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Zhen M, Wang C, Zhang Y, An H, Xiao J, Wang S, Liu Y. Ring-Opening Oligomerization Mechanism of a Vanillin-Furfurylamine-Based Benzoxazine and a Mono-Azomethine Derivative. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200895. [PMID: 36594347 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) mechanism of benzoxazines is a fundamental issue in benzoxazine chemistry. Though some research papers on the topic have been reported, the ROP mechanism of mono-benzoxazines is still elusive. The key point for mechanistic studies is to determine and characterize the structure and formation pathways of the products generated in ROP. In this paper, the ROP of a vanillin-furfurylamine-based benzoxazine and a mono-azomethine derivative is studied with differential scanning calorimetry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, respectively. The results show that the products consist of a range of cationic species, zwitterions, fragments, and series of cyclic and linear oligomers of varying molecular sizes. It is proposed that both mono-benzoxazines undergo thermally activated cationic ring-opening oligomerization via zwitterion intermediates. Upon thermal induction, multi-bond-cleavage takes place to form various zwitterionic intermediates, which react with a monomer, a fragment, or a second zwitterion by several pathways to generate cyclic and linear oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Chang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, National Local Joint Laboratory of Energy-Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization in Chemical Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Hualiang An
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology and Efficient Energy Saving, National Local Joint Laboratory of Energy-Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization in Chemical Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Jinchong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China
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Zeng M, Tan D, Feng Z, Chen J, Lu X, Huang Y, Xu Q. Multistructural Network Design Enables Polybenzoxazine to Achieve Low-Loss-Grade Super-High-Frequency Dielectric Properties and High Glass Transition Temperatures. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Dengru Tan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zijian Feng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiangbing Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yiwan Huang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, PR China
| | - Qingyu Xu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Shaer C, Oppenheimer L, Lin A, Ishida H. Advanced Carbon Materials Derived from Polybenzoxazines: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3775. [PMID: 34771331 PMCID: PMC8587001 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review article summarizes the key properties and applications of advanced carbonaceous materials obtained from polybenzoxazines. Identification of several thermal degradation products that arose during carbonization allowed for several different mechanisms (both competitive ones and independent ones) of carbonization, while also confirming the thermal stability of benzoxazines. Electrochemical properties of polybenzoxazine-derived carbon materials were also examined, noting particularly high pseudocapacitance and charge stability that would make benzoxazines suitable as electrodes. Carbon materials from benzoxazines are also highly versatile and can be synthesized and prepared in a number of ways including as films, foams, nanofibers, nanospheres, and aerogels/xerogels, some of which provide unique properties. One example of the special properties is that materials can be porous not only as aerogels and xerogels, but as nanofibers with highly tailorable porosity, controlled through various preparation techniques including, but not limited to, the use of surfactants and silica nanoparticles. In addition to the high and tailorable porosity, benzoxazines have several properties that make them good for numerous applications of the carbonized forms, including electrodes, batteries, gas adsorbents, catalysts, shielding materials, and intumescent coatings, among others. Extreme thermal and electrical stability also allows benzoxazines to be used in harsher conditions, such as in aerospace applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Shaer
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.S.); (L.O.)
| | - Leah Oppenheimer
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.S.); (L.O.)
| | - Alice Lin
- Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights, OH 44120, USA;
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (C.S.); (L.O.)
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Machado I, Shaer C, Hurdle K, Calado V, Ishida H. Towards the Development of Green Flame Retardancy by Polybenzoxazines. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Synthesis and properties of the bio-based isomeric benzoxazine resins: Revealing the effect of the neglected short alkyl substituents. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lochab B, Monisha M, Amarnath N, Sharma P, Mukherjee S, Ishida H. Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1260. [PMID: 33924552 PMCID: PMC8069336 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their outstanding and versatile properties, polybenzoxazines have quickly occupied a great niche of applications. Developing the ability to polymerize benzoxazine resin at lower temperatures than the current capability is essential in taking advantage of these exceptional properties and remains to be most challenging subject in the field. The current review is classified into several parts to achieve this goal. In this review, fundamentals on the synthesis and evolution of structure, which led to classification of PBz in different generations, are discussed. Classifications of PBzs are defined depending on building block as well as how structure is evolved and property obtained. Progress on the utility of biobased feedstocks from various bio-/waste-mass is also discussed and compared, wherever possible. The second part of review discusses the probable polymerization mechanism proposed for the ring-opening reactions. This is complementary to the third section, where the effect of catalysts/initiators has on triggering polymerization at low temperature is discussed extensively. The role of additional functionalities in influencing the temperature of polymerization is also discussed. There has been a shift in paradigm beyond the lowering of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature and other areas of interest, such as adaptation of molecular functionality with simultaneous improvement of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimlesh Lochab
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Monisha Monisha
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Nagarjuna Amarnath
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Sourav Mukherjee
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 441067202, USA
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Wang C, Li Z, Lu G, Zhen H, Liu Y, Run M. Synthesis, Dynamic Mechanical Properties, and Shape Memory Effect of Poly(benzoxazine‐ether‐urethane)s. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Hecheng Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
| | - Mingtao Run
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 P. R. China
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