1
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Cattani S, Pandit NK, Buccio M, Balestri D, Ackermann L, Cera G. Iron-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation/Ring Opening with Vinylbenzofurans Enabled by Triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404319. [PMID: 38785101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We report an unprecedented iron-catalyzed C-H annulation using readily available 2-vinylbenzofurans as the reaction pattern. The redox-neutral strategy, based on cheap, non-toxic, and earth-abundant iron catalysts, exploits triazole assistance to promote a cascade C-H alkylation, benzofuran ring-opening and insertion into a Fe-N bond, to form highly functionalized isoquinolones. Detailed mechanistic studies supported by DFT calculations fully disclosed the manifold of the iron catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cattani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Neeraj Kumar Pandit
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michele Buccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Balestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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2
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Kunz S, Barnå F, Urrutia MP, Ingner FJL, Martínez-Topete A, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT, Dyrager C. Derivatization of 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole via Regioselective C-H Functionalization and Aryne Reactivity. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6138-6148. [PMID: 38648018 PMCID: PMC11077497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as an integral component of many functional molecules, methods for the functionalization of its benzenoid ring have remained limited, and many even simply decorated BTDs have required de novo synthesis. We show that regioselective Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation allows access to versatile 5-boryl or 4,6-diboryl BTD building blocks, which undergo functionalization at the C4, C5, C6, and C7 positions. The optimization and regioselectivity of C-H borylation are discussed. A broad reaction scope is presented, encompassing ipso substitution at the C-B bond, the first examples of ortho-directed C-H functionalization of BTD, ring closing reactions to generate fused ring systems, as well as the generation and capture reactions of novel BTD-based heteroarynes. The regioselectivity of the latter is discussed with reference to the Aryne Distortion Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kunz
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barnå
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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3
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Bozzi ÍAO, Machado LA, Diogo EBT, Delolo FG, Barros LOF, Graça GAP, Araujo MH, Martins FT, Pedrosa LF, da Luz LC, Moraes ES, Rodembusch FS, Guimarães JSF, Oliveira AG, Röttger SH, Werz DB, Souza CP, Fantuzzi F, Han J, Marder TB, Braunschweig H, da Silva Júnior EN. Electrochemical Diselenation of BODIPY Fluorophores for Bioimaging Applications and Sensitization of 1 O 2. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303883. [PMID: 38085637 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
We report a rapid, efficient, and scope-extensive approach for the late-stage electrochemical diselenation of BODIPYs. Photophysical analyses reveal red-shifted absorption - corroborated by TD-DFT and DLPNO-STEOM-CCSD computations - and color-tunable emission with large Stokes shifts in the selenium-containing derivatives compared to their precursors. In addition, due to the presence of the heavy Se atoms, competitive ISC generates triplet states which sensitize 1 O2 and display phosphorescence in PMMA films at RT and in a frozen glass matrix at 77 K. Importantly, the selenium-containing BODIPYs demonstrate the ability to selectively stain lipid droplets, exhibiting distinct fluorescence in both green and red channels. This work highlights the potential of electrochemistry as an efficient method for synthesizing unique emission-tunable fluorophores with broad-ranging applications in bioimaging and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ícaro A O Bozzi
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emilay B T Diogo
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fábio G Delolo
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza O F Barros
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriela A P Graça
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria H Araujo
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Felipe T Martins
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda, RJ, 27213-145, Brazil
| | - Lilian C da Luz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel S Moraes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Cidade Universitária, 13083970 -, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiano S Rodembusch
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - João S F Guimarães
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André G Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sebastian H Röttger
- DFG Cluster of Excellence livMatS @FIT and Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg (Breisgau), Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- DFG Cluster of Excellence livMatS @FIT and Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg (Breisgau), Germany
| | - Cauê P Souza
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Park Wood Rd, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Park Wood Rd, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jianhua Han
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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4
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Qin H, Wei G, Lou Y, Zheng X, Bao M, Zhang Y, Huang P. K 2S 2O 8-mediated direct C-H heteroarylation/hydroxylation of indolin-2-ones with quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:279-283. [PMID: 38053489 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01792c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a K2S2O8-mediated direct heteroarylation and hydroxylation reaction between quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with a C(sp2)-H bond and indolin-2-ones with a C(sp3)-H bond via an oxidative cross-coupling reaction has been reported. We have successfully established a feasible and concise reaction system that represents the first example of free-radical-promoted heteroarylation and hydroxylation reaction on the C-3 position of oxindole. A series of 3-substituted 3-hydroxyoxindoles are obtained in 0-83% yield using this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qin
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Guoliang Wei
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
| | - Yutao Lou
- College of pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Meihua Bao
- Academician Workstation, School of Stomatology, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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5
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Shim SY. Late-Stage C-H Activation of Drug (Derivative) Molecules with Pd(ll) Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302620. [PMID: 37846586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This review comprehensively analyses representative examples of Pd(II)-catalyzed late-stage C-H activation reactions and demonstrates their efficacy in converting C-H bonds at multiple positions within drug (derivative) molecules into diverse functional groups. These transformative reactions hold immense potential in medicinal chemistry, enabling the efficient and selective functionalization of specific sites within drug molecules, thereby enhancing their pharmacological activity and expanding the scope of potential drug candidates. Although notable articles have focused on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug-like molecules using transition-metal catalysts, reviews specifically focusing on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug (derivative) molecules using Pd(II) catalysts are required owing to their prominence as the most widely utilized metal catalysts for C-H activation and their ability to introduce a myriad of functional groups at specific C-H bonds. The utilization of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation methodologies demonstrates impressive success in introducing various functional groups, such as cyano (CN), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), aromatic rings, olefin, alkyl, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups, to drug (derivative) molecules with high regioselectivity and functional-group tolerance. These breakthroughs in late-stage C-H activation reactions serve as invaluable tools for drug discovery and development, thereby offering strategic options to optimize drug candidates and drive the exploration of innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Shim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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6
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Aher YN, Bhaduri N, Pawar AB. Advances in transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination strategies using anthranils. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8794-8812. [PMID: 37901918 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern times have witnessed an uprise in the synthesis and derivatization of nitrogen-containing fused heterocycles. Amination reactions involving nitrene chemistry have always been the most convenient choice for the incorporation of a nitrogen atom in a molecule. The utilization of an open nitrene species harnesses harsh conditions. Hence, transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions using aminating agents have been an attractive choice. Electrophilic aminating agents for C-H amination reactions are well exploited due to their desirable reaction conditions. Out of all, anthranils have paved the way forward due to their utility in simultaneously forming two new functional groups (amine and carbonyl). Amination using anthranils follows a metal-nitrenoid pathway. Often, the amination has been followed by a Lewis acid or transition metal-mediated intramolecular cyclization to directly produce fused heterocycles. This review broadly demonstrates the utilization of anthranils as an aminating agent for transition metal-catalyzed C-H amination reactions. The focus has been given to the scope, limitations, and mechanistic understanding of using such an electrophilic aminating agent, anthranil, with transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh N Aher
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
| | - Nilanjan Bhaduri
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
| | - Amit B Pawar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
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7
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Krishna Rao MV, Kareem S, Vali SR, Subba Reddy BV. Recent advances in metal directed C-H amidation/amination using sulfonyl azides and phosphoryl azides. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8426-8462. [PMID: 37831479 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01160g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed C-N bond formation reactions have gained popularity as a method for selectively transforming common C-H bonds into N-functionalized molecules. This approach is particularly useful for synthesizing aminated molecules, which require aminating reagents and amidated building blocks. Over the past two decades, significant advancements have been achieved in transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization, with organic azides emerging as promising amino sources and internal oxidants. This review focuses on recent developments in utilizing sulfonyl and phosphoryl azides as building blocks for directed intra- and intermolecular C-H functionalization reactions. Specifically, it discusses methods for synthesizing sulfonamidates and phosphoramidates using sulfonyl and phosphoryl azides, respectively. The article highlights the potential of C-H functionalization reactions with organic azides for efficiently and sustainably synthesizing N-functionalized molecules, providing valuable insights into the latest advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Krishna Rao
- Department of Fluoro & Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - Shaik Kareem
- Department of Fluoro & Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - Shaik Ramjan Vali
- Department of Fluoro & Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
| | - B V Subba Reddy
- Department of Fluoro & Agrochemicals, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, India.
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8
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Salameh N, Valentini F, Baudoin O, Vaccaro L. A General Enantioselective C-H Arylation Using an Immobilized Recoverable Palladium Catalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300609. [PMID: 37486306 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
We herein report a general and efficient enantioselective C-H arylation of aryl bromides based on the use of BozPhos as the bisphosphine ligand and SP-NHC-PdII as recoverable heterogeneous catalyst. By exploiting the "release and catch" mechanism of action of the catalytic system, we used BozPhos as a broadly applicable chiral ligand, furnishing high enantioselectivities across all types of examined substrates containing methyl, cyclopropyl and aryl C-H bonds. For each reaction, the reaction scope was investigated, giving rise to 30 enantioenriched products, obtained with high yields and enantioselectivities, and minimal palladium leaching. The developed catalytic system provides a more sustainable solution compared to homogeneous systems for the synthesis of high added-value chiral products through recycling of the precious metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihad Salameh
- Laboratory of Green SOC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federica Valentini
- Laboratory of Green SOC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green SOC, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8, 06124, Perugia, Italy
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9
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Lin Y, von Münchow T, Ackermann L. Cobaltaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Annulation with Allenes for Atropochiral and P-Stereogenic Compounds: Late-Stage Diversification and Continuous Flow Scale-Up. ACS Catal 2023; 13:9713-9723. [PMID: 38076330 PMCID: PMC10704562 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The 3d metallaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation has been identified as an increasingly viable strategy to access valuable organic molecules in a resource-economic fashion under exceedingly mild reaction conditions. However, the development of enantioselective 3d metallaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation is very challenging and in its infancy. Here, we disclose the merger of cobaltaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation with asymmetric catalysis for the highly enantioselective annulation of allenes. A broad range of C-N axially chiral and P-stereogenic compounds were thereby obtained in good yields of up to 98% with high enantioselectivities of up to >99% ee. The practicality of this approach was demonstrated by the diversification of complex bioactive compounds and drug molecules as well as decagram scale enantioselective electrocatalysis in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lin
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan von Münchow
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- WISCh
(Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry), Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Fabris F, Illner M, Repke JU, Scarso A, Schwarze M. Is Micellar Catalysis Green Chemistry? Molecules 2023; 28:4809. [PMID: 37375364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many years ago, twelve principles were defined for carrying out chemical reactions and processes from a green chemistry perspective. It is everyone's endeavor to take these points into account as far as possible when developing new processes or improving existing ones. Especially in the field of organic synthesis, a new area of research has thus been established: micellar catalysis. This review article addresses the question of whether micellar catalysis is green chemistry by applying the twelve principles to micellar reaction media. The review shows that many reactions can be transferred from an organic solvent to a micellar medium, but that the surfactant also has a crucial role as a solubilizer. Thus, the reactions can be carried out in a much more environmentally friendly manner and with less risk. Moreover, surfactants are being reformulated in their design, synthesis, and degradation to add extra advantages to micellar catalysis to match all the twelve principles of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fabris
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, Mestre, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - Markus Illner
- Process Dynamics and Operations Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. KWT9, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Repke
- Process Dynamics and Operations Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. KWT9, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Via Torino 155, Mestre, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC-08, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Marsicano V, Arcadi A, Aschi M, Chiarini M, Fabrizi G, Goggiamani A, Marinelli F, Iazzetti A. Direct Regioselective Hydro(hetero)arylation/Cyclocondensation Reactions of β-(2-Aminophenyl)-α,β-ynones by Means of Transition-Metal Catalysis/Brønsted Acid Synergism: Experimental Results and Computational Insights. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37162477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Experimental results and computational insights explain the key role of transition-metal catalysis/Brønsted acid synergism in the achievement of the sequential regioselective direct heteroarylation/cyclocondensation reactions of β-(2-aminophenyl)-α,β-ynones with a variety of electron-rich aromatic heterocyclic/arenes to afford quinoline-(hetero)aromatic hybrids. The first approach to the synthesis of 4-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)quinolines is described. The effectiveness of various transition metals is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Marsicano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi di L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
| | - Antonio Arcadi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze dell'Informazione e Matematica, Università degli Studi di L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi di L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari e Ambientali, Università di Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Fabrizi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Goggiamani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi di L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 Coppito, AQ, Italy
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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12
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Bhaduri N, Pawar AB. Redox-neutral C-H annulation strategies for the synthesis of heterocycles via high-valent Cp*Co(III) catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:3918-3941. [PMID: 37128760 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00133d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A variety of biologically active molecules, pharmaceuticals, and natural products consist of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic backbone. The majority of them are isoquinolones, indoles, isoquinolines, etc.; thereby the synthesis and derivatization of such heterocycles are synthetically very relevant. Also, certain naphthol derivatives have high synthetic utility as agrochemicals and in dye industries. Previous approaches have utilized ruthenium, rhodium, or iridium which may not be desirable due to the high toxicity, low abundance, and high cost of such 4d and 5d metals. Moreover, the need for an external oxidant during the reaction also adds by-products to the system. A high-valent cobalt-catalyzed redox-neutral C-H functionalization strategy has emerged to be a far better alternative in this regard. The use of the non-noble metal cobalt allows for selectivity and specificity in product formation. Also, the redox-neutral concept avoids the use of an external oxidant either due to the presence of a metal in a non-variable oxidation state throughout the catalytic cycle or due to the presence of an oxidizing directing group or an oxidizing coupling partner. Such an oxidizing directing group not only directs the catalyst to a specific reaction site by chelation but also regenerates the catalyst at the end of the cycle. Certain bonds such as N-O, N-N, N-Cl, N-S, and C-S are the main game-players behind the oxidizing property of such directing groups. In the other case, the directing group only chelates the catalyst to a reaction center, whereas the oxidation is carried out by the upcoming group/coupling partner. Overall, merging the redox-neutral concept with the high-valent cobalt catalysis is paving the way forward toward a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. This review critically describes the mechanistic understanding, scope, limitations, and synthesis of various biologically relevant heterocycles via the redox-neutral concept in the high-valent Cp*Co(III)-catalyzed C-H functionalization chemistry domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjan Bhaduri
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
| | - Amit B Pawar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India.
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13
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Monsigny L, Doche F, Besset T. Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond activation as a sustainable strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules: an overview. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:448-473. [PMID: 37123090 PMCID: PMC10130906 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed the emergence of innovative synthetic tools for the synthesis of fluorinated molecules. Among these approaches, the transition-metal-catalyzed functionalization of various scaffolds with a panel of fluorinated groups (XRF, X = S, Se, O) offered straightforward access to high value-added compounds. This review will highlight the main advances made in the field with the transition-metal-catalyzed functionalization of C(sp2) and C(sp3) centers with SCF3, SeCF3, or OCH2CF3 groups among others, by C-H bond activation. The scope and limitations of these transformations are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Monsigny
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Floriane Doche
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie University, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France
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14
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CuxPd1-xO nanoparticle-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite catalyzed direct ortho-C–H acylation of 2-aryl pyridines. CATAL COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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15
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Rosadoni E, Banchini F, Bellini S, Lessi M, Pasquinelli L, Bellina F. Ligandless Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C-5 Arylation of Azoles Promoted by Benzoic Acid in Anisole. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238454. [PMID: 36500546 PMCID: PMC9735507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of azoles with (hetero)aryl halides is nowadays one of the most versatile and efficient procedures for the selective synthesis of heterobiaryls. Although this procedure is, due to its characteristics, also of great interest in the industrial field, the wide use of a reaction medium such as DMF or DMA, two polar aprotic solvents coded as dangerous according to environmental, health, safety (EHS) parameters, strongly limits its actual use. In contrast, the use of aromatic solvents as the reaction medium for direct arylations, although some of them show good EHS values, is poorly reported, probably due to their low solvent power against reagents and their potential involvement in undesired side reactions. In this paper we report an unprecedented selective C-5 arylation procedure involving anisole as an EHS green reaction solvent. In addition, the beneficial role of benzoic acid as an additive was also highlighted, a role that had never been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Rosadoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Banchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Bellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Lessi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Bellina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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16
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Klein M, Waldvogel SR. Counter Electrode Reactions-Important Stumbling Blocks on the Way to a Working Electro-organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204140. [PMID: 35668714 PMCID: PMC9828107 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, electro-organic synthesis has gained significant interest, both in technical and academic research as well as in terms of applications. The omission of stoichiometric oxidizers or reducing agents enables a more sustainable route for redox reactions in organic chemistry. Even if it is well-known that every electrochemical oxidation is only viable with an associated reduction reaction and vice versa, the relevance of the counter reaction is often less addressed. In this Review, the importance of the corresponding counter reaction in electro-organic synthesis is highlighted and how it can affect the performance and selectivity of the electrolytic conversion. A selection of common strategies and unique concepts to tackle this issue are surveyed to provide a guide to select appropriate counter reactions for electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klein
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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17
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Su Y, Li Y, Li C, Xu T, Sun Y, Bai J. Robust C-PdNi-CNF Sandwich-Structured Catalyst for Suzuki Reactions and Experimental Study on the Mechanism. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:29747-29754. [PMID: 36061694 PMCID: PMC9434786 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The stability of metal nanoparticles is one of the key issues for their catalytic applications. In this study, we fabricated a sandwich structure to protect the metal nanoparticles. A carbon layer was used to wrap the PdNi nanoparticles on the carbon fiber, and the whole preparation process was simple and green. Electron transfer occurs between the carbon layer and the metal nanoparticles, making the two more closely combined. As a catalyst for the Suzuki reaction, it exhibits highly efficient catalysis and excellent stability. The calculated TOF reaches 18 662 h-1. After nine cycles, there was almost no decrease in performance. Additionally, we found that the addition of iodobenzene into the chlorobenzene reaction system could significantly improve the chlorobenzene conversion, and we proved that the catalyst has fine activity and stability with a bright future in commercial applications. The possible catalytic mechanism of Suzuki reaction was proposed based on experimental results. This study provides a simple and green method to prepare encapsulated metal nanoparticle catalysts and gives a deep insight into Suzuki reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic
of China
- Inner
Mongolia Key Laboratory of Industrial Catalysis, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic
of China
- Inner
Mongolia Key Laboratory of Industrial Catalysis, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunping Li
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic
of China
- Inner
Mongolia Key Laboratory of Industrial Catalysis, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Xu
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic
of China
- Inner
Mongolia Key Laboratory of Industrial Catalysis, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic
of China
- Inner
Mongolia Key Laboratory of Industrial Catalysis, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Bai
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia
University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic
of China
- Inner
Mongolia Key Laboratory of Industrial Catalysis, Hohhot 010051, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Sihag P, Jeganmohan M. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral [4 + 1]-Annulation of Unactivated Alkenes with Sulfoxonium Ylides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11073-11089. [PMID: 35946405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel methodology for redox-neutral [4 + 1] annulation of unactivated alkenes with sulfoxonium ylides leads to the synthesis of a diverse library of indanone compounds. The developed annulation reaction was found to be highly versatile due to its compatibility with various unactivated alkenes functionalized with various sensitive functional groups as well as substituted sulfoxonium ylides. Further, multiple transformations such as ring-expansion, reduction, aldol condensation, and Wittig reaction were carried out with indanones. Using this way, highly useful cyclic heterocycles such as indene, dihydroisocoumarin, and 1-indanilidene were prepared in a single step. A possible reaction mechanism was supported by deuterium labeling studies, competitive studies, and kinetic isotopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Sihag
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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19
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Zhang WK, Li JZ, Zhang CC, Zhang J, Zheng YN, Hu Y, Li T, Wei WT. The Synthesis of Polycyclic Quinazolinones via C(sp3)–H Functionalization of Inert Alkanes or Visible‐light Promoted Oxidation Decarboxylation of N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHP‐esters). European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ting Li
- Nanyang Normal University chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- Ningbo University Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 818, Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District 315211 Ningbo CHINA
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20
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Li J, Mei L, Cai X, Zhang C, Cao T, Huang X, Liu Y, Wei W. Transition‐Metal‐Free Radical Cyclization of 2‐Arylbenzoimidazoles with Unactivated Alkanes
via
C(
sp
3
)−H Functionalizations in Aqueous Media. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao‐Zhe Li
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Mei
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue‐Er Cai
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Can‐Can Zhang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting‐Ting Cao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Xun‐Jie Huang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi‐Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Material Huaihua University Huaihua Hunan 418008 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen‐Ting Wei
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 People's Republic of China
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21
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Yang L, Zhang Z, Bongsuiru Jei B, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Cage Activation of Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200323. [PMID: 35148009 PMCID: PMC9310615 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carboranes are boron-carbon molecular clusters that possess unique properties, such as their icosahedron geometry, high boron content, and delocalized three-dimensional aromaticity. These features render carboranes valuable building blocks for applications in supramolecular design, nanomaterials, optoelectronics, organometallic coordination chemistry, and as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) agents. Despite tremendous progress in this field, stoichiometric chemical redox reagents are largely required for the oxidative activation of carborane cages. In this context, electrosyntheses represent an alternative strategy for more sustainable molecular syntheses. It is only in recent few years that considerable progress has been made in electrochemical cage functionalization of carboranes, which are summarized in this Minireview. We anticipate that electrocatalysis will serve as an increasingly powerful stimulus within the current renaissance of carborane electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GottingenGermany
| | - Zi‐Jing Zhang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GottingenGermany
| | - Becky Bongsuiru Jei
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GottingenGermany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GottingenGermany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh)Georg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 237077GöttingenGermany
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22
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Bhawani, Shinde VN, Sonam, Rangan K, Kumar A. Mechanochemical Ruthenium-Catalyzed O rtho-Alkenylation of N-Heteroaryl Arenes with Alkynes under Ball-Milling Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5994-6005. [PMID: 35472259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical, solvent-free Ru(II)-catalyzed alkenylation of N-heteroaryl arenes with alkynes has been successfully described. A wide spectrum of arenes bearing N-heteroaryl moieties such as imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine, benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, 2H-indazole, 1H-indazole, 1H-pyrazole, and 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one as a directing group reacted with various substituted alkynes under ball milling in the presence of [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2, affording dialkenylated products in moderate to good yields. The reaction of 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione with 1-phenyl-1-propyne afforded a monoalkenylated product. Similarly, reaction of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with aliphatic terminal alkynes produced a monoalkenylated derivative as the major product along with minor amount of dialkenylated product. The developed method exhibited excellent functional group compatibility, broad substrate scope, shorter reaction times, and no external heating. Moreover, the method can be readily scaled-up as demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis of 2-(2,6-bis((E)1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl)phenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawani
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Vikki N Shinde
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Sonam
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Krishnan Rangan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
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23
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Patel P. Water-Mediated ortho-Carboxymethylation of Aryl Ketones under Ir(III)-Catalytic Conditions: Step Economy Total Synthesis of Cytosporones A-C. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4852-4862. [PMID: 35297630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An expeditious Ir(III)-catalyzed carboxymethylation of aryl ketone with diazotized Meldrum's acid has been developed in aqueous medium. Flavanone and chromanone were also found to be facile substrates with the developed catalytic system. Mechanistic studies revealed the active catalytic species and the role of water in the reaction process as hydroxy and proton sources. Employing the developed method, total synthesis of cytosporone A was achieved in two steps and that of cytosporones B-C was achieved in three steps starting from resorcinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitambar Patel
- Chemical Science and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785006, India
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24
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Jordan A, Hall CGJ, Thorp LR, Sneddon HF. Replacement of Less-Preferred Dipolar Aprotic and Ethereal Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry with More Sustainable Alternatives. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6749-6794. [PMID: 35201751 PMCID: PMC9098182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents comprise just over 40% of all organic solvents utilized in synthetic organic, medicinal, and process chemistry. Unfortunately, many of the common "go-to" solvents are considered to be "less-preferable" for a number of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) reasons such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or for practical handling reasons such as flammability and volatility. Recent legislative changes have initiated the implementation of restrictions on the use of many of the commonly employed dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and for ethers such as 1,4-dioxane. Thus, with growing legislative, EHS, and societal pressures, the need to identify and implement the use of alternative solvents that are greener, safer, and more sustainable has never been greater. Within this review, the ubiquitous nature of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties that have made them so appealing to synthetic chemists. An overview of the current legislative restrictions being imposed on the use of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed. A variety of alternative, safer, and more sustainable solvents that have garnered attention over the past decade are then examined, and case studies and examples where less-preferable solvents have been successfully replaced with a safer and more sustainable alternative are highlighted. Finally, a general overview and guidance for solvent selection and replacement are included in the Supporting Information of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Callum G J Hall
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL, U.K.,GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee R Thorp
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Helen F Sneddon
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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25
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Yang L, Zhang ZJ, Jei BB, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Cage Activation of Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen IOBC GERMANY
| | - Zi-Jing Zhang
- University of Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen IOBC GERMANY
| | | | - Lutz Ackermann
- Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Tammannstr. 2 37077 Goettingen GERMANY
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26
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Zhou Q, Song X, Zhang X, Fan X. Synthesis of Spiro[benzo[ d][1,3]oxazine-4,4'-isoquinoline]s via [4+1+1] Annulation of N-Aryl Amidines with Diazo Homophthalimides and O 2. Org Lett 2022; 24:1280-1285. [PMID: 35129363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of spiro[benzo[d][1,3]oxazine-4,4'-isoquinoline]s through a unique [4+1+1] annulation of N-aryl amidines with diazo homophthalimides and O2 is presented. This unprecedented spirocyclization reaction features readily obtainable substrates, structurally and pharmaceutically attractive products, a cost-free and clean oxygen source, sustainable reaction medium, tolerance of a broad spectrum of functional groups, and an interesting reaction mechanism based on sequential C(sp2)-H/C(sp3)-H bond cleavage and oxygen insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xia Song
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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27
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Zhang M, Zhong Z, Liao L, Zhang AQ. Application of a transient directing strategy in cyclization reactions via C–H activation. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00765g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review introduces seven types of cyclization reactions via C–H activation using a transient directing strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Zukang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Lihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University (Yaohu campus), 99 Ziyangdadao Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Ai Qin Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330063, China
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28
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C-H activation by immobilized heterogeneous photocatalysts. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1563-1572. [PMID: 34784051 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, the merger of photocatalysis with transition metal chemistry has been surfaced as a sustainable tool in modern molecular syntheses. This Account highlights major advances in synergistic photo-enabled C‒H activations. Inspired by our homogenous ruthenium- and copper-catalyzed C‒H activations in the absence of an exogenous photosensitizer, this Account describes the recent progress on heterogeneous photo-induced C‒H activation enabled by immobilized hybrid catalysts until September 2021, with a topical focus on recyclability as well as robustness of the heterogeneous photocatalyst.
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29
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Zakis JM, Smejkal T, Wencel-Delord J. Cyclometallated complexes as catalysts for C-H activation and functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:483-490. [PMID: 34735563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel catalysts for C-H activation reactions with increased reactivity and improved selectivities has been attracting significant interest over the last two decades. More recently, promising results have been developed using tridentate pincer ligands, which form a stable C-M bond. Furthermore, based on mechanistic studies, the unique catalytic role of some metallacyclic intermediate species has been revealed. These experimental observations have subsequently translated into the rational design of advanced C-H activation catalysts in both Ru- and Ir-based systems. Recent breakthroughs in the field of C-H activation catalysed by metallacyclic intermediates are thus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Mikelis Zakis
- Process Chemistry Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein AG 4332, Switzerland. .,Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute-Alsace, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Tomas Smejkal
- Process Chemistry Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein AG 4332, Switzerland.
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute-Alsace, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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30
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Dhawa U, Wdowik T, Hou X, Yuan B, Oliveira JCA, Ackermann L. Enantioselective palladaelectro-catalyzed C-H olefinations and allylations for N-C axial chirality. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14182-14188. [PMID: 34760203 PMCID: PMC8565398 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04687j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantioselective palladaelectro-catalyzed C–H alkenylations and allylations were achieved with easily-accessible amino acids as transient directing groups. This strategy provided access to highly enantiomerically-enriched N–C axially chiral scaffolds under exceedingly mild conditions. The synthetic utility of our strategy was demonstrated by a variety of alkenes, while the versatility of our approach was reflected by atroposelective C–H allylations. Computational studies provided insights into a facile C–H activation by a seven-membered palladacycle. Enantioselective palladaelectro-catalyzed C–H alkenylations and allylations were achieved by the means of an easily-accessible amino acid for the synthesis of N–C axially chiral indole biaryls.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tomasz Wdowik
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Hou
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - João C A Oliveira
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany .,Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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31
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Wu M, Wang S, Wang Y, Gao H, Yi W, Zhou Z. TFA‐Prompted/Rh(III)‐Catalysed Chemoselective C
3
− or C
2
−H Functionalization of Indoles with Methylenecyclopropanes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 P. R. China
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