1
|
Han T, Sharma P, Khetrapal N, Wang H. Cyclically conjugated porphyrin trimers linked through benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1- a]isoindole bridges. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10696-10699. [PMID: 39239691 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Cyclically conjugated porphyrin trimers were prepared via a concise synthetic method. Zn-Trimer-1 displayed strong exciton coupling, suggesting the presence of effective electronic interactions. UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra obtained through titration studies on the donor-acceptor adduct (Zn-Trimer-1-C60Im) indicate the occurrence of excited state photo-events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Prabha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Navneet Khetrapal
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao S, Gobeze HB, De Silva IW, Schaffner J, Verbeck G, Karr PA, D'Souza F. Photoinduced Energy and Electron Transfer in a 'Two-Point' Bound Panchromatic, Near-Infrared-Absorbing Bis-styrylBODIPY(Zinc Porphyrin) 2 - Fullerene Self-Assembled Supramolecular Conjugate. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401892. [PMID: 38857115 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Structurally well-defined self-assembled supramolecular multi-modular donor-acceptor conjugates play a significant role in furthering our understanding of photoinduced energy and electron transfer events occurring in nature, e. g., in the antenna-reaction centers of photosynthesis and their applications in light energy harvesting. However, building such multi-modular systems capable of mimicking the early events of photosynthesis has been synthetically challenging, causing a major hurdle for its growth. Often, multi-modularity is brought in by combining both covalent and noncovalent approaches. In the present study, we have developed such an approach wherein a π-extended conjugated molecular cleft, two zinc(II)porphyrin bearing bisstyrylBODIPY (dyad, 1), has been synthesized. The binding of 1 via a 'two-point' metal-ligand coordination of a bis-pyridyl fulleropyrrolidine (2), forming a stable self-assembled supramolecular complex (1 : 2), has been established. The self-assembled supramolecular complex has been fully characterized by a suite of physico-chemical methods, including TD-DFT studies. From the established energy diagram, both energy and electron transfer events were envisioned. In dyad 1, selective excitation of zinc(II)porphyrin leads to efficient singlet-singlet excitation transfer to (bisstyrly)BODIPY with an energy transfer rate constant, kEnT of 2.56×1012 s-1. In complex 1 : 2, photoexcitation of zinc(II)porphyrin results in ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer with a charge separation rate constant, kCS of 2.83×1011 s-1, and a charge recombination rate constant, kCR of 2.51×109 s-1. For excitation at 730 nm corresponding to bisstyrylBODIPY, similar results are obtained, where a biexponential decay yielded estimated values of kCS 3.44×1011 s-1 and 2.97×1010 s-1, and a kCR value of 2.10×1010 s-1. The newly built self-assembled supramolecular complex has been shown to successfully mimic the early events of the photosynthetic antenna-reaction center events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, U.S.A
| | - Habtom B Gobeze
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, U.S.A
| | - Imesha W De Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, U.S.A
| | - Jacob Schaffner
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, U.S.A
| | - Guido Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 0912, U.S.A
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska, 68787, U.S.A
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yadagiri B, Kaswan RR, Tagare J, Kumar V, Rajesh MN, Singh SP, Karr PA, D'Souza F, Giribabu L. Excited Charge Separation in a π-Interacting Phenothiazine-Zinc Porphyrin-Fullerene Donor-Acceptor Conjugate. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4233-4241. [PMID: 38758579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and characterized a donor-acceptor triad, SPS-PPY-C60, that consists of a π-interacting phenothiazine-linked porphyrin as a donor and sensitizer and fullerene as an acceptor to seek charge separation upon photoexcitation. The optical absorption spectrum revealed red-shifted Soret and Q-bands of porphyrin due to charge transfer-type interactions involving the two ethynyl bridges carrying electron-rich and electron-poor substituents. The redox properties suggested that the phenothiazine-porphyrin part of the molecule is easier to oxidize and the fullerene part is easier to reduce. DFT calculations supported the redox properties wherein the electron density of the highest molecular orbital (HOMO) was distributed over the donor phenothiazine-porphyrin entity while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was distributed over the fullerene acceptor. TD-DFT studies suggested the involvement of both the S2 and S1 states in the charge transfer process. The steady-state emission spectrum, when excited either at porphyrin Soret or visible band absorption maxima, revealed quenched emission both in nonpolar and polar solvents, suggesting the occurrence of excited state events. Finally, femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies were performed to witness the charge separation by utilizing solvents of different polarities. The transient data was further analyzed by GloTarAn by fitting the data with appropriate models to describe photochemical events. From this, the average lifetime of the charge-separated state calculated was found to be 169 ps in benzonitrile, 319 ps in dichlorobenzene, 1.7 ns in toluene for Soret band excitation, and ∼320 ps for Q-band excitation in benzonitrile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Yadagiri
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ram Ratan Kaswan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Jairam Tagare
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Manne Naga Rajesh
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Surya Prakash Singh
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Department of Polymers and Functional Materials, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aminfar P, Ferguson T, Steele E, MacNeil EM, Matus MF, Malola S, Häkkinen H, Duchesne PN, Loock HP, Stamplecoskie KG. Accelerated size-focusing light activated synthesis of atomically precise fluorescent Au 22(Lys-Cys-Lys) 16 clusters. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:205-211. [PMID: 38051125 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters are promising candidates for various biomedical applications, including their use as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, typical synthetic routes of clusters often result in complex mixtures, where isolating and characterizing pure samples becomes challenging. In this work, a new Au22(Lys-Cys-Lys)16 cluster is synthesized using photochemistry, followed by a new type of light activated, accelerated size-focusing. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEM) and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis have been applied to track the formation of fluorescent species, and to assess optical purity of the final product. Furthermore, excited state reactivity of Au22(Lys-Cys-Lys)16 clusters is studied, and formation of type-I reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the excited state of the clusters is observed. The proposed size-focusing procedure in this work can be easily adapted to conventional cluster synthetic methods, such as borohydride reduction, to provide atomically precise clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parimah Aminfar
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Travis Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Emily Steele
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Emerson M MacNeil
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - María Francisca Matus
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Malola
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Departments of Physics and Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul N Duchesne
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Hans-Peter Loock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8N 5C2, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cooper C, Paul R, Alsaleh A, Washburn S, Rackers W, Kumar S, Nesterov VN, D'Souza F, Vinogradov SA, Wang H. Naphthodithiophene-Fused Porphyrins: Synthesis, Characterization, and Impact of Extended Conjugation on Aromaticity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302013. [PMID: 37467466 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The fusion of tetrapyrroles with aromatic heterocycles constitutes a useful tool for manipulating their opto-electronic properties. In this work, the synthesis of naphthodithiophene-fused porphyrins was achieved through a Heck reaction-based cascade of steps followed by the Scholl reaction. The naphthodithiophene-fused porphyrins display a unique set of optical and electronic properties. Fusion of the naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene to porphyrin (F2VTP) leads to a ~20% increase in the fluorescence lifetime, which is accompanied, unexpectedly, by a more than two-fold drop in the emission quantum yield (ϕ=0.018). In contrast, fusion of the isomeric naphtho[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene to porphyrin (F3VPT) results in a ~1.5-fold increase in the fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ=0.13) with a concomitant ~30 % increase in the fluorescence lifetime. This behavior suggests that fusion of the porphyrin with the naphthodithiopheno-system mainly affects the radiative rate constant in the Q-state deactivation pathway, where the effects of the isomeric naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene- versus naphtho[1,2-b:4,3-b']dithiophene-fusion are essentially the opposite. Interestingly, nucleus-independent chemical shifts analysis revealed a considerable difference between the aromaticities of these two isomeric systems. Our results demonstrate that subtle structural differences in the fused components of the porphyrin can be reflected in rather significant differences between the photophysical properties of the resulting systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Ros Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ajyal Alsaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Spenser Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - William Rackers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Siddhartha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | | | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Follana-Berná J, Dawson A, Kaswan RR, Seetharaman S, Karr PA, Sastre-Santos Á, D'Souza F. π-Extended Pyrazinepyrene-Fused Zinc Phthalocyanines: Synthesis and Excited-State Charge Separation Involving Coordinated C 60. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37467488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrazinepyrene-fused zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc-Pyrn) have been newly synthesized by reacting quinoxaline and the corresponding diamino-functionalized phthalocyanines as a new class of π-extended phthalocyanine systems. Bathochromically shifted absorption as a function of the number of pyrazinepyrene entities due to extended π-conjugation and quenched fluorescence due to the presence of fused pyrazinepyrene were witnessed. The electronic structures of these phthalocyanines were probed by systematic computational and electrochemical studies, while the excited-state properties were examined by pump-probe spectroscopies operating at the femto- and nanosecond time scales. Similar to the excited singlet lifetimes, the excited triplet states also revealed diminished lifetimes with an increased number of pyrazinepyrene entities. Further, the coordinatively unsaturated zinc in these molecules was coordinated with phenyl imidazole-functionalized fullerene, ImC60, to form a new series of donor-acceptor conjugates. Upon full characterization of these conjugates, the occurrence of excited-state charge separation was established by transient pump-probe spectroscopy, covering wide temporal and spatial regions. The lifetime of the final charge-separated states was ∼2 ns and decreased with an increase in the number of fused pyrazinepyrene units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Follana-Berná
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Andrew Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Ram R Kaswan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Sairaman Seetharaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | - Paul A Karr
- Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Wayne State College, 1111 Main Street, Wayne, Nebraska 68787, United States
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moss A, Jang Y, Arvidson J, Wang H, D'Souza F. Highly Coupled Heterobicycle-Fused Porphyrin Dimers: Excitonic Coupling and Charge Separation with Coordinated Fullerene, C 60. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202289. [PMID: 36655889 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin dimers have been widely explored and studied owing to their importance in photosynthetic systems. A vast variety of dimers linked by different groups and at different angles have been synthesized and studied; however, the means by which to synthesize rigidly fused porphyrins with direct conjugation of the chromophores remains limited. Such a class of porphyrins may possess interesting properties that unconjugated or stacked dimers may not exhibit. In this study, bisbenzimidazole-fused porphyrin dimers and their mono- and bis-zinc derivatives are synthesized and characterized. As a consequence of excitonic coupling, these dimers exhibit a split Soret band irrespective of the metal ion in the porphyrin cavity. Steady-state fluorescence and excitation spectra followed by femtosecond transient absorption spectral studies of the heterometallated dimer, (free-base and zinc porphyrin) reveals the occurrence of efficient singlet-singlet energy transfer (>95 % efficiency and rate constant >1012 s-1 ) within the dyad. Further, donor-acceptor conjugates were formed by metal-ligand axial coordination of phenyl imidazole functionalized C60 and were characterized by a variety of physicochemical techniques. Excited state charge separation from both singlet and triplet excited states of ZnP in the conjugates has been established. The lifetime of the final charge-separated state was in the 30-40 μs range revealing charge stabilization. Interestingly, no charge separation in the conjugate derived from the heterometallated dimer was observed wherein excitation transfer dominated the process. The present study brings out the importance of the rigid π-spacer connecting porphyrin dimers in governing the energy and electron transfer events when coupled with an electron acceptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austen Moss
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Jacob Arvidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| |
Collapse
|