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Murdock BE, Cen J, Squires AG, Kavanagh SR, Scanlon DO, Zhang L, Tapia-Ruiz N. Li-Site Defects Induce Formation of Li-Rich Impurity Phases: Implications for Charge Distribution and Performance of LiNi 0.5- xM xMn 1.5O 4 Cathodes (M = Fe and Mg; x = 0.05-0.2). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400343. [PMID: 38640450 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
An understanding of the structural properties that allow for optimal cathode performance, and their origin, is necessary for devising advanced cathode design strategies and accelerating the commercialization of next-generation cathodes. High-voltage, Fe- and Mg-substituted LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes offer a low-cost, cobalt-free, yet energy-dense alternative to commercial cathodes. In this work, the effect of substitution on several important structure properties is explored, including Ni/Mn ordering, charge distribution, and extrinsic defects. In the cation-disordered samples studied, a correlation is observed between increased Fe/Mg substitution, Li-site defects, and Li-rich impurity phase formation-the concentrations of which are greater for Mg-substituted samples. This is attributed to the lower formation energy of MgLi defects when compared to FeLi defects. Li-site defect-induced impurity phases consequently alter the charge distribution of the system, resulting in increased [Mn3+] with Fe/Mg substitution. In addition to impurity phases, other charge compensators are also investigated to explain the origin of Mn3+ (extrinsic defects, [Ni3+], oxygen vacancies and intrinsic off-stoichiometry), although their effects are found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E Murdock
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Jiayi Cen
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Alexander G Squires
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Seán R Kavanagh
- Department of Materials and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David O Scanlon
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
| | - Nuria Tapia-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0RA, UK
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Ma J, Wang J, Jia K, Liang Z, Ji G, Ji H, Zhu Y, Chen W, Cheng HM, Zhou G. Subtractive transformation of cathode materials in spent Li-ion batteries to a low-cobalt 5 V-class cathode material. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1046. [PMID: 38316784 PMCID: PMC10844610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Adding extra raw materials for direct recycling or upcycling is prospective for battery recycling, but overlooks subtracting specific components beforehand can facilitate the recycling to a self-sufficient mode of sustainable production. Here, a subtractive transformation strategy of degraded LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 and LiMn2O4 to a 5 V-class disordered spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4-like cathode material is proposed. Equal amounts of Co and Ni from degraded materials are selectively extracted, and the remaining transition metals are directly converted into Ni0.4Co0.1Mn1.5(CO3)2 precursor for preparing cathode material with in-situ Co doping. The cathode material with improved conductivity and bond strength delivers high-rate (10 C and 20 C) and high-temperature (60 °C) cycling stability. This strategy with no extra precursor input can be generalized to practical degraded black mass and reduces the dependence of current cathode production on rare elements, showing the potential of upcycling from the spent to a next-generation 5 V-class cathode material for the sustainable Li-ion battery industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Kai Jia
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Ma J, Yu M, Huang M, Wu Y, Fu C, Dong L, Zhu Z, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Feng X, Xiang H. Additive Strategy Enhancing In Situ Polymerization Uniformity for High-Voltage Sodium Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305649. [PMID: 37752691 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In situ polymerization to prepare quasi-solid electrolyte has attracted wide attentions for its advantage in achieving intimate electrode-electrolyte contact and the high process compatibility with current liquid batteries; however, gases can be generated during polymerization process and remained in the final electrolyte, severely impairing the electrolyte uniformity and electrochemical performance. In this work, an in situ polymerized poly(vinylene carbonate)-based quasi-solid electrolyte for high-voltage sodium metal batteries (SMBs) is demonstrated, which contains a novel multifunctional additive N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). MSTFA as high-efficient plasticizer diminishes residual gases in electrolyte after polymerization; the softer and homogeneous electrolyte enables much faster ionic conduction. The HF/H2 O scavenge effect of MSTFA mitigates the corrosion of free acid to cathode and interfacial passivating layers, enhancing the cycle stability under high voltage. As a result, the 4.4 V Na||Na3 V2 (PO4 )2 F3 cell employing the optimized electrolyte possesses an initial discharge capacity of 112.0 mAh g-1 and a capacity retention of 91.3% after 100 cycles at 0.5C, obviously better than those of its counterparts without MSTFA addition. This work gives a pioneering study on the gas residue phenomenon in in situ polymerized electrolytes, and introduces a novel multifunctional silane additive that effectively enhances electrochemical performance in high-voltage SMBs, showing practical application significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Mengyue Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Minghao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- Hefei Gotion High-Tech Power Energy Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhang
- Hefei Gotion High-Tech Power Energy Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Hefei Gotion High-Tech Power Energy Co., Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, P. R. China
| | - Xuyong Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Hongfa Xiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
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