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Yao X, Wang Z, Qian M, Deng Q, Sun P. Kinetic Aspects of Esterification and Transesterification in Microstructured Reactors. Molecules 2024; 29:3651. [PMID: 39125055 PMCID: PMC11314161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microstructured reactors offer fast chemical engineering transfer and precise microfluidic control, enabling the determination of reactions' kinetic parameters. This review examines recent advancements in measuring microreaction kinetics. It explores kinetic modeling, reaction mechanisms, and intrinsic kinetic equations pertaining to two types of microreaction: esterification and transesterification reactions involving acids, bases, or biocatalysts. The utilization of a micro packed-bed reactor successfully achieves a harmonious combination of the micro-dispersion state and the reaction kinetic characteristics. Additionally, this review presents micro-process simulation software and explores the advanced integration of microreactors with spectroscopic analyses for reaction monitoring and data acquisition. Furthermore, it elaborates on the control principles of the micro platform. The superiority of online measurement, automation, and the digitalization of the microreaction process for kinetic measurements is highlighted, showcasing the vast prospects of artificial intelligence applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Zhenxue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qiulin Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| | - Peiyong Sun
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China;
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2
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Guan F, Wen J. Flash Organometallic Catalysis Uncovered by Continuous Microfluidic Devices. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300646. [PMID: 38291001 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The flash organometallic catalysis is a new concept that refers to the study of fast and controlled organometallic catalytic reactions by using microfluidic devices. Flash reactions' kinetics (ms-s scale) is often ignored due to the lack of proper research tool in organometallic chemistry. The development of microfluidic systems offers the opportunity to discover under-studied mechanisms and new reactions. In this concept, the basic theory of kinetic measurement in a microreactor is briefly reviewed and then two examples on studying flash organometallic catalytic transformation are introduced. One example is the discovery of a highly active palladium catalytic species for Suzuki Coupling and the other example is the study of a neglected isomerization catalytic cycle with a time scale of seconds before isomerization-hydroformylation by customized microfluidic devices. The last part is summary and prospect of this new area. Customizing a microfluidic device with good engineering design for a target reaction supports flash reactions' kinetic experimentation and could become a general strategy in chemistry lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfu Guan
- Department of Chemical Process R&D, Lianyungang Institute of Research, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 7 Kunlunshan Road, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Jialin Wen
- Department of Chemical Process R&D, Lianyungang Institute of Research, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 7 Kunlunshan Road, Lianyungang, 222000, China
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3
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Wagner F, Sagmeister P, Jusner CE, Tampone TG, Manee V, Buono FG, Williams JD, Kappe CO. A Slug Flow Platform with Multiple Process Analytics Facilitates Flexible Reaction Optimization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308034. [PMID: 38273711 PMCID: PMC10987115 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Flow processing offers many opportunities to optimize reactions in a rapid and automated manner, yet often requires relatively large quantities of input materials. To combat this, the use of a flexible slug flow reactor, equipped with two analytical instruments, for low-volume optimization experiments are reported. A Buchwald-Hartwig amination toward the drug olanzapine, with 6 independent optimizable variables, is optimized using three different automated approaches: self-optimization, design of experiments, and kinetic modeling. These approaches are complementary and provide differing information on the reaction: pareto optimal operating points, response surface models, and mechanistic models, respectively. The results are achieved using <10% of the material that would be required for standard flow operation. Finally, a chemometric model is built utilizing automated data handling and three subsequent validation experiments demonstrate good agreement between the slug flow reactor and a standard (larger scale) flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wagner
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Clemens E. Jusner
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Thomas G. Tampone
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Vidhyadhar Manee
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Frederic G. Buono
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldCT06877USA
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
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4
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Taylor CJ, Felton KC, Wigh D, Jeraal MI, Grainger R, Chessari G, Johnson CN, Lapkin AA. Accelerated Chemical Reaction Optimization Using Multi-Task Learning. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:957-968. [PMID: 37252348 PMCID: PMC10214532 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of C-H bonds is a key challenge in medicinal chemistry, particularly for fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) where such transformations require execution in the presence of polar functionality necessary for protein binding. Recent work has shown the effectiveness of Bayesian optimization (BO) for the self-optimization of chemical reactions; however, in all previous cases these algorithmic procedures have started with no prior information about the reaction of interest. In this work, we explore the use of multitask Bayesian optimization (MTBO) in several in silico case studies by leveraging reaction data collected from historical optimization campaigns to accelerate the optimization of new reactions. This methodology was then translated to real-world, medicinal chemistry applications in the yield optimization of several pharmaceutical intermediates using an autonomous flow-based reactor platform. The use of the MTBO algorithm was shown to be successful in determining optimal conditions of unseen experimental C-H activation reactions with differing substrates, demonstrating an efficient optimization strategy with large potential cost reductions when compared to industry-standard process optimization techniques. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of the methodology as an enabling tool in medicinal chemistry workflows, representing a step-change in the utilization of data and machine learning with the goal of accelerated reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Taylor
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Kobi C. Felton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Wigh
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed I. Jeraal
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd., 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower #05-05, 138602, Singapore
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Gianni Chessari
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. Johnson
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei A. Lapkin
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore Ltd., 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower #05-05, 138602, Singapore
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Wigh DS, Tissot M, Pasau P, Goodman JM, Lapkin AA. Quantitative In Silico Prediction of the Rate of Protodeboronation by a Mechanistic Density Functional Theory-Aided Algorithm. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2628-2636. [PMID: 36916916 PMCID: PMC10041635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Computational reaction prediction has become a ubiquitous task in chemistry due to the potential value accurate predictions can bring to chemists. Boronic acids are widely used in industry; however, understanding how to avoid the protodeboronation side reaction remains a challenge. We have developed an algorithm for in silico prediction of the rate of protodeboronation of boronic acids. A general mechanistic model devised through kinetic studies of protodeboronation was found in the literature and forms the foundation on which the algorithm presented in this work is built. Protodeboronation proceeds through 7 distinct pathways, though for any particular boronic acid, only a subset of mechanistic pathways are active. The rate of each active mechanistic pathway is linearly correlated with its characteristic energy difference, which in turn can be determined using Density Functional Theory. We validated the algorithm using leave-one-out cross-validation on a data set of 50 boronic acids and made a further 50 rate predictions on academically and industrially important boronic acids out of sample. We believe this work will provide great assistance to chemists performing reactions that feature boronic acids, such as Suzuki-Miyaura and Chan-Evans-Lam couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Wigh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U.K
| | | | | | - Jonathan M Goodman
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alexei A Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, U.K
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6
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Taylor CJ, Pomberger A, Felton KC, Grainger R, Barecka M, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA, Johnson CN, Lapkin AA. A Brief Introduction to Chemical Reaction Optimization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3089-3126. [PMID: 36820880 PMCID: PMC10037254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
From the start of a synthetic chemist's training, experiments are conducted based on recipes from textbooks and manuscripts that achieve clean reaction outcomes, allowing the scientist to develop practical skills and some chemical intuition. This procedure is often kept long into a researcher's career, as new recipes are developed based on similar reaction protocols, and intuition-guided deviations are conducted through learning from failed experiments. However, when attempting to understand chemical systems of interest, it has been shown that model-based, algorithm-based, and miniaturized high-throughput techniques outperform human chemical intuition and achieve reaction optimization in a much more time- and material-efficient manner; this is covered in detail in this paper. As many synthetic chemists are not exposed to these techniques in undergraduate teaching, this leads to a disproportionate number of scientists that wish to optimize their reactions but are unable to use these methodologies or are simply unaware of their existence. This review highlights the basics, and the cutting-edge, of modern chemical reaction optimization as well as its relation to process scale-up and can thereby serve as a reference for inspired scientists for each of these techniques, detailing several of their respective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Taylor
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K.
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Alexander Pomberger
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Kobi C. Felton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Rachel Grainger
- Astex
Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K.
| | - Magda Barecka
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry
and Chemical Biology Department, Northeastern
University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- Institute
of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- Institute
of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K.
| | | | - Alexei A. Lapkin
- Innovation
Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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7
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McMullen JP, Wyvratt BM. Automated optimization under dynamic flow conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The combination of feedback optimization with dynamic operations leads to enhanced data-rich experimentation in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian M. Wyvratt
- Merck & Co., Inc., 26 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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8
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Polterauer D, Roberge DM, Hanselmann P, Littich R, Hone CA, Kappe CO. A continuous flow investigation of sulfonyl chloride synthesis using N-chloroamides: optimization, kinetics and mechanism. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We develop a continuous flow protocol for the synthesis of sulfonyl chlorides from disulfides and thiols, using 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DCH) as a dual-function reagent for oxidative chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Polterauer
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Paul Hanselmann
- Chemical Manufacturing Technologies, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Littich
- Chemical Manufacturing Technologies, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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