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Burmistrova DA, Pomortseva NP, Voronina YK, Kiskin MA, Dolgushin FM, Berberova NT, Eremenko IL, Poddel’sky AI, Smolyaninov IV. Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemical Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of Organogermanium(IV) Catecholate Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9011. [PMID: 39201696 PMCID: PMC11354772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of novel organogermanium(IV) catecholates 1-9 of the general formula R'2Ge(Cat), where R' = Ph, Et, have been synthesized. Compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of 1-3, 6, and 8 in crystal state were established using single-crystal X-ray analysis. The complexes are tetracoordinate germanium(IV) compounds containing a dioxolene ligand in a dianion (catecholato) form. Electrochemical transformations of target germanium(IV) complexes have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The electro-oxidation mechanism of complexes 1-5, 7, and 10 (the related complex Ph2Ge(3,5-Cat) where 3,5-Cat is 3,5-di-tert-butylcatecholate) involves the consecutive formation of mono- and dicationic derivatives containing the oxidized forms of redox-active ligands. The stability of the generated monocations depends both on the hydrocarbon groups at the germanium atom and on the substituents in the catecholate ring. Compounds 6, 8, and 9 are oxidized irreversibly under the electrochemical conditions with the formation of unstable complexes. The radical scavenging activity and antioxidant properties of new complexes were estimated in the reaction with DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation, and CUPRACTEAC assay. It has been found that compounds 8 and 9 with benzothiazole or phenol fragments are more active in DPPH test. The presence of electron-rich moieties in the catecholate ligand makes complexes 5 and 7-9 more reactive to ABTS radical cation. The value of CUPRACTEAC for organogermanium(IV) catecholates varies from 0.23 to 1.45. The effect of compounds 1-9 in the process of lipid peroxidation of rat liver (Wistar) homogenate was determined in vitro. It was found that most compounds are characterized by pronounced antioxidant activity. A feature of complexes 1, 3, and 5-9 is the intensification of the antioxidant action with the incubation time. In the presence of additives of complexes 3, 5, 6, and 8, an induction period was observed during the process of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A. Burmistrova
- Chemistry Department, Astrakhan State Technical University, 16 Tatisheva Str., 414056 Astrakhan, Russia; (D.A.B.); (N.P.P.); (N.T.B.)
| | - Nadezhda P. Pomortseva
- Chemistry Department, Astrakhan State Technical University, 16 Tatisheva Str., 414056 Astrakhan, Russia; (D.A.B.); (N.P.P.); (N.T.B.)
| | - Yulia K. Voronina
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.V.); (M.A.K.); (F.M.D.); (I.L.E.)
| | - Mikhail A. Kiskin
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.V.); (M.A.K.); (F.M.D.); (I.L.E.)
| | - Fedor M. Dolgushin
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.V.); (M.A.K.); (F.M.D.); (I.L.E.)
| | - Nadezhda T. Berberova
- Chemistry Department, Astrakhan State Technical University, 16 Tatisheva Str., 414056 Astrakhan, Russia; (D.A.B.); (N.P.P.); (N.T.B.)
| | - Igor L. Eremenko
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (Y.K.V.); (M.A.K.); (F.M.D.); (I.L.E.)
| | - Andrey I. Poddel’sky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ivan V. Smolyaninov
- Chemistry Department, Astrakhan State Technical University, 16 Tatisheva Str., 414056 Astrakhan, Russia; (D.A.B.); (N.P.P.); (N.T.B.)
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Akbulatov AF, Akyeva AY, Shangin PG, Emelianov NA, Krylova IV, Markova MO, Labutskaya LD, Mumyatov AV, Tuzharov EI, Bunin DA, Frolova LA, Egorov MP, Syroeshkin MA, Troshin PA. Sn and Ge Complexes with Redox-Active Ligands as Efficient Interfacial Membrane-like Buffer Layers for p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:439. [PMID: 37103866 PMCID: PMC10145979 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Inverted perovskite solar cells with a p-i-n configuration have attracted considerable attention from the research community because of their simple design, insignificant hysteresis, improved operational stability, and low-temperature fabrication technology. However, this type of device is still lagging behind the classical n-i-p perovskite solar cells in terms of its power conversion efficiency. The performance of p-i-n perovskite solar cells can be increased using appropriate charge transport and buffer interlayers inserted between the main electron transport layer and top metal electrode. In this study, we addressed this challenge by designing a series of tin and germanium coordination complexes with redox-active ligands as promising interlayers for perovskite solar cells. The obtained compounds were characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction and/or NMR spectroscopy, and their optical and electrochemical properties were thoroughly studied. The efficiency of perovskite solar cells was improved from a reference value of 16.4% to 18.0-18.6%, using optimized interlayers of the tin complexes with salicylimine (1) or 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (2) ligands, and the germanium complex with the 2,3-dihydroxyphenazine ligand (4). The IR s-SNOM mapping revealed that the best-performing interlayers form uniform and pinhole-free coatings atop the PC61BM electron-transport layer, which improves the charge extraction to the top metal electrode. The obtained results feature the potential of using tin and germanium complexes as prospective materials for improving the performance of perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azat F. Akbulatov
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Anna Y. Akyeva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel G. Shangin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita A. Emelianov
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Irina V. Krylova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mariya O. Markova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Technology of Inorganic Substances and High Temperature Materials, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Liliya D. Labutskaya
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Mumyatov
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Egor I. Tuzharov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Bunin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Frolova
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Troshin
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Semenov Ave. 1, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
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Akyeva AY, Kansuzyan AV, Vukich KS, Kuhn L, Saverina EA, Minyaev ME, Pechennikov VM, Egorov MP, Alabugin IV, Vorobyev SV, Syroeshkin MA. Remote Stereoelectronic Effects in Pyrrolidone- and Caprolactam-Substituted Phenols: Discrepancies in Antioxidant Properties Evaluated by Electrochemical Oxidation and H-Atom Transfer Reactivity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5371-5384. [PMID: 35363496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New antioxidants are commonly evaluated via two main approaches, i.e., the ability to donate an electron and the ability to intercept free radicals. We compared these approaches by evaluating the properties of 11 compounds containing both antioxidant moieties (mono- and polyphenols) and auxiliary pharmacophores (pyrrolidone and caprolactam). Several common antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,3,5-trimethylphenol (TMP), quercetin, and dihydroquercetin, were added for comparison. The antioxidant properties of these compounds were determined by their rates of reaction with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and their oxidation potentials from cyclic voltammetry. Although these methods test different chemical properties, their results correlate reasonably well. However, several exceptions exist where the two methods give opposite predictions! One of them is the different behavior of mono- and polyphenols: polyphenols can react with DPPH more than an order of magnitude faster than monophenols of a similar oxidation potential. The second exception stems from the size of a "bystander" lactam ring at the benzylic position. Although the phenols with a seven-membered lactam ring are harder to oxidize, the sterically nonhindered compounds react with DPPH about 2× faster than the analogous five-membered lactams. The limitations of computational methods, especially those based on a single parameter, are also evaluated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ya Akyeva
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Katarina S Vukich
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | | | | | | | - Mikhail P Egorov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Stepan V Vorobyev
- Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, 65 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Kansuzyan AV, Farafonova SD, Saverina EA, Krylova IV, Balycheva VA, Ya. Akyeva A, Medvedev AG, Nikolaevskaya EN, Egorov MP, Prikhodchenko PV, Syroeshkin MA. Highly soluble germanium dioxide as a new source of germanium for derivatization with organic compounds. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hypercoordinate germanium complexes with phenanthrene-9,10-diolate ligands: synthesis, structure, and electronic properties. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pashanova KI, Bitkina VO, Yakushev IA, Arsenyev MV, Piskunov AV. Square-Planar Heteroleptic Complexes of α-Diimine-Ni II-Catecholate Type: Intramolecular Ligand-to-Ligand Charge Transfer. Molecules 2021; 26:4622. [PMID: 34361775 PMCID: PMC8347615 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Two heteroleptic NiII complexes combined the redox-active catecholate and 2,2'- bipyridine ligand platforms were synthesized to observe a photoinduced intramolecular ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LL'CT, HOMOcatecholate → LUMOα-diimine). A molecular design of compound [NiII(3,6-Cat)(bipy)]∙CH3CN (1) on the base of bulky 3,6-di-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone (3,6-DTBQ) was an annelation of the ligand with an electron donor glycol fragment, producing derivative [NiII(3,6-Catgly)(bipy)]∙CH2Cl2 (2), in order to influence the energy of LL'CT transition. A substantial longwave shift of the absorption peak was observed in the UV-Vis-NIR spectra of 2 compared with those in 1. In addition, the studied NiII derivatives demonstrated a pronounced negative solvatochromism, which was established using a broad set of solvents. The molecular geometry of both compounds can be ascribed as an insignificantly distorted square-planar type, and the π-π intermolecular stacking of the neighboring α-diimines is realized in a crystal packing. There is a lamellar crystal structure for complex 1, whereas the perpendicular T-motifs with the inter-stacks attractive π-π interactions form the packing of complex 2. The redox-active nature of ligand systems was clearly shown through the electrochemical study: a quasi-reversible one-electron reduction of 2,2'-bipyridine and two reversible successive one-electron oxidative conversations ("catecholate dianion-o-benzosemiquinonato radical anion-neutral o-benzoquinone") were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira I. Pashanova
- Laboratory of Metal Complexes with Redox-Active Ligands, G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina Street, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.I.P.); (V.O.B.); (M.V.A.)
| | - Vladlena O. Bitkina
- Laboratory of Metal Complexes with Redox-Active Ligands, G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina Street, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.I.P.); (V.O.B.); (M.V.A.)
| | - Ilya A. Yakushev
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninski Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maxim V. Arsenyev
- Laboratory of Metal Complexes with Redox-Active Ligands, G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina Street, 603137 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.I.P.); (V.O.B.); (M.V.A.)
| | - Alexandr V. Piskunov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninski Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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