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Liu Y, Yuan X, Liu Z. Optimization, purification, and characterization of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Acinetobacter sp. Y1. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:494-501. [PMID: 30905079 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) is a key enzyme involved in ammonium removal pathway. To further study the enzyme, HAO was purified from heterotrophic nitrifier Acinetobacter sp. Y1 and its property was investigated. Results of single-factor experiments showed that the optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, and C/N ratio were trisodium citrate, ammonium sulfate, and 14, respectively, with incubation time of 16 H. DEAE SefinoseTM FF anion-exchange chromatography was used to purify HAO, followed by SefinoseTM CL-6B gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE revealed that a 47 kDa enzyme was purified successfully, with a purification fold of 7.32 and a recovery rate of 19.40%. The optimized enzyme activity of purified HAO was tested at pH 8.0 and 30 °C. The results showed that the activity was increased by 43.78% and 25.64% in the presence of 1 mM Fe2+ and Fe3+ , respectively. HAO activity was increased with the increase of Na+ and K+ , Mn2+ , Zn2+ , Cu2+ , Ca2+ , Ba2+ inhibited the HAO activity at three concentrations. In addition, HAO activity was activated by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at 0.4 mM, and a negative effect arose as the dose increased. The purified enzyme from Y1 is different from other reported HAOs. Further study should be conducted to investigate the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Shanxi Province and Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Firestone
- Department of Plant and Soil Biology University of California; Berkeley
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3
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Monteiro M, Séneca J, Magalhães C. The history of aerobic ammonia oxidizers: from the first discoveries to today. J Microbiol 2014; 52:537-47. [PMID: 24972807 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrate, has long been considered a central biological process in the global nitrogen cycle, with its first description dated 133 years ago. Until 2005, bacteria were considered the only organisms capable of nitrification. However, the recent discovery of a chemoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing archaeon, Nitrosopumilus maritimus, changed our concept of the range of organisms involved in nitrification, highlighting the importance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) as potential players in global biogeochemical nitrogen transformations. The uniqueness of these archaea justified the creation of a novel archaeal phylum, Thaumarchaeota. These recent discoveries increased the global scientific interest within the microbial ecology society and have triggered an analysis of the importance of bacterial vs archaeal ammonia oxidation in a wide range of natural ecosystems. In this mini review we provide a chronological perspective of the current knowledge on the ammonia oxidation pathway of nitrification, based on the main physiological, ecological and genomic discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monteiro
- EcoBioTec Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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5
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Lawton TJ, Bowen KE, Sayavedra-Soto LA, Arp DJ, Rosenzweig AC. Characterization of a nitrite reductase involved in nitrifier denitrification. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25575-25583. [PMID: 23857587 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrifier denitrification is the conversion of nitrite to nitrous oxide by ammonia-oxidizing organisms. This process, which is distinct from denitrification, is active under aerobic conditions in the model nitrifier Nitrosomonas europaea. The central enzyme of the nitrifier dentrification pathway is a copper nitrite reductase (CuNIR). To understand how a CuNIR, typically inactivated by oxygen, functions in this pathway, the enzyme isolated directly from N. europaea (NeNIR) was biochemically and structurally characterized. NeNIR reduces nitrite at a similar rate to other CuNIRs but appears to be oxygen tolerant. Crystal structures of oxidized and reduced NeNIR reveal a substrate channel to the active site that is much more restricted than channels in typical CuNIRs. In addition, there is a second fully hydrated channel leading to the active site that likely acts a water exit pathway. The structure is minimally affected by changes in pH. Taken together, these findings provide insight into the molecular basis for NeNIR oxygen tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Lawton
- From the Departments of Molecular Biosciences and of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 and
| | - Kimberly E Bowen
- From the Departments of Molecular Biosciences and of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 and
| | - Luis A Sayavedra-Soto
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Daniel J Arp
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Amy C Rosenzweig
- From the Departments of Molecular Biosciences and of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 and.
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6
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Poth M, Focht DD. N Kinetic Analysis of N(2)O Production by Nitrosomonas europaea: an Examination of Nitrifier Denitrification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 49:1134-41. [PMID: 16346787 PMCID: PMC238519 DOI: 10.1128/aem.49.5.1134-1141.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N isotope tracer experiments showed that Nitrosomonas europaea produces nitrous oxide only under oxygen-limiting conditions and that the labeled N from nitrite, but not nitrate, is incorporated into nitrous oxide, indicating the presence of the "denitrifying enzyme" nitrite reductase. A kinetic analysis of the m/z 44, 45, and 46 nitrous oxide produced by washed cell suspensions of N. europaea when incubated with 4 mM ammonium (99% N) and 0.4 mM nitrite (99% N) was performed. No labeled nitrite was reduced to ammonium. All labeled material added was accounted for as either nitrite or nitrous oxide. The hypothesis that nitrous oxide is produced directly from nitrification was rejected since (i) it does not allow for the large amounts of double-labeled (m/z 46) nitrous oxide observed; (ii) the observed patterns of m/z 44, 45, and 46 nitrous oxide were completely consistent with a kinetic analysis based on denitrification as the sole mechanism of nitrous oxide production but not with a kinetic analysis based on both mechanisms; (iii) the asymptotic ratio of m/z 45 to m/z 46 nitrous oxide was consistent with denitrification kinetics but inconsistent with nitrification kinetics, which predicted no limit to m/z 45 production. It is concluded that N. europaea is a denitrifier which, under conditions of oxygen stress, uses nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor and produces nitrous oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poth
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Riverside, California 92507
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7
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Bartossek R, Nicol GW, Lanzen A, Klenk HP, Schleper C. Homologues of nitrite reductases in ammonia-oxidizing archaea: diversity and genomic context. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:1075-88. [PMID: 20132279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia-oxidizing archaea are frequent and ubiquitous inhabitants of terrestrial and marine environments. As they have only recently been detected, most aspects of their metabolism are yet unknown. Here we report on the occurrence of genes encoding potential homologues of copper-dependent nitrite reductases (NirK) in ammonia-oxidizing archaea of soils and other environments using metagenomic approaches and PCR amplification. Two pairs of highly overlapping 40 kb genome fragments, each containing nirK genes of archaea, were isolated from a metagenomic soil library. Between 68% and 85% of the open reading frames on these genome fragments had homologues in the genomes of the marine archaeal ammonia oxidizers Nitrosopumilus maritimus and Cenarchaeum symbiosum. Extensions of NirK homologues with C-terminal fused amicyanin domains were deduced from two of the four fosmids indicating structural variation of these multicopper proteins in archaea. Phylogenetic analyses including all major groups of currently known NirK homologues revealed that the deduced protein sequences of marine and soil archaea were separated into two highly divergent lineages that did not contain bacterial homologues. In contrast, another separated lineage contained potential multicopper oxidases of both domains, archaea and bacteria. More nirK gene variants directly amplified by PCR from several environments indicated further diversity of the gene and a widespread occurrence in archaea. Transcription of the potential archaeal nirK in soil was demonstrated at different water contents, but no significant increase in transcript copy number was observed with increased denitrifying activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bartossek
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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8
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Abstract
Ammonia oxidizing bacteria extract energy for growth from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Ammonia monooxygenase, which initiates ammonia oxidation, remains enigmatic given the lack of purified preparations. Genetic and biochemical studies support a model for the enzyme consisting of three subunits and metal centers of copper and iron. Knowledge of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase, which oxidizes hydroxylamine formed by ammonia monooxygenase to nitrite, is informed by a crystal structure and detailed spectroscopic and catalytic studies. Other inorganic nitrogen compounds, including NO, N2O, NO2, and N2 can be consumed and/or produced by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. NO and N2O can be produced as byproducts of hydroxylamine oxidation or through nitrite reduction. NO2 can serve as an alternative oxidant in place of O2 in some ammonia-oxidizing strains. Our knowledge of the diversity of inorganic N metabolism by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria continues to grow. Nonetheless, many questions remain regarding the enzymes and genes involved in these processes and the role of these pathways in ammonia oxidizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Arp
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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9
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Casciotti KL, Ward BB. Phylogenetic analysis of nitric oxide reductase gene homologues from aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2004; 52:197-205. [PMID: 16329906 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are climatically important trace gases that are produced by both nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria. In the denitrification pathway, N2O is produced from nitric oxide (NO) by the enzyme nitric oxide reductase (NOR). The ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea also possesses a functional nitric oxide reductase, which was shown recently to serve a unique function. In this study, sequences homologous to the large subunit of nitric oxide reductase (norB) were obtained from eight additional strains of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, including Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus species (i.e., both beta- and gamma-Proteobacterial ammonia oxidizers), showing widespread occurrence of a norB homologue in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. However, despite efforts to detect norB homologues from Nitrosospira strains, sequences have not yet been obtained. Phylogenetic analysis placed nitrifier norB homologues in a subcluster, distinct from denitrifier sequences. The similarities and differences of these sequences highlight the need to understand the variety of metabolisms represented within a "functional group" defined by the presence of a single homologous gene. These results expand the database of norB homologue sequences in nitrifying bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Casciotti
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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10
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Chain P, Lamerdin J, Larimer F, Regala W, Lao V, Land M, Hauser L, Hooper A, Klotz M, Norton J, Sayavedra-Soto L, Arciero D, Hommes N, Whittaker M, Arp D. Complete genome sequence of the ammonia-oxidizing bacterium and obligate chemolithoautotroph Nitrosomonas europaea. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:2759-73. [PMID: 12700255 PMCID: PMC154410 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.9.2759-2773.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrosomonas europaea (ATCC 19718) is a gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph that can derive all its energy and reductant for growth from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Nitrosomonas europaea participates in the biogeochemical N cycle in the process of nitrification. Its genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 2,812,094 bp. The GC skew analysis indicates that the genome is divided into two unequal replichores. Genes are distributed evenly around the genome, with approximately 47% transcribed from one strand and approximately 53% transcribed from the complementary strand. A total of 2,460 protein-encoding genes emerged from the modeling effort, averaging 1,011 bp in length, with intergenic regions averaging 117 bp. Genes necessary for the catabolism of ammonia, energy and reductant generation, biosynthesis, and CO(2) and NH(3) assimilation were identified. In contrast, genes for catabolism of organic compounds are limited. Genes encoding transporters for inorganic ions were plentiful, whereas genes encoding transporters for organic molecules were scant. Complex repetitive elements constitute ca. 5% of the genome. Among these are 85 predicted insertion sequence elements in eight different families. The strategy of N. europaea to accumulate Fe from the environment involves several classes of Fe receptors with more than 20 genes devoted to these receptors. However, genes for the synthesis of only one siderophore, citrate, were identified in the genome. This genome has provided new insights into the growth and metabolism of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chain
- Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
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11
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Beaumont HJE, Hommes NG, Sayavedra-Soto LA, Arp DJ, Arciero DM, Hooper AB, Westerhoff HV, van Spanning RJM. Nitrite reductase of Nitrosomonas europaea is not essential for production of gaseous nitrogen oxides and confers tolerance to nitrite. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:2557-60. [PMID: 11948173 PMCID: PMC134999 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.9.2557-2560.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene that encodes a periplasmic copper-type nitrite reductase (NirK) was identified in Nitrosomonas europaea. Disruption of this gene resulted in the disappearance of Nir activity in cell extracts. The nitrite tolerance of NirK-deficient cells was lower than that of wild-type cells. Unexpectedly, NirK-deficient cells still produced nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O), the latter in greater amounts than that of wild-type cells. This demonstrates that NirK is not essential for the production of NO and N(2)O by N. europaea. Inactivation of the putative fnr gene showed that Fnr is not essential for the expression of nirK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubertus J E Beaumont
- BioCentrum Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Vrije Universiteit, NL-1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Casciotti KL, Ward BB. Dissimilatory nitrite reductase genes from autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2213-21. [PMID: 11319103 PMCID: PMC92858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.5.2213-2221.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of a copper-containing dissimilatory nitrite reductase gene (nirK) was discovered in several isolates of beta-subdivision ammonia-oxidizing bacteria using PCR and DNA sequencing. PCR primers Cunir3 and Cunir4 were designed based on published nirK sequences from denitrifying bacteria and used to amplify a 540-bp fragment of the nirK gene from Nitrosomonas marina and five additional isolates of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Amplification products of the expected size were cloned and sequenced. Alignment of the nucleic acid and deduced amino acid (AA) sequences shows significant similarity (62 to 75% DNA, 58 to 76% AA) between nitrite reductases present in these nitrifiers and the copper-containing nitrite reductase found in classic heterotrophic denitrifiers. While the presence of a nitrite reductase in Nitrosomonas europaea is known from early biochemical work, preliminary sequence data from its genome indicate a rather low similarity to the denitrifier nirKs. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial nitrifier nirK sequences indicates that the topology of the nirK tree corresponds to the 16S rRNA and amoA trees. While the role of nitrite reduction in the metabolism of nitrifying bacteria is still uncertain, these data show that the nirK gene is present in closely related nitrifying isolates from many oceanographic regions and suggest that nirK sequences retrieved from the environment may include sequences from ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Casciotti
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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13
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Jiang QQ, Bakken LR. Nitrous oxide production and methane oxidation by different ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2679-84. [PMID: 10347060 PMCID: PMC91395 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.6.2679-2684.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are thought to contribute significantly to N2O production and methane oxidation in soils. Most of our knowledge derives from experiments with Nitrosomonas europaea, which appears to be of minor importance in most soils compared to Nitrosospira spp. We have conducted a comparative study of levels of aerobic N2O production in six phylogenetically different Nitrosospira strains newly isolated from soils and in two N. europaea and Nitrosospira multiformis type strains. The fraction of oxidized ammonium released as N2O during aerobic growth was remarkably constant (0.07 to 0.1%) for all the Nitrosospira strains, irrespective of the substrate supply (urea versus ammonium), the pH, or substrate limitation. N. europaea and Nitrosospira multiformis released similar fractions of N2O when they were supplied with ample amounts of substrates, but the fractions rose sharply (to 1 to 5%) when they were restricted by a low pH or substrate limitation. Phosphate buffer (versus HEPES) doubled the N2O release for all types of AOB. No detectable oxidation of atmospheric methane was detected. Calculations based on detection limits as well as data in the literature on CH4 oxidation by AOB bacteria prove that none of the tested strains contribute significantly to the oxidation of atmospheric CH4 in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Q Jiang
- Department of Biotechnological Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, 1432 Aas, Norway
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Prosser
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Marischal College, University of Aberdeen, U.K
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15
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Coyne MS, Arunakumari A, Averill BA, Tiedje JM. Immunological identification and distribution of dissimilatory heme cd1 and nonheme copper nitrite reductases in denitrifying bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:2924-31. [PMID: 2624465 PMCID: PMC203192 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.11.2924-2931.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyclonal antibodies were used to identify heme or copper nitrite reductases in the following groups: 23 taxonomically diverse denitrifiers from culture collections, 100 numerically dominant denitrifiers from geographically diverse environments, and 51 denitrifiers from a culture collection not selected for denitrification. Antisera were raised against heme nitrite reductases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri and against copper nitrite reductase from Achromobacter cycloclastes. Nitrite reductases were identified by Western immunoblot. Diethyldithiocarbamate, which specifically inhibits copper nitrite reductases, was used to confirm the immunological characterization and determine which type was present in strains nonreactive with any antiserum. For groups in which the type of nitrite reductase has not been previously described, we found that Alcaligenes eutrophus, Bacillus azotoformans, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Corynebacterium nephridii, and Rhizobium spp. contained copper nitrite reductase, while Aquaspirillum itersonii, Flavobacterium spp., and Pseudomonas fluorescens contained heme nitrite reductase. Heme nitrite reductases dominated, regardless of soil type or geographic origin. They occurred in 64 and 92%, respectively, of denitrifiers in the numerically dominant and nonselected collections. The two nitrite reductase types were mutually exclusive in individual bacteria, but both appeared in different strains from the Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas genera. The heme type predominated in Pseudomonas strains. The heme-type nitrite reductase appeared more conserved if judged by similarities in molecular weights and immunological reactions. The Cu type was found in more taxonomically unrelated strains and varied in molecular weight and antiserum recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Coyne
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1325
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16
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17
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DiSpirito AA, Taaffe LR, Lipscomb JD, Hooper AB. A ‘blue’ copper oxidase from Nitrosomonas europaea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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19
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Abstract
Present knowledge of the different enzymatic steps of the denitrification chains in various bacteria, particularly Paracoccus denitrificans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been briefly reviewed. The question whether nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other nitrogen derivatives are obligatory intermediates has been discussed. The second part is an extensive review of the structure and the function of a key enzyme in denitrification, cytochrome c551-nitrite-oxidoreductase from P. aeruginosa. Recent results on the stoichiometry of nitrite reduction have been discussed.
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20
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Vickery LE, Hooper AB. EPR of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Nitrosomonas europaea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(81)90022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Bhandari B, Nicholas DJ. Preparation of membrane vesicles in lithium chloride from cells of Nitrosomonas europaea. Anal Biochem 1980; 109:330-7. [PMID: 6261609 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite catalyzed by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase purified fromNitrosomonas europaea. Curr Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02605864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Zumft WG, C�rdenas J. The inorganic biochemistry of nitrogen bioenergetic processes. Naturwissenschaften 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00373498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Budowsky EI, Klebanova LM, Metlitskaya AZ. The mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine XII. Phenotypic suppression of amber mutants of phage T7 by hydroxylamine and O-methylhydroxylamine. Mutat Res 1978; 49:163-71. [PMID: 342931 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(78)90153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reproduction of phage T7 in the presence of hydroxylamine (HA) (mutagenesis in vivo) results in the phenotypic suppression of some amber mutants. The presence of O-methylhydroxylamine (OMHA) results in a similar effect, indicating a similar mechanism for the action of the two compounds. Since the rate of reaction of mutagen with nucleoside residues under these conditions in negligibly low, one of the most plausible explanations of this effect is the enzymic formation of modified precursors and their incorporation into bacterial tRNAs or phage-induced RNA.
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25
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Hooper AB, Terry KR, Maxwell PC. Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase of Nitrosomonas. Oxidation of diethyldithiocarbamate concomitant with stimulation of nitrite synthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 462:141-52. [PMID: 199251 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(77)90196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Yamanaka T, Shinra M, Kimura K. A comparison between Nitrosomas europaea and Thiobacillus novellus on the basis of their oxidation systems of inorganic compounds. Biosystems 1977; 9:155-64. [PMID: 198039 DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(77)90025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosomonas europaea and Thiobacillus novellus were compared with each other on the basis of the biochemical properties of their inorganic compound-oxidizing systems. Cytochromes c of the two organisms differ considerably from each other; N. europaea cytochrome c-552 belongs to the "bacterial-type" cytochrome c, while T. nouellus cytochrome c-550 resembles eucaryolic cytochrome c. The specificity of cytochrome oxidase for cytochrome c as the electron donor is different between the two organisms; T novellus oxidase reacts rapidly with cytochromes c of the organisms which seem to be higher than the organisms whose cytochromes c react rapidly with N. europaea oxidase. On the basis of these facts, N. europaea seems to be older organism than T. novellus in terms of evolution.
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