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Chu JCH, Escriche‐Navarro B, Xiong J, García‐Fernández A, Martínez‐Máñez R, Ng DKP. β-Galactosidase-Triggered Photodynamic Elimination of Senescent Cells with a Boron Dipyrromethene-Based Photosensitizer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401012. [PMID: 38884205 PMCID: PMC11336962 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Senescence is a cellular response having physiological and reparative functions to preserve tissue homeostasis and suppress tumor growth. However, the accumulation of senescent cells would cause deleterious effects that lead to age-related dysfunctions and cancer progression. Hence, selective detection and elimination of senescent cells are crucial yet remain a challenge. A β-galactosidase (β-gal)-activated boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based photosensitizer (compound 1) is reported here that can selectively detect and eradicate senescent cells. It contains a galactose moiety connected to a pyridinium BODIPY via a self-immolative nitrophenylene linker, of which the photoactivity is effectively quenched. Upon interactions with the senescence-associated β-gal, it undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis followed by self-immolation, leading to the release of an activated BODIPY moiety by which the fluorescence emission and singlet oxygen generation are restored. The ability of 1 to detect and eliminate senescent cells is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, using SK-Mel-103 tumor-bearing mice treated with senescence-inducing therapy. The results demonstrate that 1 can be selectively activated in senescent cells to trigger a robust senolytic effect upon irradiation. This study breaks new ground in the design and application of new senolytic agents based on photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky C. H. Chu
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, N.T.Hong KongChina
| | - Blanca Escriche‐Navarro
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de ReconocimientoMolecular y Desarrollo TecnológicoUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaUniversitat de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y SensoresUniversitat Politècnica e València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe)Valencia46026Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV‐CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y NanomedicinaUniversitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia46012Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid28029Spain
| | - Junlong Xiong
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, N.T.Hong KongChina
- Department of PharmacyThe Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518001China
| | - Alba García‐Fernández
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de ReconocimientoMolecular y Desarrollo TecnológicoUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaUniversitat de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV‐CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y NanomedicinaUniversitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia46012Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid28029Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez‐Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de ReconocimientoMolecular y Desarrollo TecnológicoUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaUniversitat de ValènciaValencia46022Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y SensoresUniversitat Politècnica e València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe)Valencia46026Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV‐CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y NanomedicinaUniversitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe FelipeValencia46012Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER‐BBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid28029Spain
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, N.T.Hong KongChina
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2
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Feng B, Chu F, Fang Y, Liu M, Feng X, Dong J, Chen F, Zeng W. High-fidelity imaging of a tumour-associated lysosomal enzyme with an acceptor engineering-boosted near-infrared fluorescent probe. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7324-7331. [PMID: 38756789 PMCID: PMC11095509 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00487f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
To facilitate the understanding of the dynamic distribution and activity of lysosomal enzymes, it is highly desirable to develop high-fidelity near-infrared (NIR) activatable fluorescent probes. Here, we propose a general acceptor engineering strategy to construct NIR probes with lysosome-targeting capability. Upon isosteric replacement and additional functionalization, the β-gal-activatable probe OELyso-Gal exhibited excellent lysosome-targeting capability and favorable responsive performance to the enzyme of interest. Notably, the steric hindrance effect from acceptor engineering is modest, which renders the probe unprecedented affinity to enzymes. Upon the introduction of acceptor engineering, the lysosome-targeting probe became more sensitive to β-gal in cells and tissues, boosting the discrimination of high β-gal-expressing ovarian cancer tumours from low β-gal-expressing tissues. Furthermore, the superiority of OELyso-Gal was validated in real-time visualization of ovarian cancer in tumour-bearing mice. This elegant acceptor engineering strategy provides inspirational insights into the development of customized fluorescent probes for monitoring disease-associated biomarkers within subcellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases Changsha 410013 China
| | - Feiyi Chu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases Changsha 410013 China
| | - Yanpeng Fang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases Changsha 410013 China
| | - Min Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases Changsha 410013 China
| | - Xueping Feng
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Jie Dong
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases Changsha 410013 China
| | - Fei Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases Changsha 410013 China
| | - Wenbin Zeng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases Changsha 410013 China
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3
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Sharma A, Verwilst P, Li M, Ma D, Singh N, Yoo J, Kim Y, Yang Y, Zhu JH, Huang H, Hu XL, He XP, Zeng L, James TD, Peng X, Sessler JL, Kim JS. Theranostic Fluorescent Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2699-2804. [PMID: 38422393 PMCID: PMC11132561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The ability to gain spatiotemporal information, and in some cases achieve spatiotemporal control, in the context of drug delivery makes theranostic fluorescent probes an attractive and intensely investigated research topic. This interest is reflected in the steep rise in publications on the topic that have appeared over the past decade. Theranostic fluorescent probes, in their various incarnations, generally comprise a fluorophore linked to a masked drug, in which the drug is released as the result of certain stimuli, with both intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli being reported. This release is then signaled by the emergence of a fluorescent signal. Importantly, the use of appropriate fluorophores has enabled not only this emerging fluorescence as a spatiotemporal marker for drug delivery but also has provided modalities useful in photodynamic, photothermal, and sonodynamic therapeutic applications. In this review we highlight recent work on theranostic fluorescent probes with a particular focus on probes that are activated in tumor microenvironments. We also summarize efforts to develop probes for other applications, such as neurodegenerative diseases and antibacterials. This review celebrates the diversity of designs reported to date, from discrete small-molecule systems to nanomaterials. Our aim is to provide insights into the potential clinical impact of this still-emerging research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Amity
School of Chemical Sciences, Amity University
Punjab, Sector 82A, Mohali 140 306, India
| | - Peter Verwilst
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mingle Li
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dandan Ma
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nem Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Yoo
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ying Yang
- School of
Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi
University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jing-Hui Zhu
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiqiao Huang
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College
of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xi-Le Hu
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research
Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa
Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research
Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa
Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- National
Center for Liver Cancer, the International Cooperation Laboratory
on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary
Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lintao Zeng
- School of
Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi
University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Tony D. James
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan
Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United
States
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- TheranoChem Incorporation, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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4
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Li L, Jia F, Li Y, Peng Y. Design strategies and biological applications of β-galactosidase fluorescent sensor in ovarian cancer research and beyond. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3010-3023. [PMID: 38239445 PMCID: PMC10795002 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07968f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Beta-galactosidase (β-galactosidase), a lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme, plays a critical role in the catalytic hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, leading to the conversion of lactose into galactose. This hydrolytic enzyme is used as a biomarker in various applications, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), gene expression studies, tuberculosis classification, and in situ hybridization. β-Galactosidase abnormalities are linked to various diseases, such as ganglioside deposition, primary ovarian cancer, and cell senescence. Thus, effective detection of β-galactosidase activity may aid disease diagnoses and treatment. Activatable optical probes with high sensitivity, specificity, and spatiotemporal resolution imaging capabilities have become powerful tools for visualization and real time tracking in vivo in the past decade. This manuscript reviews the sensing mechanism, molecular design strategies, and advances of fluorescence probes in the biological application of β-galactosidase, particularly in the field of ovarian cancer research. Current challenges in tracking β-galactosidase and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Guangzhou 518000 People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Jia
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Guangzhou 518000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiu Li
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Guangzhou 518000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Guangzhou 518000 People's Republic of China
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5
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Chu JH, Xiong J, Wong CTT, Wang S, Tam DY, García-Fernández A, Martínez-Máñez R, Ng DKP. Detection and Elimination of Senescent Cells with a Self-Assembled Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase-Activatable Nanophotosensitizer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:234-244. [PMID: 38113190 PMCID: PMC10788907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells have become an important therapeutic target for many age-related dysfunctions and diseases. We report herein a novel nanophotosensitizing system that is responsive to the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (β-gal) for selective detection and elimination of these cells. It involves a dimeric zinc(II) phthalocyanine linked to a β-galactose unit via a self-immolative linker. This compound can self-assemble in aqueous media, forming stable nanoscale particles in which the phthalocyanine units are stacked and self-quenched for fluorescence emission and singlet oxygen production. Upon internalization into senescent HeLa cells, these nanoparticles interact with the overproduced senescence-associated β-gal inside the cells to trigger the disassembly process through enzymatic cleavage of the glycosidic bonds, followed by self-immolation to release the photoactive monomeric phthalocyanine units. These senescent cells can then be lit up with fluorescence and eliminated through the photodynamic action upon light irradiation with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.06 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky
C. H. Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Junlong Xiong
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Department
of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital
of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Clarence T. T. Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Dick Yan Tam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Alba García-Fernández
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento, Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Valencia46022, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Unidad Mixta
UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia46012, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento, Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Valencia46022, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Unidad Mixta
UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia46012, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Universitat Politècnica e València, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, The Chinese University of
Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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6
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Feng B, Chu F, Bi A, Huang X, Fang Y, Liu M, Chen F, Li Y, Zeng W. Fidelity-oriented fluorescence imaging probes for beta-galactosidase: From accurate diagnosis to precise treatment. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108244. [PMID: 37652143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Beta-galactosidase (β-gal), a typical glycosidase catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, is regarded as a vital biomarker for cell senescence and cancer occurrence. Given the advantages of high spatiotemporal resolution, high sensitivity, non-invasiveness, and being free of ionizing radiations, fluorescent imaging technology provides an excellent choice for in vivo imaging of β-gal. In this review, we detail the representative biotech advances of fluorescence imaging probes for β-gal bearing diverse fidelity-oriented improvements to elucidate their future potential in preclinical research and clinical application. Next, we propose the comprehensive design strategies of imaging probes for β-gal with respect of high fidelity. Considering the systematic implementation approaches, a range of high-fidelity imaging-guided theragnostic are adopted for the individual β-gal-associated biological scenarios. Finally, current challenges and future trends are proposed to promote the next development of imaging agents for individual and specific application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Feiyi Chu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Anyao Bi
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha 410013, PR China; Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xueyan Huang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Fang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Meihui Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wenbin Zeng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Changsha 410013, PR China.
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7
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He X, Hu W, Zhang Y, Chen M, Ding Y, Yang H, He F, Gu Q, Shi Q. Cellular senescence in skeletal disease: mechanisms and treatment. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:88. [PMID: 37891477 PMCID: PMC10612178 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The musculoskeletal system supports the movement of the entire body and provides blood production while acting as an endocrine organ. With aging, the balance of bone homeostasis is disrupted, leading to bone loss and degenerative diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and intervertebral disc degeneration. Skeletal diseases have a profound impact on the motor and cognitive abilities of the elderly, thus creating a major challenge for both global health and the economy. Cellular senescence is caused by various genotoxic stressors and results in permanent cell cycle arrest, which is considered to be the underlying mechanism of aging. During aging, senescent cells (SnCs) tend to aggregate in the bone and trigger chronic inflammation by releasing senescence-associated secretory phenotypic factors. Multiple signalling pathways are involved in regulating cellular senescence in bone and bone marrow microenvironments. Targeted SnCs alleviate age-related degenerative diseases. However, the association between senescence and age-related diseases remains unclear. This review summarises the fundamental role of senescence in age-related skeletal diseases, highlights the signalling pathways that mediate senescence, and discusses potential therapeutic strategies for targeting SnCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215031, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanshu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214026, People's Republic of China
| | - Mimi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Children Hospital of Soochow University, No. 92 Zhongnan Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicheng Ding
- Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Copper Mountain Road, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan He
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiaoli Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215031, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214026, People's Republic of China.
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