1
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Bošković F, Maffeo C, Patiño-Guillén G, Tivony R, Aksimentiev A, Keyser UF. Nanopore Translocation Reveals Electrophoretic Force on Noncanonical RNA:DNA Double Helix. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15013-15024. [PMID: 38822455 PMCID: PMC11171748 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrophoretic transport plays a pivotal role in advancing sensing technologies. So far, systematic studies have focused on the translocation of canonical B-form or A-form nucleic acids, while direct RNA analysis is emerging as the new frontier for nanopore sensing and sequencing. Here, we compare the less-explored dynamics of noncanonical RNA:DNA hybrids in electrophoretic transport to the well-researched transport of B-form DNA. Using DNA/RNA nanotechnology and solid-state nanopores, the translocation of RNA:DNA (RD) and DNA:DNA (DD) duplexes was examined. Notably, RD duplexes were found to translocate through nanopores faster than DD duplexes, despite containing the same number of base pairs. Our experiments reveal that RD duplexes present a noncanonical helix, with distinct transport properties from B-form DD molecules. We find that RD and DD molecules, with the same contour length, move with comparable velocity through nanopores. We examined the physical characteristics of both duplex forms using atomic force microscopy, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, agarose gel electrophoresis, and dynamic light scattering measurements. With the help of coarse-grained and molecular dynamics simulations, we find the effective force per unit length applied by the electric field to a fragment of RD or DD duplex in nanopores with various geometries or shapes to be approximately the same. Our results shed light on the significance of helical form in nucleic acid translocation, with implications for RNA sensing, sequencing, and the molecular understanding of electrophoretic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Bošković
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Christopher Maffeo
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Ran Tivony
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois
at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ulrich F. Keyser
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
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2
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Ahmed SA, Liu Y, Xiong T, Zhao Y, Xie B, Pan C, Ma W, Yu P. Iontronic Sensing Based on Confined Ion Transport. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8056-8077. [PMID: 38663001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Saud Asif Ahmed
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tianyi Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yueru Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Boyang Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cong Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Bošković F, Maffeo C, Patiño-Guillén G, Tivony R, Aksimentiev A, Keyser UF. Nanopore translocation reveals electrophoretic force on non-canonical RNA:DNA double helix. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.12.557357. [PMID: 37745457 PMCID: PMC10515835 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic transport plays a pivotal role in advancing sensing technologies. So far, systematic studies have focused on translocation of canonical B-form or A-form nucleic acids, while direct RNA analysis is emerging as the new frontier for nanopore sensing and sequencing. Here, we compare the less-explored dynamics of non-canonical RNA:DNA hybrids in electrophoretic transport with the well-researched transport of B-form DNA. Using DNA/RNA nanotechnology and solid-state nanopores, the translocation of RNA:DNA (RD) and DNA:DNA (DD) duplexes was examined. Notably, RD duplexes were found to translocate through nanopores faster than DD duplexes, despite containing the same number of base pairs. Our experiments reveal that RD duplexes present a non-canonical helix with distinct transport properties from B-form DD molecules. We find RD and DD molecules with the same contour length move with comparable velocity through nanopores. We examined the physical characteristics of both duplex forms using atomic force microscopy, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, agarose gel electrophoresis, and dynamic light scattering measurements. With the help of coarse-grained and molecular dynamics simulations, we find the effective force per unit length applied by the electric field to a fragment of RD or DD duplex in nanopores with various geometries or shapes to be approximately the same within experimental errors. Our results shed light on the significance of helical form in nucleic acid translocation, with implications for RNA sensing, sequencing, and molecular understanding of electrophoretic transport.
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4
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Patiño-Guillén G, Pešović J, Panić M, Savić-Pavićević D, Bošković F, Keyser UF. Single-molecule RNA sizing enables quantitative analysis of alternative transcription termination. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1699. [PMID: 38402271 PMCID: PMC10894232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription, a critical process in molecular biology, has found many applications in RNA synthesis, including mRNA vaccines and RNA therapeutics. However, current RNA characterization technologies suffer from amplification and enzymatic biases that lead to loss of native information. Here, we introduce a strategy to quantitatively study both transcription and RNA polymerase behaviour by sizing RNA with RNA nanotechnology and nanopores. To begin, we utilize T7 RNA polymerase to transcribe linear DNA lacking termination sequences. Surprisingly, we discover alternative transcription termination in the origin of replication sequence. Next, we employ circular DNA without transcription terminators to perform rolling circle transcription. This allows us to gain valuable insights into the processivity and transcription behaviour of RNA polymerase at the single-molecule level. Our work demonstrates how RNA nanotechnology and nanopores may be used in tandem for the direct and quantitative analysis of RNA transcripts. This methodology provides a promising pathway for accurate RNA structural mapping by enabling the study of full-length RNA transcripts at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jovan Pešović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Centre for Human Molecular Genetics, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Panić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Centre for Human Molecular Genetics, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušanka Savić-Pavićević
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Biology, Centre for Human Molecular Genetics, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filip Bošković
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Acharjee MC, Ledden B, Thomas B, He X, Messina T, Giurleo J, Talaga D, Li J. Aggregation and Oligomerization Characterization of ß-Lactoglobulin Protein Using a Solid-State Nanopore Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:81. [PMID: 38202943 PMCID: PMC10781269 DOI: 10.3390/s24010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is linked to many chronic and devastating neurodegenerative human diseases and is strongly associated with aging. This work demonstrates that protein aggregation and oligomerization can be evaluated by a solid-state nanopore method at the single molecule level. A silicon nitride nanopore sensor was used to characterize both the amyloidogenic and native-state oligomerization of a model protein ß-lactoglobulin variant A (βLGa). The findings from the nanopore measurements are validated against atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) data, comparing βLGa aggregation from the same samples at various stages. By calibrating with linear and circular dsDNA, this study estimates the amyloid fibrils' length and diameter, the quantity of the βLGa aggregates, and their distribution. The nanopore results align with the DLS and AFM data and offer additional insight at the level of individual protein molecular assemblies. As a further demonstration of the nanopore technique, βLGa self-association and aggregation at pH 4.6 as a function of temperature were measured at high (2 M KCl) and low (0.1 M KCl) ionic strength. This research highlights the advantages and limitations of using solid-state nanopore methods for analyzing protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitu C. Acharjee
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Brad Ledden
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Brian Thomas
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Xianglan He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (X.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Troy Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (X.H.); (J.G.)
- Department of Physics, Berea College, Berea, KY 40404, USA
| | - Jason Giurleo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (X.H.); (J.G.)
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - David Talaga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (X.H.); (J.G.)
- Department of Chemistry, Sokol Institute, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Jiali Li
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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6
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Liu H, Zhou Q, Wang W, Fang F, Zhang J. Solid-State Nanopore Array: Manufacturing and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205680. [PMID: 36470663 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanopore brings extraordinary properties for a variety of potential applications in various industrial sectors. Since manufacturing of solid-state nanopore is first reported in 2001, solid-state nanopore has become a hot topic in the recent years. An increasing number of manufacturing methods have been reported, with continuously decreased sizes from hundreds of nanometers at the beginning to ≈1 nm until recently. To enable more robust, sensitive, and reliable devices required by the industry, researchers have started to explore the possible methods to manufacture nanopore array which presents unprecedented challenges on the fabrication efficiency, accuracy and repeatability, applicable materials, and cost. As a result, the exploration of fabrication of nanopore array is still in the fledging period with various bottlenecks. In this article, a wide range of methods of manufacturing nanopores are summarized along with their achievable morphologies, sizes, inner structures for characterizing the main features, based on which the manufacturing of nanopore array is further addressed. To give a more specific idea on the potential applications of nanopore array, some representative practices are introduced such as DNA/RNA sequencing, energy conversion and storage, water desalination, nanosensors, nanoreactors, and dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuai Liu
- Centre of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Qin Zhou
- College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Fengzhou Fang
- Centre of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Laboratory of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jufan Zhang
- Centre of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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7
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Chau C, Marcuccio F, Soulias D, Edwards MA, Tuplin A, Radford SE, Hewitt E, Actis P. Probing RNA Conformations Using a Polymer-Electrolyte Solid-State Nanopore. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20075-20085. [PMID: 36279181 PMCID: PMC9798860 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanopore systems have emerged as a leading platform for the analysis of biomolecular complexes with single-molecule resolution. The conformation of biomolecules, such as RNA, is highly dependent on the electrolyte composition, but solid-state nanopore systems often require high salt concentration to operate, precluding analysis of macromolecular conformations under physiologically relevant conditions. Here, we report the implementation of a polymer-electrolyte solid-state nanopore system based on alkali metal halide salts dissolved in 50% w/v poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) to augment the performance of our system. We show that polymer-electrolyte bath governs the translocation dynamics of the analyte which correlates with the physical properties of the salt used in the bath. This allowed us to identify CsBr as the optimal salt to complement PEG to generate the largest signal enhancement. Harnessing the effects of the polymer-electrolyte, we probed the conformations of the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) RNA genome fragments under physiologically relevant conditions. Our system was able to fingerprint CHIKV RNA fragments ranging from ∼300 to ∼2000 nt length and subsequently distinguish conformations between the co-transcriptionally folded and the natively refolded ∼2000 nt CHIKV RNA. We envision that the polymer-electrolyte solid-state nanopore system will further enable structural and conformational analyses of individual biomolecules under physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalmers Chau
- School
of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural
Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Fabio Marcuccio
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Dimitrios Soulias
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Martin Andrew Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Andrew Tuplin
- School
of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural
Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Sheena E. Radford
- School
of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural
Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Eric Hewitt
- School
of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural
Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Paolo Actis
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Pollard Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
- Bragg
Centre for Materials Research, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
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8
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Rolband L, Beasock D, Wang Y, Shu YG, Dinman JD, Schlick T, Zhou Y, Kieft JS, Chen SJ, Bussi G, Oukhaled A, Gao X, Šulc P, Binzel D, Bhullar AS, Liang C, Guo P, Afonin KA. Biomotors, viral assembly, and RNA nanobiotechnology: Current achievements and future directions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6120-6137. [PMID: 36420155 PMCID: PMC9672130 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society of RNA Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (ISRNN) serves to further the development of a wide variety of functional nucleic acids and other related nanotechnology platforms. To aid in the dissemination of the most recent advancements, a biennial discussion focused on biomotors, viral assembly, and RNA nanobiotechnology has been established where international experts in interdisciplinary fields such as structural biology, biophysical chemistry, nanotechnology, cell and cancer biology, and pharmacology share their latest accomplishments and future perspectives. The results summarized here highlight advancements in our understanding of viral biology and the structure-function relationship of frame-shifting elements in genomic viral RNA, improvements in the predictions of SHAPE analysis of 3D RNA structures, and the understanding of dynamic RNA structures through a variety of experimental and computational means. Additionally, recent advances in the drug delivery, vaccine design, nanopore technologies, biomotor and biomachine development, DNA packaging, RNA nanotechnology, and drug delivery are included in this critical review. We emphasize some of the novel accomplishments, major discussion topics, and present current challenges and perspectives of these emerging fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Rolband
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Damian Beasock
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of China Academy of Sciences, 1st, Jinlian Road, Longwan District, Wenzhou, Zhjiang 325001, China
| | - Yao-Gen Shu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of China Academy of Sciences, 1st, Jinlian Road, Longwan District, Wenzhou, Zhjiang 325001, China
| | | | - Tamar Schlick
- New York University, Department of Chemistry and Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Simons Center for Computational Physical Chemistry, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Yaoqi Zhou
- Institute for Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Jeffrey S. Kieft
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Giovanni Bussi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Xingfa Gao
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Petr Šulc
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Chenxi Liang
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kirill A. Afonin
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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9
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Chen L, Wu Y, Zhang D, Cao S, Xu L, Li Y. Smart Nano‐switch with Flexible Modulation of Ion Transport Using Multiple Environmental Stimuli. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200884. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Dong Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Yi Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shuo‐Hui Cao
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
- Department of Electronic Science Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Lin‐Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yao‐Qun Li
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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