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Ty MC, Zuniga M, Götz A, Kayal S, Sahu PK, Mohanty A, Mohanty S, Wassmer SC, Rodriguez A. Malaria inflammation by xanthine oxidase-produced reactive oxygen species. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e9903. [PMID: 31265218 PMCID: PMC6685105 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a highly inflammatory disease caused by Plasmodium infection of host erythrocytes. However, the parasite does not induce inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages in vitro and the source of inflammation in patients remains unclear. Here, we identify oxidative stress, which is common in malaria, as an effective trigger of the inflammatory activation of macrophages. We observed that extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by xanthine oxidase (XO), an enzyme upregulated during malaria, induce a strong inflammatory cytokine response in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. In malaria patients, elevated plasma XO activity correlates with high levels of inflammatory cytokines and with the development of cerebral malaria. We found that incubation of macrophages with plasma from these patients can induce a XO-dependent inflammatory cytokine response, identifying a host factor as a trigger for inflammation in malaria. XO-produced ROS also increase the synthesis of pro-IL-1β, while the parasite activates caspase-1, providing the two necessary signals for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We propose that XO-produced ROS are a key factor for the trigger of inflammation during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen C Ty
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Marisol Zuniga
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Anton Götz
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sriti Kayal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical EngineeringNational Institute of TechnologyRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Praveen K Sahu
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in IndiaIspat General HospitalRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Akshaya Mohanty
- Infectious Diseases Biology UnitInstitute of Life SciencesBhubaneswarOdishaIndia
| | - Sanjib Mohanty
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in IndiaIspat General HospitalRourkelaOdishaIndia
| | - Samuel C Wassmer
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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Sirokmány G, Geiszt M. The Relationship of NADPH Oxidases and Heme Peroxidases: Fallin' in and Out. Front Immunol 2019; 10:394. [PMID: 30891045 PMCID: PMC6411640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxidase enzymes can oxidize a multitude of substrates in diverse biological processes. According to the latest phylogenetic analysis, there are four major heme peroxidase superfamilies. In this review, we focus on certain members of the cyclooxygenase-peroxidase superfamily (also labeled as animal heme peroxidases) and their connection to specific NADPH oxidase enzymes which provide H2O2 for the one- and two-electron oxidation of various peroxidase substrates. The family of NADPH oxidases is a group of enzymes dedicated to the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. There is a handful of known and important physiological functions where one of the seven known human NADPH oxidases plays an essential role. In most of these functions NADPH oxidases provide H2O2 for specific heme peroxidases and the concerted action of the two enzymes is indispensable for the accomplishment of the biological function. We discuss human and other metazoan examples of such cooperation between oxidases and peroxidases and analyze the biological importance of their functional interaction. We also review those oxidases and peroxidases where this kind of partnership has not been identified yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Sirokmány
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Taysi S, Tascan AS, Ugur MG, Demir M. Radicals, Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Preeclampsia. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:178-193. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181015151350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) has a profound effect in increasing both maternal and fetal morbidity and
mortality especially in third World. Disturbances of extravillous trophoblast migration toward uterine
spiral arteries is characteristic feature of PE, which, in turn, leads to increased uteroplacental vascular
resistance and by vascular dysfunction resulting in reduced systemic vasodilatory properties. Underlying
pathogenesis appeared to be an altered bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO•) and tissue damage
caused by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The
increase in ROS and RNS production or the decrease in antioxidant mechanisms generates a condition
called oxidative and nitrosative stress, respectively, defined as the imbalance between pro- and antioxidants
in favor of the oxidants. Additionally, ROS might trigger platelet adhesion and aggregation
leading to intravascular coagulopathy. ROS-induced coagulopathy causes placental infarction and impairs
the uteroplacental blood flow in PE. As a consequence of these disorders could result in deficiencies
in oxygen and nutrients required for normal fetal development resulting in fetal growth restriction.
On the one hand, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants scavenge ROS and protect tissues against
oxidative damage. More specifically, placental antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide
dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) protect the vasculature from ROS, maintaining
the vascular function. On the other hand, ischemia in placenta in PE reduces the antioxidant activity.
Collectively, the extent of oxidative stress would increase and therefore leads to the development
of the pathological findings of PE including hypertension and proteinuria. Our goal in this article is to
review current literature about researches demonstrating the interplay between oxidative, nitrosative
stresses and PE, about their roles in the pathophysiology of PE and also about the outcomes of current
clinical trials aiming to prevent PE with antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyithan Taysi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ayse Saglam Tascan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mete Gurol Ugur
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gaziantep University, Medical School, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Demir
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Golbasi State Hospital, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Yang Y, Shi R, Soomro MH, Hu F, Du F, She R. Hepatitis E Virus Induces Hepatocyte Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Pathway in Mongolian Gerbils. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:460. [PMID: 29615994 PMCID: PMC5864903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that Mongolian gerbils can be infected by hepatitis E virus (HEV), which induces the hepatic injury. Here, the mitochondria in hepatocytes from HEV-infected gerbils were considerably swollen, thin cristae. After HEV infection, the activity of superoxide dismutase significantly decreased (p < 0.01), while malondialdehyde concentrations significantly increased, compared with those in the control group (p < 0.01). Adenosine triphosphatase levels decreased significantly in the hepatocyte of the inoculated groups, compared with those in control group (p < 0.05) at days 21, 28, 42 post-inoculation (dpi) as well. Furthermore, the levels of ATP synthetase ATP5A1 significantly decreased during HEV infection, compared with those in the control group (p < 0.05). According to the TdT mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) detection, TUNEL positive hepatocytes increased in the inoculated group, compared with that in the control group (p < 0.05). Up-regulation of the mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis regulating proteins, Bax and Bcl-2, in the HEV-infected gerbils (p < 0.05) was observed. However, cytochrome c levels in mitochondria decreased, while this molecule was detected in the cytoplasm of the infected animals, in contrast to that in the control group. Apaf-1, and active caspase-9 and -3 levels were shown to be significantly higher in the inoculated group compared with those in the control group (p < 0.05). Taken together, our results demonstrated that HEV infection induces hepatocyte injuries and activity of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which trigger the hepatocyte apoptosis in Mongolian gerbils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Majid H Soomro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjiao Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Du
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Csire G, Timári S, Asztalos J, Király JM, Kiss M, Várnagy K. Coordination, redox properties and SOD activity of Cu(II) complexes of multihistidine peptides. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:198-210. [PMID: 28972934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The results of electrochemical and SOD activity measurements of such copper(II) complexes of terminally protected multihistidine peptides that may mimic the active site of CuZnSOD enzyme are submitted and completed with solution equilibrium studies of some copper(II)-ligand systems. The equilibrium data confirm that the thermodynamic stabilities increase with the increasing number of histidyl residues in the amino acid sequence, the stability order, however, can be finely tuned by the number and quality of amino acids between histidine residues. Based on the cyclic voltammetric studies we concluded that the formal reduction potential values of imidazole nitrogen coordinated complexes decrease with the increasing number of imidazole donor atoms in the coordination sphere. However, the redox parameters of [CuH-1L]+ and [CuH-2L] complexes containing amide nitrogen coordination can be determined as well. All formal potential values of [CuL]2+, [CuH-1L]+ and [CuH-2L] complexes fall in the middle potential range of SOD activity. Finally, after the detailed analysis of species distribution curves based upon the equilibrium data SOD activity of copper(II) containing systems at two pH (pH=6.8 and 7.4) were determined. The imidazole coordinated [CuL]2+ complexes of the multihistidine peptide containing the HXH sequence exhibit the most significant activity, but the presence of amide nitrogen coordinated species with slightly distorted geometry could considerably contribute to the SOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizella Csire
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Timári
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary; Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, Budapest, 10, H-1475, Hungary(1)
| | - József Asztalos
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Mária Király
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mariann Kiss
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Várnagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary.
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7
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Koppenol WH. Hydrogen peroxide, from Wieland to Sies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:9-12. [PMID: 27095207 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A history of the formation of hydrogen peroxide in vivo is presented, starting with the discovery of catalase. The first hypothesis was formulated by Heinrich Wieland, who assumed that dioxygen reacted directly with organic molecules. This view was strongly criticised by Otto Warburg, Helmut Sies' academic grandfather. The involvement of hydrogen peroxide in physiological processes was investigated by Theodor Bücher, the "Doktorvater" of Helmut. Helmut's research made it possible to quantitate hydrogen peroxide in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem H Koppenol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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8
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Mitra J, Sarkar S. Photoinduced electron transfer from the oxo–MoIVselenolato complex to oxygen. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02494c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer from the oxo–MoIV(selenolato) complex under visible light generates superoxide radicals concomitant to the oxidation of MoIV to MoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyee Mitra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208 016
- India
| | - Sabyasachi Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology Shibpur (IIEST)
- Howrah 711 103
- India
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9
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Khan FA, Budanur BM. Superoxide mediated isomerization of 4-aryl-but-1-ynes to 1-aryl-1,3-butadienes. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Highly efficient conversion of superoxide to oxygen using hydrophilic carbon clusters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2343-8. [PMID: 25675492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417047112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases are associated with oxidative stress, which occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelms the scavenging ability of an organism. Here, we evaluated the carbon nanoparticle antioxidant properties of poly(ethylene glycolated) hydrophilic carbon clusters (PEG-HCCs) by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, oxygen electrode, and spectrophotometric assays. These carbon nanoparticles have 1 equivalent of stable radical and showed superoxide (O2 (•-)) dismutase-like properties yet were inert to nitric oxide (NO(•)) as well as peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). Thus, PEG-HCCs can act as selective antioxidants that do not require regeneration by enzymes. Our steady-state kinetic assay using KO2 and direct freeze-trap EPR to follow its decay removed the rate-limiting substrate provision, thus enabling determination of the remarkable intrinsic turnover numbers of O2 (•-) to O2 by PEG-HCCs at >20,000 s(-1). The major products of this catalytic turnover are O2 and H2O2, making the PEG-HCCs a biomimetic superoxide dismutase.
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11
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Aldous IM, Hardwick LJ. Influence of Tetraalkylammonium Cation Chain Length on Gold and Glassy Carbon Electrode Interfaces for Alkali Metal-Oxygen Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3924-3930. [PMID: 26278771 DOI: 10.1021/jz501850u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental studies of dioxygen electrochemistry relevant to metal-air batteries commonly require conductive supporting salts, such as tetraalkylammonium, to sustain redox processes in nonaqueous electrolytes. Electrochemical analysis of the formation and oxidation of superoxide on glassy carbon and gold working electrodes has shown a decrease in reversibility and lowering of the oxygen reduction rate constant when tetraalkylammonium cation alkyl chain length is increased. Probing interfacial regions on Au using in situ surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides evidence that this is caused by the changing adsorption characteristics of tetralkylammonium cations under negative potentials. These effects are heightened with longer alkyl chain lengths, therefore reducing the reversibility of superoxide formation and dioxygen evolution. From these observations it can be established that shorter chain tetraalkylammonium cations while retaining necessary conductive support: (1) enhance reversibility and rate of superoxide formation and oxidation and (2) for in situ SERS, have lower preference for adsorption, thus improving experimental detection of superoxide at the Au electrode interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Aldous
- Department of Chemistry, Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Chadwick Building, Peach Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence J Hardwick
- Department of Chemistry, Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Chadwick Building, Peach Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
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12
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Budanur BM, Khan FA. Superoxide chemistry revisited: synthesis of tetrachloro-substituted methylenenortricyclenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2531-8. [PMID: 25383124 PMCID: PMC4222393 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An unexpected reactivity of the superoxide ion leading to the synthesis of tetrachloroaryl/vinyl-substituted nortricyclenes through its dual mode of action has been reported. KO2 was found to be superior and the only reagent to perform this kind of reaction over other conventional bases. Addition of the antioxidant BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) improved the yields of methylenenortricyclenes. A complete deuterium incorporation was observed in the superoxide-mediated reaction in DMSO-d 6. Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions of 3-methylenenorticyclenes yielded 2-propanone-substituted pentachloronorbornenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj M Budanur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India
| | - Faiz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Ordnance Factory Estate, Yeddumailaram-502205, India
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Grivennikova VG, Vinogradov AD. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:1490-511. [PMID: 24490736 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913130087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous biochemical studies are aimed at elucidating the sources and mechanisms of formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) because they are involved in cellular, organ-, and tissue-specific physiology. Mitochondria along with other cellular organelles of eukaryotes contribute significantly to ROS formation and utilization. This review is a critical account of the mitochondrial ROS production and methods for their registration. The physiological and pathophysiological significance of the mitochondrially produced ROS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Grivennikova
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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14
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La JA, Cho EC. Manipulation of Silver Nanocubes Detection Sensitivity to Radical Compounds by Modifying Their Surfaces with Anionic/Cationic Polyelectrolytes for Wide-Range Quantification of Radicals. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6675-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501430t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju A La
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemical and Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Eun Chul Cho
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemical and Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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D’Alessandro A, Zolla L. The SODyssey: superoxide dismutases from biochemistry, through proteomics, to oxidative stress, aging and nutraceuticals. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:405-21. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The functional role of MnSOD as a biomarker of human diseases and therapeutic potential of a new isoform of a human recombinant MnSOD. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:476789. [PMID: 24511533 PMCID: PMC3913005 DOI: 10.1155/2014/476789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as a consequence of metabolic reactions in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. This work describes the role of the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) as a biomarker of different human diseases and proposes a new therapeutic application for the prevention of cancer and its treatment. The paper also describes how a new form of human MnSOD was discovered, its initial application, and its clinical potentials. The MnSOD isolated from a human liposarcoma cell line (LSA) was able to kill cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors, but it did not have cytotoxic effects on normal cells. Together with its oncotoxic activity, the recombinant MnSOD (rMnSOD) exerts a radioprotective effect on normal cells irradiated with X-rays. The rMnSOD is characterized by the presence of a leader peptide, which allows the protein to enter cells: this unique property can be used in the radiodiagnosis of cancer or chemotherapy, conjugating radioactive substances or chemotherapic drugs to the leader peptide of the MnSOD. Compared to traditional chemotherapic agents, the drugs conjugated with the leader peptide of MnSOD can selectively reach and enter cancer cells, thus reducing the side effects of traditional treatments.
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17
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Activation of intracellular matrix metalloproteinase-2 by reactive oxygen–nitrogen species: Consequences and therapeutic strategies in the heart. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 540:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Gain S, Mishra R, Mukhopadhyay S, Banerjee R. Mechanistic studies on oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine by a metal-bound superoxide. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Exploring the molecular basis of human manganese superoxide dismutase inactivation mediated by tyrosine 34 nitration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 507:304-9. [PMID: 21167124 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) is an essential mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme that protects organisms against oxidative damage, dismutating superoxide radical (O₂(.)⁻) into H₂O₂ and O₂. The active site of the protein presents a Mn ion in a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal environment, coordinated by H26, H74, H163, D159 and one ⁻OH ion or H₂O molecule. The catalytic cycle of the enzyme is a "ping-pong" mechanism involving Mn³+/Mn²+. It is known that nitration of Y34 is responsible for enzyme inactivation, and that this protein oxidative modification is found in tissues undergoing inflammatory and degenerative processes. However, the molecular basis about MnSOD tyrosine nitration affects the protein catalytic function is mostly unknown. In this work we strongly suggest, using computer simulation tools, that Y34 nitration affects protein function by restricting ligand access to the active site. In particular, deprotonation of 3-nitrotyrosine increases drastically the energetic barrier for ligand entry due to the absence of the proton. Our results for the WT and selected mutant proteins confirm that the phenolic moiety of Y34 plays a key role in assisting superoxide migration.
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Abstract
Production of superoxide anion O2*- by the membrane-bound enzyme NADPH oxidase of phagocytes is a long-known phenomenon; it is generally assumed that O2*-helps phagocytes kill bacterial intruders. The details and the chemistry of the killing process have, however, remained a mystery. Isoforms of NADPH oxidase exist in membranes of nearly every cell, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in intra- and intercellular signaling processes. What the nature of the signal is exactly, how it is transmitted, and what structural characteristics a receptor of a "radical message" must have, have not been addressed convincingly. This review discusses how the action of messengers is in agreement with radical-specific behavior. In search for the smallest common denominator of cellular free radical activity we hypothesize that O2*- and its conjugate acid, HO2*, may have evolved under primordial conditions as regulators of membrane mechanics and that isoprostanes, widely used markers of "oxidative stress", may be an adventitious correlate of this biologic activity of O2*-/HO2*. An overall picture is presented that suggests that O2*-/HO2* radicals, by modifying cell membranes, help other agents gain access to the hydrophobic region of phospholipid bilayers and hence contribute to lipid-dependent signaling cascades. With this, O2*-/HO2* are proposed as indispensable adjuvants for the generation of cellular signals, for membrane transport, channel gating and hence, in a global sense, for cell viability and growth. We also suggest that many of the allegedly O2*- dependent bacterial pathologies and carcinogenic derailments are due to membrane-modifying activity rather than other chemical reactions of O2*-/HO2*. A consequence of this picture is the potential evolution of the "radical theory of ageing" to a "lipid theory of aging".
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Saran
- Institut für Strahlenbiologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Toffoletti A, Conti F, Sandron T, Napolitano A, Panzella L, D’Ischia M. Time-resolved EPR observation of synthetic eumelanin–superoxide radical pairs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:4977-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b909568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nishino T, Okamoto K, Eger BT, Pai EF, Nishino T. Mammalian xanthine oxidoreductase - mechanism of transition from xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. FEBS J 2008; 275:3278-89. [PMID: 18513323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are generated by various biological systems, including NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidoreductase, and mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, and contribute to many physiological and pathological phenomena. Mammalian xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) can be converted to xanthine oxidase (XO), which produces both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Recent X-ray crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis studies have revealed a highly sophisticated mechanism of conversion from XDH to XO, suggesting that the conversion is not a simple artefact, but rather has a function in mammalian organisms. Furthermore, this transition seems to involve a thermodynamic equilibrium between XDH and XO; disulfide bond formation or proteolysis can then lock the enzyme in the XO form. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of conversion from XDH to XO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Sharma S, Sud N, Wiseman DA, Carter AL, Kumar S, Hou Y, Rau T, Wilham J, Harmon C, Oishi P, Fineman JR, Black SM. Altered carnitine homeostasis is associated with decreased mitochondrial function and altered nitric oxide signaling in lambs with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 294:L46-56. [PMID: 18024721 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00247.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing aortopulmonary vascular graft placement in the fetal lamb, we have developed a model (shunt) of pulmonary hypertension that mimics congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow. Our previous studies have identified a progressive development of endothelial dysfunction in shunt lambs that is dependent, at least in part, on decreased nitric oxide (NO) signaling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible role of a disruption in carnitine metabolism in shunt lambs and to determine the effect on NO signaling. Our data indicate that at 2 wk of age, shunt lambs have significantly reduced expression (P < 0.05) of the key enzymes in carnitine metabolism: carnitine palmitoyltransferases 1 and 2 as well as carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT). In addition, we found that CrAT activity was inhibited due to increased nitration. Furthermore, free carnitine levels were significantly decreased whereas acylcarnitine levels were significantly higher in shunt lambs (P < 0.05). We also found that alterations in carnitine metabolism resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, since shunt lambs had significantly decreased pyruvate, increased lactate, and a reduced pyruvate/lactate ratio. In pulmonary arterial endothelial cells cultured from juvenile lambs, we found that mild uncoupling of the mitochondria led to a decrease in cellular ATP levels and a reduction in both endothelial NO synthase-heat shock protein 90 (eNOS-HSP90) interactions and NO signaling. Similarly, in shunt lambs we found a loss of eNOS-HSP90 interactions that correlated with a progressive decrease in NO signaling. Our data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in the development of endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Program in Pulmonary Disease, Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 41:35-97. [PMID: 4371571 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122860.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Malkin R, Malmström BG. The state and function of copper in biological systems. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 33:177-244. [PMID: 4318312 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122785.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Swartz HM, Swartz SM. Biochemical and biophysical applications of electron spin resonance. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 29:207-323. [PMID: 6304458 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110492.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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MacManus-Spencer LA, Edhlund BL, McNeill K. Singlet Oxygen Production in the Reaction of Superoxide with Organic Peroxides. J Org Chem 2005; 71:796-9. [PMID: 16408996 DOI: 10.1021/jo051736n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A selective chemiluminescent probe for singlet oxygen has been employed to detect and quantify singlet oxygen in the reactions of superoxide with organic peroxides. The production of singlet oxygen has been quantified in the reaction of superoxide with benzoyl peroxide (BP). No singlet oxygen was detected in the reactions of superoxide with cumyl peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, or tert-butyl hydroperoxide. On the basis of these results and on the temperature dependence of the reaction, we proposed a mechanism for singlet oxygen formation in the reaction of superoxide with BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A MacManus-Spencer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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MacManus-Spencer LA, McNeill K. Quantification of Singlet Oxygen Production in the Reaction of Superoxide with Hydrogen Peroxide Using a Selective Chemiluminescent Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:8954-5. [PMID: 15969564 DOI: 10.1021/ja052045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive chemiluminescent probe that selectively reacts with singlet oxygen in the presence of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide has been used to quantify the production of singlet oxygen in the reaction of superoxide with hydrogen peroxide. The yield of singlet oxygen from this reaction was found to be low (0.2% relative to the initial superoxide concentration). No evidence for the formation of hydroxyl radical was observed in this reaction, ruling out the Haber-Weiss mechanism as a major singlet oxygen formation pathway. No singlet oxygen production was observed in the reaction of superoxide with 2-nitrobenzoic acid, which has a pKa similar to that of hydrogen peroxide, rendering the protonation of superoxide, followed by its disproportionation, an unlikely explanation for the formation of singlet oxygen in this system. The low yields of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical suggest that their formation in this reaction should be relatively unimportant in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A MacManus-Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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31
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McCord JM, Edeas MA. SOD, oxidative stress and human pathologies: a brief history and a future vision. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:139-42. [PMID: 15862706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) has now been known for 35 years. While the superoxide radical and SOD have been implicated in many disease states including inflammatory diseases, diseases of ischemia and reperfusion, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, as well as more subtle roles in cell signaling and perhaps in immune function, SOD is not yet in widespread usage in human clinical medicine. One obstacle has been that none of the three human SODs possesses attractive pharmacological properties to make it a clinically useful therapeutic agent. These problems may be overcome either by the design of SOD-mimetic drugs or by genetically re-engineering the human SOD genes to produce SODs with more desirable and controllable properties for human clinical usage. A second obstacle has been the fact that a delicate balance is involved between superoxide and SOD. Produced in proper amount, superoxide is a normal and useful metabolite, serving important roles as a signaling molecule in processes such as cell division, and even serving to act as a terminator of lipid peroxidation. When flagrantly overproduced, however, the radical can initiate lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA damage, leading to cell dysfunction and death by apoptosis or necrosis. It is these paradoxical properties that complicate the precise restoration of optimal balance between superoxide and SOD when that balance has been upset by injury, disease, or aging.
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32
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Berka V, Wu G, Yeh HC, Palmer G, Tsai AL. Three different oxygen-induced radical species in endothelial nitric-oxide synthase oxygenase domain under regulation by L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:32243-51. [PMID: 15166218 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404044200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) plays important roles in vascular physiology and homeostasis. Whether eNOS catalyzes nitric oxide biosynthesis or the synthesis of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite is dictated by the bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) and L-arginine during eNOS catalysis. The effect of BH(4) and L-arginine on oxygen-induced radical intermediates has been investigated by single turnover rapid-freeze quench and EPR spectroscopy using the isolated eNOS oxygenase domain (eNOS(ox)). Three distinct radical intermediates corresponding to >50% of the heme were observed during the reaction between ferrous eNOS(ox) and oxygen. BH(4)-free eNOS(ox) produced the superoxide radical very efficiently in the absence of L-arginine. L-Arginine decreased the formation rate of superoxide by an order of magnitude but not its final level or EPR line shape. For BH(4)-containing eNOS(ox), only a stoichiometric amount of BH(4) radical was produced in the presence of L-arginine, but in its absence a new radical was obtained. This new radical could be either a peroxyl radical of BH(4) or an amino acid radical was in the vicinity of the heme. Formation of this new radical is very rapid, >150 s(-1), and it was subsequently converted to a BH(4) radical. The trapping of the superoxide radical by cytochrome c in the reaction of BH(4)(-) eNOS(ox) exhibited a limiting rate of approximately 15 s(-1), the time for the superoxide radical to leave the heme pocket and reach the protein surface; this reveals a general problem of the regular spin-trapping method in determining radical formation kinetics. Cytochrome c failed to trap the new radical species. Together with other EPR characteristics, our data strongly support the conclusion that this new radical is not a superoxide radical or a mixture of superoxide and biopterin radicals. Our study points out distinct roles of BH(4) and L-arginine in regulating eNOS radical intermediates. BH(4) prevented superoxide formation by chemical conversions of the Fe(II)O(2) intermediate, and l-arginine delayed superoxide formation by electronic interaction with the heme-bound oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Berka
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 77030, USA
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Brubacher JL, DeWitte-Orr SJ, Zorzitto JR, Playle RC, Bols NC. Redox-active metals in commercial preparations of lipopolysaccharide: implications for studies of cellular responses to bacterial products. Cell Microbiol 2003; 5:233-43. [PMID: 12675681 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.t01-1-00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates cells have been the subject of intense investigation for many years. Whereas much information on this process has been collected for mammalian species, little is known about the signalling path-ways operative in other animals. One general mode of cellular activation that has been recently pro-posed for pathways independent of the primary mammalian LPS receptor, CD14, involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) as intermediates in LPS-induced signalling pathways. Therefore, we used 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein, a fluorogenic probe of redox activity, to examine LPS-induced oxidative responses of a macrophage-like cell line from the rainbow trout, RTS11. Lipopolysaccharide dose-dependently increased oxidation of this probe by RTS11 cells, and a variety of other cell lines. This process was inhibited by catalase, superoxide dismutase and NG-methylarginine citrate, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases, suggesting the involvement of a diverse assortment of cellular ROS. More careful dissection of this phenomenon led us to conclude that the increase in oxidation was, in fact, due almost entirely to metals, particularly copper, in some LPS preparations, which is something to consider when experimenting with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Brubacher
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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34
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Wheeler MD, Katuna M, Smutney OM, Froh M, Dikalova A, Mason RP, Samulski RJ, Thurman RG. Comparison of the effect of adenoviral delivery of three superoxide dismutase genes against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12:2167-77. [PMID: 11779401 DOI: 10.1089/10430340152710513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of superoxide dismutase (SOD) overexpression in an acute model of hepatic oxidative stress. Oxidative stress was established using a warm ischemia-reperfusion model, where nearly 70% of the liver was made hypoxic by clamping the hepatic artery and a branch of the portal vein for 1 hr followed by restoration of blood flow. Animals were infected i.v. with 1 x 10(9) plaque-forming units (PFU) of adenovirus containing the transgene for cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD (Ad.SOD1), mitochondrial Mn-SOD (Ad.SOD2), extracellular Cu/Zn-SOD (Ad.SOD3), or the bacterial reporter gene for beta-galactosidase (Ad.lacZ) 3 days prior to experiments. Ad.SOD1 and Ad.SOD2 caused a three-fold increase in SOD expression and activity in liver compared to Ad.lacZ-treated control animals. Intravenous administration of Ad.SOD3 increased SOD activity slightly in serum but not in liver. Increases in serum transaminases and pathology due to ischemia-reperfusion were blunted by Ad.SOD1 and Ad.SOD2; however, extracellular SOD had no significant effect. Moreover, lipid-derived free radical adducts (a(N) = 15.65 G and a(H)(beta) = 2.78 G) were increased by ischemia-reperfusion. This effect was blunted by about 60% in Ad.SOD1- and Ad.SOD2-infected animals, but was unaffected by Ad.SOD3. However, when high doses of Ad.SOD3 (3 x 10(10) PFU) were administered. serum SOD activity was elevated three-fold and was protective against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury under these conditions. These data demonstrate that adenoviral delivery of superoxide dismutase can effectively reduce hepatic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Wheeler
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Alcohol Studies, CB #7365 Mary Ellen Jones Bldg., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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35
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Konovalova TA, Kispert LD, Konovalov VV. Surface Modification of TiO2 Nanoparticles with Carotenoids. EPR Study. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9900638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A. Konovalova
- Department of Chemistry, Box 870336, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
| | - Lowell D. Kispert
- Department of Chemistry, Box 870336, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487
| | - Valery V. Konovalov
- The Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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36
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Fukuzumi S, Patz M, Suenobu T, Kuwahara Y, Itoh S. ESR Spectra of Superoxide Anion−Scandium Complexes Detectable in Fluid Solution. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Matthias Patz
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Suenobu
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kuwahara
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinobu Itoh
- Department of Material and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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37
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Server-Carrió J, Bas-Serra J, González-Núñez ME, García-Gastaldi A, Jameson GB, Baker LCW, Acerete R. Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalysis of β3-[(CoIIO4)W11O31(O2)4],10- the First Keggin-Based True Heteropoly Dioxygen (Peroxo) Anion. Spectroscopic (ESR, IR) Evidence for the Formation of Superoxo Polytungstates. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9804969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Server-Carrió
- Contribution from the Departament de Química Inorgánica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estelles, s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Julia Bas-Serra
- Contribution from the Departament de Química Inorgánica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estelles, s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - María Elena González-Núñez
- Contribution from the Departament de Química Inorgánica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estelles, s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Amadeo García-Gastaldi
- Contribution from the Departament de Química Inorgánica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estelles, s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Geoffrey B. Jameson
- Contribution from the Departament de Química Inorgánica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estelles, s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Louis C. W. Baker
- Contribution from the Departament de Química Inorgánica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estelles, s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Rafael Acerete
- Contribution from the Departament de Química Inorgánica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estelles, s/n, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, and Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
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Balagopalakrishna C, Manoharan PT, Abugo OO, Rifkind JM. Production of superoxide from hemoglobin-bound oxygen under hypoxic conditions. Biochemistry 1996; 35:6393-8. [PMID: 8639585 DOI: 10.1021/bi952875+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
By low temperature electron paramagnetic resonance we have detected the formation of a free radical signal during incubation of partially oxygenated hemoglobin at 235 K. The observed signal has g parallel = 2.0565 and g perpendicular = 2.0043, consistent with the previously reported values for superoxide. The presence of additional EPR signals for oxygen-17 bound hemoglobin, with (017-017)A perpendicular = 63 G and (017-016)A perpendicular = 94 G under identical conditions, confirms the presence of a radical containing two nonequivalent oxygens as required for a superoxide in magnetically inequivalent environments. The superoxide radical has not previously been directly detected during hemoglobin autoxidation because of its rapid dismutation. Our ability to follow the formation of superoxide for more than 15 min is attributed to its production in the hydrophobic heme pocket where dismutation is slow. The enhanced production of this free radical at intermediate oxygen pressures is shown to coincide with enhanced rates of hemoglobin autoxidation for partially oxygenated intermediates. The formation of superoxide in the heme pocket under these conditions is attributed to enhanced heme pocket flexibility. Greater flexibility facilitates distal histidine interactions which destabilize the iron-oxygen bond resulting in the release of superoxide radical into the heme pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Balagopalakrishna
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Gerontology Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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39
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Kooij A. A re-evaluation of the tissue distribution and physiology of xanthine oxidoreductase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [PMID: 7896566 DOI: 10.1007/bf02388567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase is an enzyme which has the unusual property that it can exist in a dehydrogenase form which uses NAD+ and an oxidase form which uses oxygen as electron acceptor. Both forms have a high affinity for hypoxanthine and xanthine as substrates. In addition, conversion of one form to the other may occur under different conditions. The exact function of the enzyme is still unknown but it seems to play a role in purine catabolism, detoxification of xenobiotics and antioxidant capacity by producing urate. The oxidase form produces reactive oxygen species and, therefore, the enzyme is thought to be involved in various pathological processes such as tissue injury due to ischaemia followed by reperfusion, but its role is still a matter of debate. The present review summarizes information that has become available about the enzyme. Interpretations of contradictory findings are presented in order to reduce confusion that still exists with respect to the role of this enzyme in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kooij
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Kundu SC, Willson RL. Thiyl (sulfhydryl/thiol) free radical reactions, vitamins, beta-carotene, and superoxide dismutase in oxidative stress: design and interpretation of enzymatic studies. Methods Enzymol 1995; 251:69-81. [PMID: 7651232 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(95)51111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Kundu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, United Kingdom
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41
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Sun S, Chasteen ND. Rapid kinetics of the EPR-active species formed during initial iron uptake in horse spleen apoferritin. Biochemistry 1994; 33:15095-102. [PMID: 7999768 DOI: 10.1021/bi00254a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of oxidative deposition of iron in ferritin is incompletely understood. In this study, EPR-active species produced during ferritin reconstitution (10-50 Fe/protein) from the apoprotein, Fe2+, and O2 have been investigated using rapid-mixing freeze-quench techniques and EPR spectroscopy. Species studied include a monomeric Fe(3+)-protein complex (g' = 4.3), a mixed-valent Fe(2+)-Fe3+ complex (g' = 1.87), and a newly observed radical with axial symmetry (g parallel = 2.042, g perpendicular = 2.0033), all apparent intermediates formed during the first second of iron oxidation. The monomeric Fe(3+)-protein complex is the principal EPR-observable product of iron(II) oxidation and is produced quantitatively in the first phase of the reaction with the mixed-valent species and the radical formed at slower rates. The initial rate of formation of the monomeric complex (and the radical) is first-order in Fe2+ concentration, consistent with a mechanism in which iron oxidation occurs in a one-electron step(s) with H2O2 being the final product of O2 reduction. A 1:1 relationship between the disappearance of the monomeric Fe(3+)-protein complex and the formation of the mixed-valent Fe(2+)-Fe3+ species was observed in the early phase of the reaction, indicating that the latter is derived from the former and not from the one-electron oxidation of a preformed Fe(2+)-Fe2+ dimer. The g-factors and rapid EPR relaxation properties of the transient radical suggest that it is associated with an Fe2+ (or Fe3+) center but its identity and possible functional role in iron oxidation are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824
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42
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Evidence that mitochondrial respiration is a source of potentially toxic oxygen free radicals in intact rabbit hearts subjected to ischemia and reflow. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Beck-Speier I, Liese JG, Belohradsky BH, Godleski JJ. Sulfite stimulates NADPH oxidase of human neutrophils to produce active oxygen radicals via protein kinase C and Ca2+/calmodulin pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 1993; 14:661-8. [PMID: 8392022 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(93)90148-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of sulfite on the oxidative metabolism of human neutrophils was studied in vitro. Superoxide anion production of PMN was determined using superoxide dismutase-inhibitable lucigenin-dependent CL. The addition of sulfite in concentrations of 0.01 mM-1 mM results in an up to 6-fold increase in CL of nonstimulated neutrophils at 37 degrees C and pH 7. Neutrophils stimulated with zymosan or PMA have an additional 2-fold stimulation when sulfite is added. Higher sulfite concentrations (2 mM-10 mM) decrease the CL of both nonstimulated and stimulated cells. The activity of NADPH oxidase, responsible for O2.- production, is significantly increased in neutrophils incubated with 1 mM sulfite. Neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease, which are cytochrome b558 negative or have p47phox deficiency, exhibit no significant NADPH oxidase activity and show no increase in CL by sulfite. Inhibitors of protein kinase C, H7, and calphostin C, as well as inhibitors of Ca(2+)- and calmodulin-dependent processes, W7, and R 24 571, completely inhibited the increased CL of sulfite-treated neutrophils. These findings indicate that sulfite in low concentrations stimulates neutrophils to produce superoxide anions by activation of NADPH oxidase through a signal transduction pathway involving protein kinase C and Ca2+/calmodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Beck-Speier
- Projekt Inhalation, Arbeitsgruppe Biochemie, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany
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Duchstein HJ, Gurka HJ. Activated species of oxygen: a challenge to modern pharmaceutical chemistry. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1992; 325:129-46. [PMID: 1642513 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19923250302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Badr MZ. Periportal hepatotoxicity due to allyl alcohol: a myriad of proposed mechanisms. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY 1991; 6:1-5. [PMID: 1880785 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.2570060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Z Badr
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Missouri-Kansas City 64108-2729
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Sichel G, Corsaro C, Scalia M, Di Bilio AJ, Bonomo RP. In vitro scavenger activity of some flavonoids and melanins against O2-(.). Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 11:1-8. [PMID: 1657731 DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(91)90181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The scavenger activity against O2-. of some flavonoids and melanins (synthetic melanins and melanins isolated from animal tissues, vegetable seeds, and mushroom spores) has been studied by ESR spectrometry. All these substances, except flavon and flavanone, diminish the signal of O2-. generated in vitro by a system containing H2O2 and acetone in an alkaline medium. It is shown that the presence of hydroxyl groups in the B ring of flavonoids is essential for their scavenger activity. Moreover, the presence of a hydroxyl at C-3 enhances the scavenger ability of flavonoids. Generally, aglycons are more active than their glycosides. It seems plausible that the antioxidant property of these substances comes from their scavenger activity against O2-(.). It is also pointed out that the scavenger activity shown by melanins, is strictly correlated with their nature of stable free radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sichel
- Istituto di Biologia Generale, Università di Catania, Italy
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Murakami M, Zs -Nagy I. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of idebenone in vitro studied by ESR spin trapping method and direct ESR measurement at liquid nitrogen temperature. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1990; 11:199-214. [PMID: 15374469 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4943(90)90065-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1989] [Revised: 08/20/1990] [Accepted: 09/11/1990] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The radical scavenging activity of oxidized and reduced idebenone (ID-O and ID-H, respectively) against superoxide radical (O2(-*) was studied in vitro using two methods: (1) O2(-*) radicals were generated enzymatically in a hypoxanthine (HPX)-xanthine oxidase (XOD) system and detected by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) spin trapping. Superoxide dismutase and other scavengers added to this system competed to various extents with DMPO to trap O2(-*) radicals, resulting in a decrease of the ESR signal intensity of the DMPO-OOH spin adduct. ID-O reacted about 12-fold quicker (k = 4.48 x 10(4) M(-1)s(-1)) with the O2(-*) radicals than ID-H (k = 3.62 x 10(3) M(-1)s(-1)) x (2) O2(-*) radicals were generated chemically in potassium superoxide (KO2)-crown ether system. Quinoid compounds reacted with the O2(-*)radicals to form semiquinone radicals that could be observed by ESR. At liquid nitrogen temperature (-196 degrees C), the ESR signal of O2(-*) radicals could be observed directly, thus allowing us to estimate the scavenging activity of ID-O and ID-H. These experiments also revealed that ID-O possesses an O2(-*) radical scavenging activity, whereas ID-H reacts quantitatively much slower. Analyzing various quinone compounds, it has been established that the O2(-*) radical scavenging process is a reversible, most probably oscillating, monovalent electron transfer from superoxide to the quinone, and that the O2(-*) radical scavenging activity depends on the redox potential, i.e., on the actual state of oxidation of the quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Research and Development Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532, Japan
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Fujii S, Ohya-Nishiguchi H, Hirota N. EPR evidence of intermediate peroxo complexes formed in a SOD model system. Inorganica Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)83193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Kalyanaraman B, Baker JE. On the detection of paramagnetic species in the adriamycin-perfused rat heart: a reappraisal. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 169:30-8. [PMID: 2161659 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)91428-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, L. Costa et al. reported the direct detection of the superoxide anion and other paramagnetic species in the isolated, adriamycin-perfused rat heart [L. Costa et al. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 153, 275-280]. We have reevaluated the results of their study and concluded that the ESR parameters of the spectrum obtained from the adriamycin-perfused heart are consistent with that of the peroxyl radical and not with that of the superoxide anion. In addition, the ESR spectrum of the peroxyl radical is very likely produced as an artifact caused by the grinding of myocardial tissue. This artifact may mask the ESR spectra of the adriamycin-derived semiquinone radical and the iron-sulfur protein components of myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kalyanaraman
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226
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Scalia M, Geremia E, Corsaro C, Santoro C, Baratta D, Sichel G. Lipid peroxidation in pigmented and unpigmented liver tissues: protective role of melanin. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1990; 3:115-9. [PMID: 2385565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1990.tb00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The protective role of melanin as an antioxidant biopolymer against lipid peroxidation was investigated. In pigmented frog liver and in albino rat liver the following were tested: thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive material (to show the induced lipoperoxidation in vitro), fatty acids, and reduced glutathione content. Our results show that susceptibility to the in vitro lipoperoxidation induced by ferrous ions is lower in the tissue containing melanin, though the content of the polyunsaturated fatty acids is higher in pigmented than in unpigmented tissues and reduced glutathione levels are lower in pigmented tissue. Our data support the hypothesis that melanin could reduce lipoperoxidation in pigmented tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scalia
- Institute of General Biology, University of Catania, Italy
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