1
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Michałek S, Maj AM, Gurba-Bryśkiewicz L, Maruszak W, Wiśniewski K, Zagozda M, Stypik M, Dubiel K, Wieczorek M. Development of the telescoped flow Pd-catalyzed aerobic alcohol oxidation/reductive amination sequence in the synthesis of new phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitor (CPL302415). RSC Adv 2024; 14:28516-28523. [PMID: 39247513 PMCID: PMC11378027 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04923c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe a two-step sequential flow synthesis: Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation to an aldehyde 2, which is then converted by reductive amination in H-Cube® PRO into CPL302415 (3). CPL302415 is our new PI3Kδ inhibitor, which is now under evaluation for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. The process was optimized using the DoE approach and generalized to other biologically active derivatives of CPL302415.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna M Maj
- Celon Pharma S.A. ul. Marymoncka 15 05-152 Kazuń Nowy Poland
| | | | | | | | - Marcin Zagozda
- Celon Pharma S.A. ul. Marymoncka 15 05-152 Kazuń Nowy Poland
| | - Mariola Stypik
- Celon Pharma S.A. ul. Marymoncka 15 05-152 Kazuń Nowy Poland
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2
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Lei Z, Ang HT, Wu J. Advanced In-Line Purification Technologies in Multistep Continuous Flow Pharmaceutical Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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Compact capillary high performance liquid chromatography system for pharmaceutical on-line reaction monitoring. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1247:340903. [PMID: 36781255 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Due to their size, conventional high performance liquid chromatographs (HPLCs) are difficult to place close to a reaction vessel within a pharmaceutical manufacturing or development site. Typically, long transfer lines are required to move sample from the reactor to the HPLC for analysis and high solvent usage is required. However, herein a compact and modular separation system has been developed to enable co-location of an HPLC with a small-scale reactor for reaction monitoring in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Using a framework based on capillary HPLC, a compact gradient separation system with a fully modular architecture is described. A custom miniature diode-array detector with a linear dynamic range (up to 1500 mAU at 210 nm) was integrated and evaluated for on-line reaction monitoring. In evaluating system suitability, average peak area %RSD of <3%, and an average retention time %RSD of <0.7%, were achieved. To demonstrate practical utility, the compact system was coupled directly to an on-line lab-scale flow through reactor for continuous reaction monitoring in the laboratory fume hood, where a study of the 3rd Bourne reaction was used to compare the performance of the compact system with a commercially available process HPLC instrument (Waters PATROL UPLC). Further, 33 off-line samples from a continuous crystallization reactor were analysed and it was found that the developed compact HPLC system showed equivalent quantitative performance to an Agilent 1290 Infinity II HPLC system.
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4
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Flow platform for the synthesis of benzodiazepines. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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5
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Hornink MM, Rodrigues BG, Santos CS, Andrade LH. Continuous one-pot synthesis of new spiro-fused indoles from biobased building blocks using carbamoylation and imidation reactions under ultrasonic irradiation. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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6
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Horáková P, Kočí K. Continuous-Flow Chemistry and Photochemistry for Manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238536. [PMID: 36500629 PMCID: PMC9738912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is any substance in a pharmaceutical product that is biologically active. That means the specific molecular entity is capable of achieving a defined biological effect on the target. These ingredients need to meet very strict limits; chemical and optical purity are considered to be the most important ones. A continuous-flow synthetic methodology which utilizes a continuously flowing stream of reactive fluids can be easily combined with photochemistry, which works with the chemical effects of light. These methods can be useful tools to meet these strict limits. Both of these methods are unique and powerful tools for the preparation of natural products or active pharmaceutical ingredients and their precursors with high structural complexity under mild conditions. This review shows some main directions in the field of active pharmaceutical ingredients' preparation using continuous-flow chemistry and photochemistry with numerous examples of industry and laboratory-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Horáková
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- TEVA Czech Industries s.r.o., 747 70 Opava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamila Kočí
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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7
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Masui H, Fuse S. Micro-Flow <i>N</i>-Acylation Using Highly Electrophilic Acyl Ammonium Cations for Peptide and Urethane-Protected <i>N</i>-Carboxyanhydride Syntheses. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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de Oliveira Silva RR, Calvo PVC, Merfels CA, Lima MVR, Santana HS, Converti A, Palma MSA. Synthesis of Lobeglitazone intermediates seeking for continuous drug production in flow capillary microreactor. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Continuous synthesis of N-(3-Amino-4-methylphenyl)benzamide and its kinetics study in microflow system. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Synthesis of new heterocyclic resveratrol analogues in milli- and microreactors: intensification of the Wittig reaction. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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11
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Martins GM, Magalhães MFA, Brocksom TJ, Bagnato VS, de Oliveira KT. Scaled up and telescoped synthesis of propofol under continuous-flow conditions. J Flow Chem 2022; 12:371-379. [PMID: 35873601 PMCID: PMC9295094 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a machine-assisted and scaled-up synthesis of propofol, a short-acting drug used in procedural sedation, which is extensively in demand during this COVID-19 pandemic. The continuous-flow protocol proved to be efficient, with great potential for industrial translation, reaching a production up to 71.6 g per day with process intensification (24 h-continuous experiments). We have successfully telescoped a continuous flow approach obtaining 5.74 g of propofol with productivity of 23.0 g/day (6 h-continuous experiment), proving the robustness of the method in both separated and telescoped modes. Substantial progress was also achieved for the in-line workup, which provides greater safety and less waste, also relevant for industrial application. Overall, the synthetic strategy is based on the Friedel-Crafts di-isopropylation of low-cost p-hydroxybenzoic acid, followed by a decarboxylation reaction, giving propofol in up to 84% overall yield and very low by-product formation. The continuous flow synthesis of propofol 3 is presented as a two-step protocol. The isopropylated intermediate 2 was obtained from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1) in up 43.8 g, 85% yield and 30 min residence time. Propofol 3 was then obtained in 71.6 g, 87% yield, and 16 min residence time. A safe and cost-competitive machine-assisted protocol is described with a process intensification demonstration (24 h experiments) and a telescoped process intensification (6 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M. Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics – University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Maria F. A. Magalhães
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Timothy J. Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Vanderlei S. Bagnato
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics – University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
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12
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Kochmann S, Ivanov NA, Le Blanc JCY, Gorin BI, Krylov SN. Circular Geometry in Molecular Stream Separation to Facilitate Nonorthogonal Field-to-Flow Orientation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9519-9524. [PMID: 35767324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular stream separation (MSS) is a promising complement for continuous-flow synthesis. MSS is driven by forces exerted on molecules by a field applied at an angle to the stream-carrying flow. MSS has only been performed with a 90° field-to-flow angle because of a rectangular geometry of canonic MSS; the second-order rotational symmetry of a rectangle prevents any other angle. Here, we propose a noncanonic circular geometry for MSS, which better aligns with the polar nature of MSS and allows changing the field-to-flow. We conducted in silico and experimental studies of circular geometry for continuous-flow electrophoresis (CFE, an MSS method). We proved two advantages of circular CFE over its rectangular counterpart. First, circular CFE can support better flow and electric-field uniformity than rectangular CFE. Second, the nonorthogonal field-to-flow orientation, achievable in circular CFE, can result in a higher stream resolution than the orthogonal one. Considering that circular CFE devices are not more complex in fabrication than rectangular ones, we foresee that circular CFE will serve as a new standard and a testbed for the investigation and creation of new CFE modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kochmann
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Nikita A Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - Boris I Gorin
- Eurofins CDMO Alphora, 2395 Speakman Drive #2001, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B3, Canada
| | - Sergey N Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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13
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Han J, Escorihuela J, Fustero S, Landa A, Soloshonok VA, Sorochinsky A. Asymmetric Michael Addition in Synthesis of β-Substituted GABA Derivatives. Molecules 2022; 27:3797. [PMID: 35744921 PMCID: PMC9231165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) represents one of the most prolific structural units widely used in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. For example, β-substituted GABA derivatives are found in numerous neurological drugs, such as baclofen, phenibut, tolibut, pregabalin, phenylpiracetam, brivaracetam, and rolipram, to mention just a few. In this review, we critically discuss the literature data reported on the preparation of substituted GABA derivatives using the Michael addition reaction as a key synthetic transformation. Special attention is paid to asymmetric methods featuring synthetically useful stereochemical outcomes and operational simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Aitor Landa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.L.); (V.A.S.)
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; (A.L.); (V.A.S.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alexander Sorochinsky
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Murmanska Str., 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
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14
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Masui H, Fuse S. Recent Advances in the Solid- and Solution-Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Using Microflow Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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15
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Okabe R, Sugisawa N, Fuse S. A micro-flow rapid dual activation approach for urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3303-3310. [PMID: 35229099 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the rapid dual activation (10 s, 20 °C) of a combination of an α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride and alkyl chloroformate in the synthesis of a urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride in a micro-flow reactor. The key to success was the combined use of two amines that activated both substrates with proper timing. Three amines, i-Pr2NEt, Me2NBn, or N-ethylmorpholine, were used with pyridine in accordance with the steric bulkiness of a side chain in the α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride. A variety of 16 urethane-protected α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides were synthesized in high yields. The role of amines was investigated based on the measurement of the time-dependent (0.5 to 10 s) decrease of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides and alkyl chloroformates in the presence of amines via flash mixing technology using a micro-flow reactor. It was suggested that the in situ generated acylpyridinium cation was highly active and less prone to causing undesired decomposition compared with the acylammonium cation examined in this study. Thus, even at a very low concentration, the acylpyridinium cation facilitated the desired coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Okabe
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Naoto Sugisawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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16
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A multi-step continuous flow synthesis of pomalidomide. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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García-Lacuna J, Alonso M, Domínguez G, Pérez Castells J. Study of the Pauson-Khand reaction in flow over alkynylphenyl vinyl ethers: towards the synthesis of tricyclic multisubstituted benzofurans. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7313-7317. [PMID: 35424686 PMCID: PMC8982164 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01062c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of flow methodology allows the use of alkynylphenyl vinyl ethers (benzo-fused 1,7 enynes) as substrates for the intramolecular Pauson-Khand reaction (PKr). Forced temperature and pressure conditions during a short reaction time minimize the substrate decomposition allowing the formation of the PK adduct. Substrates substituted at the internal position of the double bond and with internal triple bonds give better yields. The resulting products are cyclopentabenzofuranones present in diverse natural products and drugs that can be further functionalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Maialen Alonso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Pérez Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte Madrid Spain
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18
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Nagy BS, Llanes P, Pericas MA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Enantioselective Flow Synthesis of Rolipram Enabled by a Telescoped Asymmetric Conjugate Addition-Oxidative Aldehyde Esterification Sequence Using in Situ-Generated Persulfuric Acid as Oxidant. Org Lett 2022; 24:1066-1071. [PMID: 35050638 PMCID: PMC8822492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach is reported for the enantioselective flow synthesis of rolipram comprising a telescoped asymmetric conjugate addition-oxidative aldehyde esterification sequence followed by trichlorosilane-mediated nitro group reduction and concomitant lactamization. The telescoped process takes advantage of a polystyrene-supported chiral organocatalyst along with in situ-generated persulfuric acid as a robust and scalable oxidant for direct aldehyde esterification. This approach demonstrates significantly improved productivity compared with earlier methodologies while ensuring environmentally benign metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S Nagy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Pericas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Ishitani H, Yu Z, Ichitsuka T, Koumura N, Onozawa S, Sato K, Kobayashi S. Two‐Step Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Fungicide Metalaxyl through Catalytic C−N Bond‐Formation Processes. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruro Ishitani
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Social Cooperation Laboratory Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 133-0033 Japan
| | - Zhibo Yu
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ichitsuka
- Research Institute of Chemical Process Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Nigatake 4-2-1 Sendai Miyagi 983-8551 Japan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Koumura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shun‐ya Onozawa
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shū Kobayashi
- Green & Sustainable Chemistry Social Cooperation Laboratory Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 133-0033 Japan
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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20
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do Nascimento MA, Vargas JPC, Rodrigues JGA, Leão RAC, de Moura PHB, Leal ICR, Bassut J, de Souza ROMA, Wojcieszak R, Itabaiana I. Lipase-catalyzed acylation of levoglucosan in continuous flow: antibacterial and biosurfactant studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3027-3035. [PMID: 35425309 PMCID: PMC8979102 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies involving the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into high value-added chemical products have been intensively conducted in recent years. Its matrix is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, being, therefore, an abundant and renewable source for obtaining several platform molecules, with levoglucosan (LG) standing out. This anhydrous carbohydrate can be acylated to obtain carbohydrate fatty acid esters (CFAEs). Here, these compounds were obtained via enzymatic acylation of LG, commercially obtained (Start BioScience®), with different acyl donors in continuous flow. Through the experimental design using a model reaction, it was possible to optimize the reaction conditions, temperature and residence time, obtaining a maximum conversion at 61 °C and 77 min. In addition, there was a productivity gain of up to 100 times in all comparisons made with the batch system. Finally, CFAEs were applied in tests of interfacial tension and biological activity. For a mixture of 4- and 2-O-lauryl-1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (MONLAU), the minimum interfacial tension (IFTmin) obtained was 96 mN m−1 and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 50 mM. Similar values were obtained for a mixture of 4- and 2-O-palmitoyl-1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (MONPAL), not yet reported in the literature, of 88 mN m−1 in 50 mM. For a mixture of 4- and 2-O-estearyl-1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (MONEST) and 4- and 2-O-oleoyl-1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (MONOLE), CMC was higher than 60 mM and IFTmin of 141 mN m−1 and 102 mN m−1, respectively. Promising data were obtained for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of MONLAU against Staphylococcus aureus strains at 0.25 mM. Ipase-catalyzed transesterification of LG under continuous flow conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. do Nascimento
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-909, Brazil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimiedu Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Juan P. C. Vargas
- Nanotechnology Engineering Program, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José G. A. Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, University City, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel A. C. Leão
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Patricia H. B. de Moura
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Department of Natural Products and Food, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ivana C. R. Leal
- Laboratory of Natural Products and Biological Assays, Department of Natural Products and Food, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Bassut
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimiedu Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Robert Wojcieszak
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimiedu Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ivaldo Itabaiana
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimiedu Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
- Laboratory of Technological Biochemistry and Biocatalysis, Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Desrues T, Legros J, Jubault P, Poisson T. Flow synthesis of an α-amino boronic ester as a key precursor of bortezomib drug. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00099g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The flow synthesis of the optically active α-amino boronate precursor of the bortezomib drug is described, including a key diastereoselective Matteson rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titouan Desrues
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, UNIROUEN, COBRA, Normandie Univ, 76600 Rouen, France
| | - Julien Legros
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, UNIROUEN, COBRA, Normandie Univ, 76600 Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Jubault
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, UNIROUEN, COBRA, Normandie Univ, 76600 Rouen, France
| | - Thomas Poisson
- INSA Rouen, CNRS, UNIROUEN, COBRA, Normandie Univ, 76600 Rouen, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
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22
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Sagandira CR, Nqeketo S, Mhlana K, Sonti T, Gaqa S, Watts P. Towards 4th industrial revolution efficient and sustainable continuous flow manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of end-to-end continuous flow synthesis with downstream processing, process analytical technology (PAT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in ensuring improved accessibility of quality medicines on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinazo Nqeketo
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Kanyisile Mhlana
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Thembela Sonti
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Sibongiseni Gaqa
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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23
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Continuous Flow Synthesis of Propofol. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237183. [PMID: 34885756 PMCID: PMC8659244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a continuous flow process for the synthesis of 2,6-diisopropylphenol—also known as Propofol—a short-acting intravenous anesthesia, widely used in intensive care medicine to provide sedation and hypnosis. The synthesis is based on a two-step procedure: a double Friedel–Crafts alkylation followed by a decarboxylation step, both under continuous flow.
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24
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Patil NB, Atapalkar RS, Chavan SP, Kulkarni AA. Multi-Step Synthesis of Miltefosine: Integration of Flow Chemistry with Continuous Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:17695-17699. [PMID: 34697844 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report for the first time, an advanced continuous flow synthesis of the blockbuster Leishmaniasis drug miltefosine from simple starting materials by a sequence involving four steps of chemical transformation including a continuous mechanochemical step. First three reaction steps were performed in simple tubular reactors in a telescopic mode, while in the last step the product precipitated from the 3rd step was used for a continuous mechanochemical synthesis of miltefosine. When compared to a typical batch protocol that takes 15 h, miltefosine was obtained in 58 % overall yield in flow synthesis mode at the laboratory scale in a total residence time 34 min at synthesis rate of 10 g/hr, which is sufficient to treat 4800 patients per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niteen B Patil
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ranjit S Atapalkar
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Subhash P Chavan
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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25
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Yalamanchili S, Nguyen T, Zsikla A, Stamper G, DeYong AE, Florek J, Vasquez O, Pohl NLB, Bennett CS. Automated, Multistep Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of 2,6‐Dideoxy and 3‐Amino‐2,3,6‐trideoxy Monosaccharide Building Blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu‐Anh Nguyen
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | | | - Gavin Stamper
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Ashley E. DeYong
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - John Florek
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | - Olivea Vasquez
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Chemistry Indiana University 800 E Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Chemistry Tufts University 62 Talbot Ave Medford MA 02145 USA
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26
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Yalamanchili S, Nguyen TA, Zsikla A, Stamper G, DeYong AE, Florek J, Vasquez O, Pohl NLB, Bennett CS. Automated, Multistep Continuous-Flow Synthesis of 2,6-Dideoxy and 3-Amino-2,3,6-trideoxy Monosaccharide Building Blocks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23171-23175. [PMID: 34463017 PMCID: PMC8511145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An automated continuous flow system capable of producing protected deoxy-sugar donors from commercial material is described. Four 2,6-dideoxy and two 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy sugars with orthogonal protecting groups were synthesized in 11-32 % overall yields in 74-131.5 minutes of total reaction time. Several of the reactions were able to be concatenated into a continuous process, avoiding the need for chromatographic purification of intermediates. The modular nature of the experimental setup allowed for reaction streams to be split into different lines for the parallel synthesis of multiple donors. Further, the continuous flow processes were fully automated and described through the design of an open-source Python-controlled automation platform.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tu-Anh Nguyen
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | | | - Gavin Stamper
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Ashley E. DeYong
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - John Florek
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | - Olivea Vasquez
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
| | - Nicola L. B. Pohl
- Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN, 47405
| | - Clay S. Bennett
- Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave, Medford, MA 02145
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27
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Sagandira CR, Akwi FM, Sagandira MB, Watts P. Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of Stavudine. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13934-13942. [PMID: 34060836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate an elegant multistep continuous flow synthesis for stavudine (d4T), a potent nucleoside chemotherapeutic agent for human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related conditions. This was accomplished via six chemical transformations in five sequential continuous flow reactors from an affordable starting material, 5-methyluridine. In the first instance, single step continuous flow synthesis was demonstrated with an average of 97% yield, 21.4 g/h throughput per step, and a total of 15.5 min residence time. Finally, multistep continuous flow synthesis of d4T in 87% total yield with a total residence time of 19.9 min and 117 mg/h throughput without intermediate purification was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faith M Akwi
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Mellisa B Sagandira
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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28
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Bonner A, Loftus A, Padgham AC, Baumann M. Forgotten and forbidden chemical reactions revitalised through continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7737-7753. [PMID: 34549240 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has played an undeniable role in enabling modern chemical synthesis, whereby a myriad of reactions can now be performed with greater efficiency, safety and control. As flow chemistry furthermore delivers more sustainable and readily scalable routes to important target structures a growing number of industrial applications are being reported. In this review we highlight the impact of flow chemistry on revitalising important chemical reactions that were either forgotten soon after their initial report as necessary improvements were not realised due to a lack of available technology, or forbidden due to unacceptable safety concerns relating to the experimental procedure. In both cases flow processing in combination with further reaction optimisation has rendered a powerful set of tools that make such transformations not only highly efficient but moreover very desirable due to a more streamlined construction of desired scaffolds. This short review highlights important contributions from academic and industrial laboratories predominantly from the last 5 years allowing the reader to gain an appreciation of the impact of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bonner
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Loftus
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alex C Padgham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
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29
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Westphal H, Warias R, Becker H, Spanka M, Ragno D, Gläser R, Schneider C, Massi A, Belder D. Unveiling Organocatalysts Action – Investigating Immobilized Catalysts at Steady‐State Operation via Lab‐on‐a‐Chip Technology. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Westphal
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Holger Becker
- Institute of Chemical Technology Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Matthias Spanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Leipzig University Johannisallee 28 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical Technology Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Leipzig University Johannisallee 28 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Luigi Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Leipzig University Linnéstraße 3 04103 Leipzig Germany
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30
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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31
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Igawa K, Asano S, Yoshida Y, Kawasaki Y, Tomooka K. Analysis of Stereochemical Stability of Dynamic Chiral Molecules Using an Automated Microflow Measurement System. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9651-9657. [PMID: 34232638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An automated microflow measurement system for the kinetic study of racemization of dynamic chiral molecules was developed. This system facilitated the analysis of fast racemization within several seconds at elevated temperatures owing to its rapid heating ability, high performance for controlling short residence times, and ease of connection to HPLC systems for direct measurement of the enantiomeric purity. A more precise analysis was realized by combination of microflow and common batch measurements over a broad range of temperatures.
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32
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One-flow synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol using homo- and heterogeneous Lewis acids. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractContinuous flow chemistry holds great potential for the production of biologically relevant molecules. Herein, we present an approach for the continuous synthesis of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in a one-flow system. The designed route consists of a reaction cascade involving Friedel-Crafts alkylation, subsequent ring opening and cyclisation in up to 45% yield. The reactions were successfully performed using both hetero- and homogeneous Lewis acids in continuous flow and provide yields that are similar to comparable batch processes.
Graphical abstract
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33
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Synthesis, Characterization, and DFT Studies of N-(3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)stearamide. MOLBANK 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/m1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)stearamide 3 was prepared in moderate yield by a solventless direct amidation reaction of stearic acid 1 with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine 2 at 140 °C for 24 h under metal- and catalyst-free conditions. This practical method was conducted in air without any special treatment or activation. The fatty acid amide 3 was fully characterized by IR, UV–Vis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Moreover, molecular electrostatic potential studies, determination of quantum descriptors, fundamental vibrational frequencies, and intensity of vibrational bands were computed by density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP method with 6-311+G(d,p) basis set in gas phase. Simulation of the infrared spectrum using the results of these calculations led to good agreement with the observed spectral patterns.
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34
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Fuse S, Komuro K, Otake Y, Masui H, Nakamura H. Rapid and Mild Lactamization Using Highly Electrophilic Triphosgene in a Microflow Reactor. Chemistry 2021; 27:7525-7532. [PMID: 33496974 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactams are cyclic amides that are indispensable as drugs and as drug candidates. Conventional lactamization includes acid-mediated and coupling-agent-mediated approaches that suffer from narrow substrate scope, much waste, and/or high cost. Inexpensive, less-wasteful approaches mediated by highly electrophilic reagents are attractive, but there is an imminent risk of side reactions. Herein, a methods using highly electrophilic triphosgene in a microflow reactor that accomplishes rapid (0.5-10 s), mild, inexpensive, and less-wasteful lactamization are described. Methods A and B, which use N-methylmorpholine and N-methylimidazole, respectively, were developed. Various lactams and a cyclic peptide containing acid- and/or heat-labile functional groups were synthesized in good to high yields without the need for tedious purification. Undesired reactions were successfully suppressed, and the risk of handling triphosgene was minimized by the use of microflow technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiji Komuro
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuma Otake
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
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35
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real-Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8139-8148. [PMID: 33433918 PMCID: PMC8048486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In multistep continuous flow chemistry, studying complex reaction mixtures in real time is a significant challenge, but provides an opportunity to enhance reaction understanding and control. We report the integration of four complementary process analytical technology tools (NMR, UV/Vis, IR and UHPLC) in the multistep synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, mesalazine. This synthetic route exploits flow processing for nitration, high temperature hydrolysis and hydrogenation reactions, as well as three inline separations. Advanced data analysis models were developed (indirect hard modeling, deep learning and partial least squares regression), to quantify the desired products, intermediates and impurities in real time, at multiple points along the synthetic pathway. The capabilities of the system have been demonstrated by operating both steady state and dynamic experiments and represents a significant step forward in data-driven continuous flow synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbHWollsdorf 1548181St. Ruprecht a. d. RaabAustria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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36
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Sambiagio C, Ferrari M, van Beurden K, Ca’ ND, van Schijndel J, Noël T. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Pyrylium Tetrafluoroborates: Application to Synthesis of Katritzky Salts and Photoinduced Cationic RAFT Polymerization. Org Lett 2021; 23:2042-2047. [PMID: 33650879 PMCID: PMC8041383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Katritzky salts have emerged as effective alkyl radical sources upon metal- or photocatalysis. These are typically prepared from the corresponding triarylpyrylium ions, in turn an important class of photocatalysts for small molecules synthesis and photopolymerization. Here, a flow method for the rapid synthesis of both pyrylium and Katrizky salts in a telescoped fashion is reported. Moreover, several pyrylium salts were tested in the photoinduced RAFT polymerization of vinyl ethers under flow and batch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sambiagio
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Ferrari
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Koen van Beurden
- Research
Group Biopolymers/Green Chemistry, Avans
University of Applied Science, 4818 CR Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola della Ca’
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jack van Schijndel
- Research
Group Biopolymers/Green Chemistry, Avans
University of Applied Science, 4818 CR Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic
Methodology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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37
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Donnelly K, Baumann M. A continuous flow synthesis of [1.1.1]propellane and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2871-2874. [PMID: 33616143 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08124h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A continuous flow process to generate [1.1.1]propellane on demand is presented rendering solutions of [1.1.1]propellane that can directly be derivatised into various bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) species. This was realised in throughputs up to 8.5 mmol h-1 providing an attractive and straightforward access to gram quantities of selected BCP building blocks. Lastly, a continuous photochemical transformation of [1.1.1]propellane into valuable BCPs bearing mixed ester/acyl chloride moieties was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, D04 N2E2, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, D04 N2E2, Ireland.
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García-Lacuna J, Fleiß T, Munday R, Leslie K, O’Kearney-McMullan A, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Synthesis of the Lipophilic Amine Tail of Abediterol Enabled by Multiphase Flow Transformations. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Fleiß
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rachel Munday
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Leslie
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Anne O’Kearney-McMullan
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real‐Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbH Wollsdorf 154 8181 St. Ruprecht a. d. Raab Austria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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40
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Flow Biocatalysis: A Challenging Alternative for the Synthesis of APIs and Natural Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030990. [PMID: 33498198 PMCID: PMC7863935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysts represent an efficient, highly selective and greener alternative to metal catalysts in both industry and academia. In the last two decades, the interest in biocatalytic transformations has increased due to an urgent need for more sustainable industrial processes that comply with the principles of green chemistry. Thanks to the recent advances in biotechnologies, protein engineering and the Nobel prize awarded concept of direct enzymatic evolution, the synthetic enzymatic toolbox has expanded significantly. In particular, the implementation of biocatalysts in continuous flow systems has attracted much attention, especially from industry. The advantages of flow chemistry enable biosynthesis to overcome well-known limitations of “classic” enzymatic catalysis, such as time-consuming work-ups and enzyme inhibition, as well as difficult scale-up and process intensifications. Moreover, continuous flow biocatalysis provides access to practical, economical and more sustainable synthetic pathways, an important aspect for the future of pharmaceutical companies if they want to compete in the market while complying with European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and green chemistry requirements. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the use of flow biocatalysis for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), pharmaceuticals and natural products, and the advantages and limitations are discussed.
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Guidi M, Moon S, Anghileri L, Cambié D, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K. Combining radial and continuous flow synthesis to optimize and scale-up the production of medicines. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, standardized process optimization and development on a radial synthesizer can be directly converted to a dedicated continuous flow process for scale-up, shown for three APIs via single- and multistep syntheses and continuous crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Guidi
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Sooyeon Moon
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Lucia Anghileri
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Dario Cambié
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
- 14476 Potsdam
- Germany
- University of Connecticut
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Diab S, Raiyat M, Gerogiorgis DI. Flow synthesis kinetics for lomustine, an anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredient. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An original reaction mechanism and kinetic parameter estimation has been achieved for lomustine, an anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Diab
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | - Mateen Raiyat
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | - Dimitrios I. Gerogiorgis
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
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Sagandira CR, Siyawamwaya M, Watts P. 3D printing and continuous flow chemistry technology to advance pharmaceutical manufacturing in developing countries. ARAB J CHEM 2020; 13:7886-7908. [PMID: 34909056 PMCID: PMC7511217 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of a downward spiralling of diseases in developing countries requires them to become self-sufficient in pharmaceutical products. One of the ways to meet this need is by boosting the local production of active pharmaceutical ingredients and embracing enabling technologies. Both 3D printing and continuous flow chemistry are being exploited rapidly and they are opening huge avenues of possibilities in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries due to their well-documented benefits. The main barrier to entry for the continuous flow chemistry technique in low-income settings is the cost of set-up and maintenance through purchasing of spare flow reactors. This review article discusses the technical considerations for the convergence of state-of-the-art technologies, 3D printing and continuous flow chemistry for pharmaceutical manufacturing applications in developing countries. An overview of the 3D printing technique and its application in fabrication of continuous flow components and systems is provided. Finally, quality considerations for satisfying regulatory requirements for the approval of 3D printed equipment are underscored. An in-depth understanding of the interrelated aspects in the implementation of these technologies is crucial for the realization of sustainable, good quality chemical reactionware.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa,Corresponding author
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Ötvös SB, Llanes P, Pericàs MA, Kappe CO. Telescoped Continuous Flow Synthesis of Optically Active γ-Nitrobutyric Acids as Key Intermediates of Baclofen, Phenibut, and Fluorophenibut. Org Lett 2020; 22:8122-8126. [PMID: 33026815 PMCID: PMC7573919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The two-step flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral γ-nitrobutyric acids as key intermediates of the GABA analogues baclofen, phenibut, and fluorophenibut is reported on a multigram scale. The telescoped process comprises an enantioselective Michael-type addition facilitated by a polystyrene-supported heterogeneous organocatalyst under neat conditions followed by in situ-generated performic acid-mediated aldehyde oxidation. Simple access to valuable optically active substances is provided with key advances in terms of productivity and sustainability compared to those of previous batch approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patricia Llanes
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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45
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Zheng L, Hua R. Recent Advances in Construction of Polycyclic Natural Product Scaffolds via One-Pot Reactions Involving Alkyne Annulation. Front Chem 2020; 8:580355. [PMID: 33195069 PMCID: PMC7596902 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.580355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic scaffolds are omnipresent in natural products and drugs, and the synthetic strategies and methods toward construction of these scaffolds are of particular importance. Compared to simple cyclic ring systems, polycyclic scaffolds have higher structure complexity and diversity, making them suitable for charting broader chemical space, yet bringing challenges for the syntheses. In this review, we surveyed progress in the past decade on synthetic methods for polycyclic natural product scaffolds, in which the key steps are one-pot reactions involving intermolecular or intramolecular alkyne annulation. Synthetic strategies of selected polycyclic carbocycles and heterocycles with at least three fused, bridged, or spiro rings are discussed with emphasis on the synthetic efficiency and product diversity. Recent examples containing newly developed synthetic concepts or toolkits such as collective and divergent total synthesis, gold catalysis, C–H functionalization, and dearomative cyclization are highlighted. Finally, several “privileged synthetic strategies” for “privileged polycyclic scaffolds” are summarized, with discussion of remained challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimao Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Kuijpers KPL, Weggemans WMA, Verwijlen CJA, Noël T. Flow chemistry experiments in the undergraduate teaching laboratory: synthesis of diazo dyes and disulfides. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBy embedding flow technology in the early phases of academic education, students are exposed to both the theoretical and practical aspects of this modern and widely-used technology. Herein, two laboratory flow experiments are described which have been carried out by first year undergraduate students at Eindhoven University of Technology. The experiments are designed to be relatively risk-free and they exploit widely available equipment and cheap capillary flow reactors. The experiments allow students to develop a hands-on understanding of continuous processing and gives them insights in both organic chemistry and chemical engineering. Furthermore, they learn about the benefits of microreactors, continuous processing, multistep reaction sequences and multiphase chemistry. Undoubtedly, such skills are highly valued in both academia and the chemical industry.
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Doyle BJ, Elsner P, Gutmann B, Hannaerts O, Aellig C, Macchi A, Roberge DM. Mini-Monoplant Technology for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J. Doyle
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Petteri Elsner
- API Development Services, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christof Aellig
- API Development Services, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Macchi
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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Colella M, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Heterocycles: A Recent Update on the Flow Synthesis of Indoles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143242. [PMID: 32708643 PMCID: PMC7397031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives are among the most useful and interesting heterocycles employed in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In addition, flow chemistry and flow technology are changing the synthetic paradigm in the field of modern synthesis. In this review, the role of flow technology in the preparation of indole derivatives is showcased. Selected examples have been described with the aim to provide readers with an overview on the tactics and technologies used for targeting indole scaffolds.
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49
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Fülöp Z, Szemesi P, Bana P, Éles J, Greiner I. Evolution of flow-oriented design strategies in the continuous preparation of pharmaceuticals. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the flow-oriented design (FOD) in the multi-step continuous-flow synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Péter Szemesi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
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