygen by a non-flammable gas. In addition, the mechanical properties of the FRUF remained good, even after modification. The findings of this study provide a reference for the flame-retardant application of FRUF for applications in multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Meifeng Ou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shunxiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Yongjin Zou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Nanning Guidian Electronic Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China
| | - Cuili Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Fen Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lixian Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Yu X, Jin X, He Y, Yu Z, Zhang R, Qin D. Eco-friendly bamboo pulp foam enabled by chitosan and phytic acid interfacial assembly of halloysite nanotubes: Toward flame retardancy, thermal insulation, and sound absorption. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129393. [PMID: 38218301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Lightweight, porous cellulose foam is an attractive alternative to traditional petroleum-based products, but the intrinsic flammability impedes its use in construction. Herein, an environmentally friendly strategy for scalable fabrication of flame-retardant bamboo pulp foam (BPF) using a foam-forming technique followed by low-cost ambient drying is reported. In the process, a hierarchical structure of halloysite nanotubes (HNT) was decorated onto bamboo pulp fibers through layer-by-layer assembling of chitosan (CS) and phytic acid (PA). This modification retained the highly porous microcellular structure of the resultant BPF (92 %-98 %). It improved its compressive strength by 228.01 % at 50 % strain, endowing this foam with desired thermal insulation properties and sound absorption coefficient comparable to commercial products. More importantly, this foam possessed exceptional flame retardancy (47.05 % reduction in the total heat release and 95.24 % reduction in the total smoke production) in cone calorimetry, and it showed excellent extinguishing performance, indicating considerably enhanced fire safety. These encouraging results suggest that the flame retardant BPF has the potential to serve as a renewable and cost-effective alternative to traditional foam for applications in acoustic and thermal insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yu
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xiaobei Jin
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Ying He
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zixuan Yu
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Biomaterials, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; SFA and Beijing Co-built Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, State Forestry Administration, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Daochun Qin
- Sanya Research Base, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Sanya 572000, Hainan, China
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Lao Y, Xiao S, Liu H, Li D, Wei Q, Li Z, Lu S. Biodegradable ion-conductive polyvinyl alcohol/okra polysaccharide composite films for fast-response respiratory monitoring sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126476. [PMID: 37625760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and okra polysaccharide (OP) are biodegradable polymers with high hydrophilicity and good biocompatibility with potential for use as flexible humidity-sensitive materials. Herein, biodegradable flexible composite films (named POP films) were prepared from PVA, OP, and phytic acid using a solution-casting method based on. POP films exhibited excellent mechanical strength, flexibility, flame retardancy, water resistance, humidity response, and humidity-sensing characteristics. Notably, the POP humidity sensors exhibited a hysteresis value of 1.88 % relative humidity for the adsorption and desorption processes and good sensitivity over a wide humidity range of 35-95 %. In addition, the humidity sensor distinguished the frequency of nose breathing, and its response and recovery times were 0.9 and 1.98 s, respectively. The excellent performance of POP sensors in monitoring humidity and human respiratory rates demonstrates the sensor's potential for wearable smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Lao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Suijun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dacheng Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qiaoyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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Ingtipi K, Choudhury BJ, Moholkar VS. Kaolin-embedded cellulose hydrogel with tunable properties as a green fire retardant. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120871. [PMID: 37182962 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) crosslinked cellulose-kaolin (CMK) composite hydrogels. The internal structures of hydrogels were deduced using network parameters, viz. elastic modulus, average molecular weight, mesh size, and effective crosslink. Meanwhile, combustion behavior was investigated using the cone calorimeter test (CCT), limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical flammability test (VFT), and open fire test (OFT). Our results revealed that kaolin addition improves the fire retardancy of hydrogels but reduces their swelling ability. Hydrogel having cellulose to MBA ratio of 1:2 and 2 % w/v kaolin (CM2K2) produced 63 % wt. char residue and the hydrogel-coated cotton fabric exhibited the lowest heat release rate (HRR) of 26.60 kJ/m2 and total heat release (THR) of 0.9 MJ/m2. The LOI of the cotton fabric surged from 20 % to 34.37 % after hydrogel coating. Kinetic analysis using the isoconversional model yielded the highest activation energy (216 kJ/mol) for the CM2K2 hydrogel, corroborating the increased LOI after kaolin addition. VFT and OFT validated the delay in the burning process and the formation of a char layer, which protected the underlying layer of cotton from burning. Overall, cellulose-kaolin hydrogels developed in this study are effective green fire retardant coatings for flammable materials.
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Jin T, Luo Q, Yu H, Huang B, Liu Z, Qian Y. Synergistic effects between phytic acid (PA) and urea on the extraction of uranium with porous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) xerogel films. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Wang B, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Yang G, Zhang D, Guo H. Phytic acid-Fe chelate cold-pressed self-forming high-strength polyurethane/marigold straw composite with flame retardance and smoke suppression. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Chen X, Lin X, Ye W, Xu B, Wang DY. Polyelectrolyte as highly efficient flame retardant to epoxy: Synthesis, characterization and mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu M, Cheng G, Tang Z, Zhou L, Wan X, Ding G. Flame retardancy performance and mechanism of polyvinyl alcohol films grafted amino acid ionic liquids with high transparency and excellent flexibility. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Wang K, Zhang T, Xiao X, Fang X, Liu X, Dong Y, Li Y, Li J. Nature-inspired phytic acid-based hybrid complexes for fabricating green and transparent superhydrophobic and anti-mildew coating on bamboo surface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Guo J, Yang L, Zhang L, Li C. Simultaneous exfoliation and functionalization of black phosphorus by sucrose-assisted ball milling with NMP intercalating and preparation of flame retardant polyvinyl alcohol film. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gu L, Shi Y, Zhang L. Synthesis and characterization of bio-based "three sources in one" intumescent flame retardant monomer and the intrinsic flame retardant waterborne polyurethane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhou C, Wang X, Wang J, Pan Z, Zhou H. Epoxy resin modified with chitosan derivatives and DOPO: Improved flame retardancy, mechanical properties and transparency. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Li L, Chen Z, Lu J, Wei M, Huang Y, Jiang P. Combustion Behavior and Thermal Degradation Properties of Wood Impregnated with Intumescent Biomass Flame Retardants: Phytic Acid, Hydrolyzed Collagen, and Glycerol. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:3921-3930. [PMID: 33585771 PMCID: PMC7876853 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Academic Contribution Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a natural renewable material with a porous structure widely used in construction, furniture, and interior decoration, yet its intrinsic flammability poses safety risks. Therefore, environmentally friendly flame retardants have received increasing attention. In this study, a water-soluble flame retardant, consisting of bio-resourced phytic acid (PA), hydrolyzed collagen (HC), and glycerol (GL), was used to improve the flame retardancy of wood ("PHG/wood") through full cell vacuum-pressure impregnation. Morphology and Fourier transform infrared analysis results show that the flame retardant impregnated the wood and adhered evenly to the wood vessels. A PA/HC/GL ratio of 3:1:1 (concentration of the flame retardant solution = 30%) maximized the limiting oxygen index (LOI, 41%) and weight gain (51.32%) for PHG-C30/wood. The flame retardant formed an expansive layer after heating, and the treated wood showed an improved combustion safety performance such that the fire performance index and residue of PHG-C30/wood were 75 and 126.8% higher compared with that of untreated wood, respectively. The peak and total heat release were also significantly reduced by 54.7 and 47.7%, respectively. The PHG/wood exhibited good carbon-forming performance and a high degree of graphitization after combustion. The dense carbon layer provides condensed phase protective action, and non-combustible volatile gases, such as H2O, CO2, and NH3, are released simultaneously to dilute the fuel load in the gas phase. Thus, PHG is shown to be an effective flame retardant for wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Li
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan Lu
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wei
- Shangdong
Xingang Enterprise Group Co., Ltd, Yitang Industrial Park, Lanshan District, 276002 Linyi, China
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Chinese
Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Xiangshan Road, Haidian District, 100091 Beijing, China
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