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Juan CY, Zhang YS, Cheng JK, Chen YH, Lin HC, Yeh MY. Lysine-Triggered Polymeric Hydrogels with Self-Adhesion, Stretchability, and Supportive Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1388. [PMID: 38794581 PMCID: PMC11125877 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels, recognized for their flexibility and diverse characteristics, are extensively used in medical fields such as wearable sensors and soft robotics. However, many hydrogel sensors derived from biomaterials lack mechanical strength and fatigue resistance, emphasizing the necessity for enhanced formulations. In this work, we utilized acrylamide and polyacrylamide as the primary polymer network, incorporated chemically modified poly(ethylene glycol) (DF-PEG) as a physical crosslinker, and introduced varying amounts of methacrylated lysine (LysMA) to prepare a series of hydrogels. This formulation was labeled as poly(acrylamide)-DF-PEG-LysMA, abbreviated as pADLx, with x denoting the weight/volume percentage of LysMA. We observed that when the hydrogel contained 2.5% w/v LysMA (pADL2.5), compared to hydrogels without LysMA (pADL0), its stress increased by 642 ± 76%, strain increased by 1790 ± 95%, and toughness increased by 2037 ± 320%. Our speculation regarding the enhanced mechanical performance of the pADL2.5 hydrogel revolves around the synergistic effects arising from the co-polymerization of LysMA with acrylamide and the formation of multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonds within the network structures. Moreover, the acid, amine, and amide groups present in the LysMA molecules have proven to be instrumental contributors to the self-adhesion capability of the hydrogel. The validation of the pADL2.5 hydrogel's exceptional mechanical properties through rigorous tensile tests further underscores its suitability for use in strain sensors. The outstanding stretchability, adhesive strength, and fatigue resistance demonstrated by this hydrogel affirm its potential as a key component in the development of robust and reliable strain sensors that fulfill practical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yun Juan
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (C.-Y.J.); (Y.-S.Z.)
| | - You-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (C.-Y.J.); (Y.-S.Z.)
| | - Jen-Kun Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 25245, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan 330215, Taiwan
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114201, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chieh Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30068, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (C.-Y.J.); (Y.-S.Z.)
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Chen PW, Ji DH, Zhang YS, Lee C, Yeh MY. Electroactive and Stretchable Hydrogels of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene Copolymers. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6753-6761. [PMID: 36844572 PMCID: PMC9948203 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are conductive and stretchable, allowing for their use in flexible electronic devices, such as electronic skins, sensors, human motion monitoring, brain-computer interface, and so on. Herein, we synthesized the copolymers having various molar ratios of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) to thiophene (Th), which served as conductive additives. With doping engineering and incorporation with P(EDOT-co-Th) copolymers, hydrogels have presented excellent physical/chemical/electrical properties. It was found that the mechanical strength, adhesion ability, and conductivity of hydrogels were highly dependent on the molar ratio of EDOT to Th of the copolymers. The more the EDOT, the stronger the tensile strength and the greater the conductivity, but the lower the elongation break tends to be. By comprehensively evaluating the physical/chemical/electrical properties and cost of material use, the hydrogel incorporated with a 7:3 molar ratio P(EDOT-co-Th) copolymer was an optimal formulation for soft electronic devices.
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NVCL-Based Hydrogels and Composites for Biomedical Applications: Progress in the Last Ten Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094722. [PMID: 35563114 PMCID: PMC9103572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels consist of three-dimensionally crosslinked polymeric chains, are hydrophilic, have the ability to absorb other molecules in their structure and are relatively easy to obtain. However, in order to improve some of their properties, usually mechanical, or to provide them with some physical, chemical or biological characteristics, hydrogels have been synthesized combined with other synthetic or natural polymers, filled with inorganic nanoparticles, metals, and even polymeric nanoparticles, giving rise to composite hydrogels. In general, different types of hydrogels have been synthesized; however, in this review, we refer to those obtained from the thermosensitive polymer poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) and we focus on the definition, properties, synthesis techniques, nanomaterials used as fillers in composites and mainly applications of PNVCL-based hydrogels in the biomedical area. This type of material has great potential in biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, as antimicrobials and in diagnostic and bioimaging.
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Qin T, Liao W, Yu L, Zhu J, Wu M, Peng Q, Han L, Zeng H. Recent progress in conductive self‐healing hydrogels for flexible sensors. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen China
| | - Wenchao Liao
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen China
| | - Junhui Zhu
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Qiongyao Peng
- Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Linbo Han
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen Technology University Shenzhen China
- Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wang Y, Lei M, Li M, Li D, Zhang L, Wu Y. Self-Healing Mechanism and Conductivity of the Hydrogel Flexible Sensors: A Review. Gels 2021; 7:216. [PMID: 34842713 PMCID: PMC8628684 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors are devices that can capture changes in environmental parameters and convert them into electrical signals to output, which are widely used in all aspects of life. Flexible sensors, sensors made of flexible materials, not only overcome the limitations of the environment on detection devices but also expand the application of sensors in human health and biomedicine. Conductivity and flexibility are the most important parameters for flexible sensors, and hydrogels are currently considered to be an ideal matrix material due to their excellent flexibility and biocompatibility. In particular, compared with flexible sensors based on elastomers with a high modulus, the hydrogel sensor has better stretchability and can be tightly attached to the surface of objects. However, for hydrogel sensors, a poor mechanical lifetime is always an issue. To address this challenge, a self-healing hydrogel has been proposed. Currently, a large number of studies on the self-healing property have been performed, and numerous exciting results have been obtained, but there are few detailed reviews focusing on the self-healing mechanism and conductivity of hydrogel flexible sensors. This paper presents an overview of self-healing hydrogel flexible sensors, focusing on their self-healing mechanism and conductivity. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of sensors have been summarized and discussed. Finally, the key issues and challenges for self-healing flexible sensors are also identified and discussed along with recommendations for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Qinghua Wei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mingju Lei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dinghao Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Longyu Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.); (M.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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Chen CK, Chen PW, Wang HJ, Yeh MY. Alkyl Chain Length Effects of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids on Electrical and Mechanical Performances of Polyacrylamide/Alginate-Based Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:164. [PMID: 34698178 PMCID: PMC8544473 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels with stretchable, flexible and wearable properties have made significant contributions in the area of modern electronics. The polyacrylamide/alginate hydrogels are one of the potential emerging materials for application in a diverse range of fields because of their high stretch and toughness. However, most researchers focus on the investigation of their mechanical and swelling behaviors, and the adhesion and effects of the ionic liquids on the conductivities of polyacrylamide/alginate hydrogels are much less explored. Herein, methacrylated lysine and different alkyl chain substituted imidazole-based monomers (IMCx, x = 2, 4, 6 and 8) were introduced to prepare a series of novel pAMAL-IMCx-Ca hydrogels. We systematically investigated their macroscopic and microscopic properties through tensile tests, electrochemical impedance spectra and scanning electron microscopy, as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and demonstrated that an alkyl chain length of the IMCx plays an important role in the designing of hydrogel strain sensors. The experiment result shows that the hexyl chains of IMC6 can effectively entangle with LysMA through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, which significantly enhance the mechanical strength of the hydrogels. Furthermore, the different strain rates and the durability of the pAMAL-IMC6-Ca hydrogel were investigated and the relative resistance responses remain almost the same in both conditions, making it a potential candidate for wearable strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Kang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (C.-K.C.); (P.-W.C.); (H.-J.W.)
| | - Po-Wen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (C.-K.C.); (P.-W.C.); (H.-J.W.)
| | - Huan-Jung Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (C.-K.C.); (P.-W.C.); (H.-J.W.)
| | - Mei-Yu Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan; (C.-K.C.); (P.-W.C.); (H.-J.W.)
- Center for Nano Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Zhongbei Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
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