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Vike NL, Bari S, Stetsiv K, Talavage TM, Nauman EA, Papa L, Slobounov S, Breiter HC, Cornelis MC. Metabolomic response to collegiate football participation: Pre- and Post-season analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3091. [PMID: 35197541 PMCID: PMC8866500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact sports participation has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on health, however little is known about the metabolic sequelae of these effects. We aimed to identify metabolite alterations across a collegiate American football season. Serum was collected from 23 male collegiate football athletes before the athletic season (Pre) and after the last game (Post). Samples underwent nontargeted metabolomic profiling and 1131 metabolites were included for univariate, pathway enrichment, and multivariate analyses. Significant metabolites were assessed against head acceleration events (HAEs). 200 metabolites changed from Pre to Post (P < 0.05 and Q < 0.05); 160 had known identity and mapped to one of 57 pre-defined biological pathways. There was significant enrichment of metabolites belonging to five pathways (P < 0.05): xanthine, fatty acid (acyl choline), medium chain fatty acid, primary bile acid, and glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism. A set of 12 metabolites was sufficient to discriminate Pre from Post status, and changes in 64 of the 200 metabolites were also associated with HAEs (P < 0.05). In summary, the identified metabolites, and candidate pathways, argue there are metabolic consequences of both physical training and head impacts with football participation. These findings additionally identify a potential set of objective biomarkers of repetitive head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Vike
- Warren Wright Adolescent Center Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sumra Bari
- Warren Wright Adolescent Center Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khrystyna Stetsiv
- Warren Wright Adolescent Center Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas M Talavage
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eric A Nauman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Linda Papa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Semyon Slobounov
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Hans C Breiter
- Warren Wright Adolescent Center Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kinchen JM, Mohney RP, Pappan KL. Long-Chain Acylcholines Link Butyrylcholinesterase to Regulation of Non-neuronal Cholinergic Signaling. J Proteome Res 2021; 21:599-611. [PMID: 34758617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acylcholines are comprised of an acyl chain esterified to a choline moiety; acetylcholine is the best-characterized member of this class, functioning as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as an inhibitor of cytokine production by macrophages and other innate immune cells. Acylcholines are metabolized by a class of cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (a specific regulator of acetylcholine levels) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, an enigmatic enzyme whose function has not been resolved by genetic knockout models). BChE provides reserve capacity to hydrolyze acetylcholine, but its importance is arguable given acetylcholinesterase is the most catalytically efficient enzyme characterized to date. While known to be substrates of BChE in vitro, endogenous production of long-chain acylcholines is a recent discovery enabled by untargeted metabolomics. Compared to acetylcholine, long-chain acylcholines show greater stability in circulation with homeostatic levels-dictated by synthesis and clearance-suggested to impact cholinergic receptor sensitivity of acetylcholine with varying levels of antagonism. Acylcholines then provide a link between BChE and non-neuronal acetylcholine signaling, filling a gap in understanding around how imbalances between acylcholines and BChE could modulate inflammatory disease, such as the "cytokine storm" identified in severe COVID-19. Areas for further research, development, and clinical testing are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Kinchen
- Owlstone Medical Inc., 600 Park Office Drive, Suite 140, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Robert P Mohney
- Owlstone Medical Inc., 600 Park Office Drive, Suite 140, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kirk L Pappan
- Owlstone Medical Inc., 600 Park Office Drive, Suite 140, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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Akimov MG, Dudina PV, Fomina-Ageeva EV, Gretskaya NM, Bosaya AA, Rudakova EV, Makhaeva GF, Kagarlitsky GO, Eremin SA, Tsetlin VI, Bezuglov VV. Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Arachidonoyl Choline, Its Bis-Quaternized Analogues and Other Acylcholines. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2020; 491:93-97. [PMID: 32483760 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672920020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity and protective effect in the toxicity model of H2O2 were studied for arachidonic (AA-CHOL), docosahexaenoic (DHA-CHOL), linoleic (Ln-CHOL), and oleic (Ol-CHOL) fatty acids, as well as arachidonoyl dicholine (AA-diCHOL) and O-arachidonoyl bistetramethylaminoisopropanol (ABTAP). AA-CHOL, DHA-CHOL and Ln-CHOL provided a 20% increase in cell survival. AA-CHOL, AA-diCHOL, Ol-CHOL, and ABTAP had a radical-scavenging effect in the ABTS test, approximately equal to the activity of a standard radical scavenger Trolox.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Akimov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - P V Dudina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Fomina-Ageeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - N M Gretskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Bosaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Rudakova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - G F Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432, Chernogolovka, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | | | - S A Eremin
- Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Bezuglov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Akimov MG, Kudryavtsev DS, Kryukova EV, Fomina-Ageeva EV, Zakharov SS, Gretskaya NM, Zinchenko GN, Serkov IV, Makhaeva GF, Boltneva NP, Kovaleva NV, Serebryakova OG, Lushchekina SV, Palikov VA, Palikova Y, Dyachenko IA, Kasheverov IE, Tsetlin VI, Bezuglov VV. Arachidonoylcholine and Other Unsaturated Long-Chain Acylcholines Are Endogenous Modulators of the Acetylcholine Signaling System. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E283. [PMID: 32059521 PMCID: PMC7072677 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholines acylated with unsaturated fatty acids are a recently discovered family of endogenous lipids. However, the data on the biological activity of acylcholines remain very limited. We hypothesized that acylcholines containing residues of arachidonic (AA-CHOL), oleic (Ol-CHOL), linoleic (Ln-CHOL), and docosahexaenoic (DHA-CHOL) acids act as modulators of the acetylcholine signaling system. In the radioligand binding assay, acylcholines showed inhibition in the micromolar range of both α7 neuronal nAChR overexpressed in GH4C1 cells and muscle type nAChR from Torpedo californica, as well as Lymnaea stagnalis acetylcholine binding protein. Functional response was checked in two cell lines endogenously expressing α7 nAChR. In SH-SY5Y cells, these compounds did not induce Ca2+ rise, but inhibited the acetylcholine-evoked Ca2+ rise with IC50 9 to 12 μM. In the A549 lung cancer cells, where α7 nAChR activation stimulates proliferation, Ol-CHOL, Ln-CHOL, and AA-CHOL dose-dependently decreased cell viability by up to 45%. AA-CHOL inhibited human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by a mixed type mechanism with Ki = 16.7 ± 1.5 μM and αKi = 51.4 ± 4.1 μM for AChE and Ki = 70.5 ± 6.3 μM and αKi = 214 ± 17 μM for BChE, being a weak substrate of the last enzyme only, agrees with molecular docking results. Thus, long-chain unsaturated acylcholines could be viewed as endogenous modulators of the acetylcholine signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail G. Akimov
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Denis S. Kudryavtsev
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Elena V. Kryukova
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Elena V. Fomina-Ageeva
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Stanislav S. Zakharov
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Natalia M. Gretskaya
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Galina N. Zinchenko
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Igor V. Serkov
- Department medicinal and biological chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia; (I.V.S.); (G.F.M.); (N.P.B.); (N.V.K.); (O.G.S.); (S.V.L.)
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Department medicinal and biological chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia; (I.V.S.); (G.F.M.); (N.P.B.); (N.V.K.); (O.G.S.); (S.V.L.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Department medicinal and biological chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia; (I.V.S.); (G.F.M.); (N.P.B.); (N.V.K.); (O.G.S.); (S.V.L.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Kovaleva
- Department medicinal and biological chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia; (I.V.S.); (G.F.M.); (N.P.B.); (N.V.K.); (O.G.S.); (S.V.L.)
| | - Olga G. Serebryakova
- Department medicinal and biological chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia; (I.V.S.); (G.F.M.); (N.P.B.); (N.V.K.); (O.G.S.); (S.V.L.)
| | - Sofya V. Lushchekina
- Department medicinal and biological chemistry, Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia; (I.V.S.); (G.F.M.); (N.P.B.); (N.V.K.); (O.G.S.); (S.V.L.)
- Department of electrophysics of organic materials and nanostructures, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Victor A. Palikov
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Yulia Palikova
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Igor A. Dyachenko
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Igor E. Kasheverov
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor I. Tsetlin
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Vladimir V. Bezuglov
- Department of molecular neuroimmune signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.S.K.); (E.V.K.); (E.V.F.-A.); (S.S.Z.); (N.M.G.); (G.N.Z.); (V.A.P.); (Y.P.); (I.A.D.); (I.E.K.); (V.I.T.); (V.V.B.)
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Bader S, Gerbig S, Spengler B, Schwiertz A, Breves G, Diener M. Robustness of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in rat large intestine against luminal challenges. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:605-618. [PMID: 30506275 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine and atypical esters of choline such as propionyl- and butyrylcholine are produced by the colonic epithelium and are released when epithelial receptors for short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are stimulated by propionate. It is assumed that the SCFA used by the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the central enzyme for the production of these choline esters, originate from the colonic lumen, where they are synthesized during the bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. Therefore, it seemed to be of interest to study whether the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the colonic epithelium is affected by maneuvers intended to stimulate or to inhibit colonic fermentation by changing the intestinal microbiota. In two series of experiments, rats were either fed with a high fiber diet (15.5% (w/v) crude fibers in comparison to 4.6% (w/w) in the control diet) or treated orally with the antibiotic vancomycin. High fiber diet induced an unexpected decrease in the luminal concentration of SCFA in the colon, but an increase in the caecum, suggesting an upregulation of colonic SCFA absorption, whereas vancomycin treatment resulted in the expected strong reduction of SCFA concentration in colon and caecum. MALDI MS analysis revealed a decrease in the colonic content of propionylcholine by high fiber diet and by vancomycin. High fiber diet caused a significant downregulation of ChAT expression on protein and mRNA level. Despite a modest increase in tissue conductance during the high fiber diet, main barrier and transport properties of the epithelium such as basal short-circuit current (Isc), the flux of the paracellularly transported marker, fluorescein, or the Isc induced by epithelial acetylcholine release evoked by propionate remained unaltered. These results suggest a remarkable stability of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in colonic epithelium against changes in the luminal environment underlying its biological importance for intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bader
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gerbig
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Breves
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. .,Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie und -Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 100, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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6
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Moreno S, Gerbig S, Schulz S, Spengler B, Diener M, Bader S. Epithelial propionyl- and butyrylcholine as novel regulators of colonic ion transport. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2766-79. [PMID: 27423041 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The colonic surface epithelium produces acetylcholine, released after the binding of propionate to GPCRs for this short-chain fatty acid (SCFA). This epithelial acetylcholine then induces anion secretion via stimulation of acetylcholine receptors. The key enzyme responsible for acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetyltransferase, is known to be unselective as regards the fatty acid used for esterification of choline. As the colonic epithelium is permanently exposed to high concentrations of different SCFAs produced by bacterial fermentation, we investigated whether choline esters other than acetylcholine, propionylcholine and butyrylcholine, are produced by the colonic epithelium, too, and whether these 'atypical' esters are able to stimulate the acetylcholine receptors involved in the regulation of colonic ion transport. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (DESI-MS), Ussing chamber and Ca(2+) -imaging experiments were performed on rat distal colon. KEY RESULTS DESI-MS analyses revealed the production of acetylcholine, propionylcholine and butyrylcholine in the surface epithelium. Relative expression rates were 2-3% in comparison with acetylcholine. In Ussing chamber experiments, both atypical choline esters caused a concentration-dependent increase in short-circuit current, that is, stimulated anion secretion. Inhibitor experiments in the absence and presence of the submucosal plexus revealed the involvement of neuronal and epithelial acetylcholine receptors. While butyrylcholine obviously stimulated both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, propionylcholine predominantly acted on muscarinic receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest a novel pathway for communication between intestinal microbes producing SCFA and the host via modification of epithelial production of choline esters involved in the paracrine regulation of the colonic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moreno
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen
| | - Stefanie Gerbig
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen
| | - Sandra Bader
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen
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7
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Wurtman RJ, Cansev M, Sakamoto T, Ulus IH. Use of phosphatide precursors to promote synaptogenesis. Annu Rev Nutr 2009; 29:59-87. [PMID: 19400698 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New brain synapses form when a postsynaptic structure, the dendritic spine, interacts with a presynaptic terminal. Brain synapses and dendritic spines, membrane-rich structures, are depleted in Alzheimer's disease, as are some circulating compounds needed for synthesizing phosphatides, the major constituents of synaptic membranes. Animals given three of these compounds, all nutrients-uridine, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, and choline-develop increased levels of brain phosphatides and of proteins that are concentrated within synaptic membranes (e.g., PSD-95, synapsin-1), improved cognition, and enhanced neurotransmitter release. The nutrients work by increasing the substrate-saturation of low-affinity enzymes that synthesize the phosphatides. Moreover, uridine and its nucleotide metabolites activate brain P2Y receptors, which control neuronal differentiation and synaptic protein synthesis. A preparation containing these compounds is being tested for treating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Wurtman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Shah N, Khurana S, Cheng K, Raufman JP. Muscarinic receptors and ligands in cancer. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 296:C221-32. [PMID: 19036940 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00514.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that muscarinic receptors and ligands play key roles in regulating cellular proliferation and cancer progression. Both neuronal and nonneuronal acetylcholine production results in neurocrine, paracrine, and autocrine promotion of cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and other features critical for cancer cell survival and spread. The present review comprises a focused critical analysis of evidence supporting the role of muscarinic receptors and ligands in cancer. Criteria are proposed to validate the biological importance of muscarinic receptor expression, activation, and postreceptor signaling. Likewise, criteria are proposed to validate the role of nonneuronal acetylcholine production in cancer. Dissecting cellular mechanisms necessary for muscarinic receptor activation as well as those needed for acetylcholine production and release will identify multiple novel targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirish Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene St., N3W62, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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9
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Cansev M, Wurtman RJ, Sakamoto T, Ulus IH. Oral administration of circulating precursors for membrane phosphatides can promote the synthesis of new brain synapses. Alzheimers Dement 2007; 4:S153-68. [PMID: 18631994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although cognitive performance in humans and experimental animals can be improved by administering omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the neurochemical mechanisms underlying this effect remain uncertain. In general, nutrients or drugs that modify brain function or behavior do so by affecting synaptic transmission, usually by changing the quantities of particular neurotransmitters present within synaptic clefts or by acting directly on neurotransmitter receptors or signal-transduction molecules. We find that DHA also affects synaptic transmission in mammalian brain. Brain cells of gerbils or rats receiving this fatty acid manifest increased levels of phosphatides and of specific presynaptic or postsynaptic proteins. They also exhibit increased numbers of dendritic spines on postsynaptic neurons. These actions are markedly enhanced in animals that have also received the other two circulating precursors for phosphatidylcholine, uridine (which gives rise to brain uridine diphosphate and cytidine triphosphate) and choline (which gives rise to phosphocholine). The actions of DHA aere reproduced by eicosapentaenoic acid, another omega-3 compound, but not by omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid. Administration of circulating phosphatide precursors can also increase neurotransmitter release (acetylcholine, dopamine) and affect animal behavior. Conceivably, this treatment might have use in patients with the synaptic loss that characterizes Alzheimer's disease or other neurodegenerative diseases or occurs after stroke or brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Cansev
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Alhamadsheh MM, Musayev F, Komissarov AA, Sachdeva S, Wright HT, Scarsdale N, Florova G, Reynolds KA. Alkyl-CoA Disulfides as Inhibitors and Mechanistic Probes for FabH Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:513-24. [PMID: 17524982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first step of the reaction catalyzed by the homodimeric FabH from a dissociated fatty acid synthase is acyl transfer from acyl-CoA to an active site cysteine. We report that C1 to C10 alkyl-CoA disulfides irreversibly inhibit Escherichia coli FabH (ecFabH) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis FabH with relative efficiencies that reflect these enzymes' differential acyl-group specificity. Crystallographic and kinetic studies with MeSSCoA show rapid inhibition of one monomer of ecFabH through formation of a methyl disulfide conjugate with this cysteine. Reaction of the second subunit with either MeSSCoA or acetyl-CoA is much slower. In the presence of malonyl-ACP, the acylation rate of the second subunit is restored to that of the native ecFabH. These observations suggest a catalytic model in which a structurally disordered apo-ecFabH dimer orders on binding either the first substrate, acetyl-CoA, or the inhibitor MeSSCoA, and is restored to a disordered state on binding of malonyl-ACP.
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11
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Abstract
Iso-coenzyme A is an isomer of coenzyme A in which the monophosphate is attached to the 2'-carbon of the ribose ring. Although iso-CoA was first reported in 1959 (Moffatt, J. G., and Khorana, H. G. (1959) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 1265-1265) to be a by-product of the chemical synthesis of CoA, relatively little attention has been focused on iso-CoA or on acyl-iso-CoA compounds in the literature. We now report structural characterizations of iso-CoA, acetyl-iso-CoA, acetoacetyl-iso-CoA, and beta-hydroxybutyryl-iso-CoA using mass spectrometry (MS), tandem MS, and homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR analyses. Although the 2'-phosphate isomer of malonyl-CoA was recently identified in commercial samples, previous characterizations of iso-CoA itself have been based on chromatographic analyses, which ultimately rest on comparisons with the degradation products of CoA and NADPH or have been based on assumptions regarding enzyme specificity. We describe a high performance liquid chromatography methodology for separating the isomers of several CoA-containing compounds. We also report here the first examples of iso-CoA-containing compounds acting as substrates in enzymatic acyl transfer reactions. Finally, we describe a simple synthesis of iso-CoA from CoA, which utilizes beta-cyclodextrin to produce iso-CoA with high regioselectivity, and we demonstrate a plausible mechanism that accounts for the existence of iso-CoA isomers in commercial preparations of CoA-containing compounds. We anticipate that these results will provide methodology and impetus for investigating iso-CoA compounds as potential pseudo-substrates or inhibitors of the >350 known CoA-utilizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Burns
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, USA
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12
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Wessler I, Kilbinger H, Bittinger F, Kirkpatrick CJ. The biological role of non-neuronal acetylcholine in plants and humans. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2001; 85:2-10. [PMID: 11243568 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.85.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine, one of the most exemplary neurotransmitters, has been detected in bacteria, algae, protozoa, tubellariae and primitive plants, suggesting an extremely early appearance in the evolutionary process and a wide expression in non-neuronal cells. In plants (Urtica dioica), acetylcholine is involved in the regulation of water resorption and photosynthesis. In humans, acetylcholine and/or the synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, have been demonstrated in epithelial (airways, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, epidermis), mesothelial (pleura, pericardium), endothelial, muscle and immune cells (granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells). The widespread expression of non-neuronal acetylcholine is accompanied by the ubiquitous expression of cholinesterase and acetylcholine sensitive receptors (nicotinic, muscarinic). Both receptor populations interact with more or less all cellular signalling pathways. Thus, non-neuronal acetylcholine can be involved in the regulation of basic cell functions like gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, cell-cell contact (tight and gap junctions, desmosomes), locomotion, migration, ciliary activity, electrical activity, secretion and absorption. Non-neuronal acetylcholine also plays a role in the control of unspecific and specific immune functions. Future experiments should be designed to analyze the cellular effects of acetylcholine in greater detail and to illuminate the involvement of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of diseases such as acute and chronic inflammation, local and systemic infection, dementia, atherosclerosis, and finally cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wessler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Wessler I, Kirkpatrick CJ, Racké K. The cholinergic 'pitfall': acetylcholine, a universal cell molecule in biological systems, including humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1999; 26:198-205. [PMID: 10081614 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Acetylcholine (ACh) represents one of the most exemplary neurotransmitters. In addition to its presence in neuronal tissue, there is increasing experimental evidence that ACh is widely expressed in pro- and eukaryotic non-neuronal cells. Thus, ACh has been detected in bacteria, algae, protozoa, tubellariae and primitive plants, suggesting an extremely early appearance of ACh in the evolutionary process. 2. In humans, ACh and/or the synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, has been demonstrated in epithelial cells (airways, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, epidermis), mesothelial (pleura, pericardium) and endothelial and muscle cells. In addition, immune cells express the non-neuronal cholinergic system (i.e. the synthesis of ACh can be detected in human leucocytes (granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages)), as well as in rat microglia in vitro. 3. The widespread expression of non-neuronal ACh is accompanied by the ubiquitous expression of cholinesterase activity, which prevents ACh from acting as a classical hormone. 4. Non-neuronal ACh mediates its cellular actions in an auto- and paracrine manner via the activation of the widely expressed nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which can interfere with virtually all cellular signalling pathways (ion channels and key enzymes). 5. Non-neuronal ACh appears to be involved in the regulation of basic cell functions, such as mitosis, cell differentiation, organization of the cytoskeleton, cell-cell contact, secretion and absorption. Non-neuronal ACh also plays a role in the regulation of immune functions. All these qualities together may mediate the so-called 'trophic property' of ACh. 6. Future experiments should be designed to analyse the cellular effects of ACh in greater detail. The involvement of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases should be investigated to open up new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wessler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Wessler I, Kirkpatrick CJ, Racké K. Non-neuronal acetylcholine, a locally acting molecule, widely distributed in biological systems: expression and function in humans. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 77:59-79. [PMID: 9500159 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(97)00085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems in humans. However, recent experiments demonstrate a widespread expression of the cholinergic system in non-neuronal cells in humans. The synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase, the signalling molecule acetylcholine, and the respective receptors (nicotinic or muscarinic) are expressed in epithelial cells (human airways, alimentary tract, epidermis). Acetylcholine is also found in mesothelial, endothelial, glial, and circulating blood cells (platelets, mononuclear cells), as well as in alveolar macrophages. The existence of non-neuronal acetylcholine explains the widespread expression of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in cells not innervated by cholinergic neurons. Non-neuronal acetylcholine appears to be involved in the regulation of important cell functions, such as mitosis, trophic functions, automaticity, locomotion, ciliary activity, cell-cell contact, cytoskeleton, as well as barrier and immune functions. The most important tasks for the future will be to clarify the multiple biological roles of non-neuronal acetylcholine in detail and to identify pathological conditions in which this system is up- or down-regulated. This could provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies to target the non-neuronal cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wessler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Mainz, Germany
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15
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Salvaterra PM, Vaughn JE. Regulation of choline acetyltransferase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1989; 31:81-143. [PMID: 2689382 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Salvaterra
- Division of Neurosciences, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
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Potempska A, Loo YH, Wisniewski HM. On the possible mechanism of phenylacetate neurotoxicity: inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by phenylacetyl-CoA. J Neurochem 1984; 42:1499-501. [PMID: 6142928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The influence of phenylacetate, phenylbutyrate, and phenylacetyl-CoA on the activity of choline acetyltransferase and S-acetyl-CoA synthetase was investigated in vitro. Phenylacetyl-CoA was found to be a very potent inhibitor of choline acetyltransferase, competitive for acetyl-CoA with Ki of 3.1 X 10(-7)M. In contrast, millimolar concentrations of phenylacetate and phenylbutyrate were required to inhibit the activity of the enzyme. Activity of S-acetyl-CoA synthetase was affected only slightly by the three agents in concentrations of 10(-3)-10(-2)M. At this time, results are interpreted to suggest that in phenylketonuria, phenylacetate exerts its neurotoxic action through its metabolic product, phenylacetyl-CoA, which could severely decrease the availability of acetyl-CoA.
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Leonard NJ. Etheno-substituted nucleotides and coenzymes: fluorescence and biological activity. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 15:125-99. [PMID: 6365449 DOI: 10.3109/10409238409102299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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O'Regan S. The synthesis, storage, and release of propionylcholine by the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. J Neurochem 1982; 39:764-72. [PMID: 7097283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb07958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the specificity of the mechanisms involved in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine for the acetyl moiety. To test this, blocks of tissue from the electric organ of Torpedo were incubated with either [1-14C]acetate or [1-14C]propionate, and the synthesis, storage, and release of [14C]acetylcholine and [14C]propionylcholine were compared. To obtain equivalent amounts of the two labeled choline esters, a 50-fold higher concentration of propionate than of acetate was needed. Following subcellular fractionation, similar proportions of [14C]acetylcholine and [14C]propionylcholine were recovered with synaptosomes and with synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, both labeled choline esters were protected to a similar extent from degradation during homogenization of tissue in physiological medium, indicating that the two choline esters were equally well incorporated into synaptic vesicles. Yet depolarization of tissue blocks by 50 mM KCl released much less [14C]propionylcholine than [14C]acetylcholine. During field stimulation of the tissue blocks, the difference between the releasibility of the two choline esters was less marked, but acetylcholine was still released in preference to propionylcholine. Evidence for specificity of the release mechanism was also obtained when the release of the two choline esters in response to field stimulation was compared in tissue blocks preincubated with both [3H]choline and [14C]propionate.
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Robinson JB, Strottmann JM, Stellwagen E. Prediction of neutral salt elution profiles for affinity chromatography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:2287-91. [PMID: 6941286 PMCID: PMC319330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral salts exhibit very marked differences as eluants of proteins from affinity columns. We observe: (i) that the relative potencies of neutral salts as eluants are independent of the protein or the affinity ligand in the systems studied, (ii) that the absolute salt concentration necessary to elute any given protein bound to the affinity matrix is proportional to the algebraic sum of a set of elution coefficients defined herein for the separate ions present in the solution, and (iii) that the proportionality between elution potency and elution coefficient is a function of the affinity of the protein for the immobilized ligand. Given the concentration of one neutral salt required for elution of a protein of interest from an affinity column, the elution capability of any neutral salt at any temperature can be quantitatively predicted for that protein. Accordingly, application and elution protocols for affinity chromatography can be designed to optimize the yield and fold purification of proteins.
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20
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Ryan RL, McClure WO. Inhibition by styrylpyridines of purified rat and bovine brain choline acetyltransferase. Neurochem Res 1981; 6:163-73. [PMID: 7242777 DOI: 10.1007/bf00964833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nine styrylpyridine analogs were tested as inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase which had been highly purified from rat cerebrum and bovine caudate nuclei. In general, concentrations required to achieve 50% inhibition (I50 values) were in the micromolar range. For some analogs, I50 values were similar to those obtained previously by other investigators who used less purified enzyme preparations. With certain analogs, however, the measured values of I50 changed as the transferase became more purified, which may indicate the presence in the extract of other molecules which can interact with the enzyme. The methods used in purification of the enzyme suggest that the molecule which modifies the activity of CAT is probably a protein. The mode of inhibition by naphthylvinylpyridinium was found to be uncompetitive with respect to both choline and acetyl coenzyme A for both the rat and bovine transferases.
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Purification of chicken brain choline acetyltransferase. Neurochem Int 1981; 3:377-83. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(81)90058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/1981] [Accepted: 08/03/1981] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Ryan R, McClure WO. Physical and kinetic properties of choline acetyl transferase from rat and bovine brain. J Neurochem 1980; 34:3l5-403. [PMID: 7411145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1980.tb06609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Hersh L, Nair R, Smith D. The reaction of choline acetyltransferase with sulfhydryl reagents. Methoxycarbonyl-CoA disulfide as an active site-directed reagent. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Wong PT, Prince AK. The binding of choline acetyltransferase to membrane; metabolism of choline in rabbit cortical slices [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 1979; 66:137P-138P. [PMID: 454930 PMCID: PMC2043860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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25
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Weber BH, Hariri M, Martin D, Driskell WJ. Enzymic properties of choline acetyltransferase from heads of Drosophila melanogster. J Neurochem 1979; 32:1597-8. [PMID: 108360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb11106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE British Pharmacological Society. Br J Pharmacol 1979. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1979.tb16098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Hersh LB. The lack of specificity towards salts in the activation of choline acetyltransferase from human placenta. J Neurochem 1979; 32:991-6. [PMID: 430076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb04585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Malte-Sørenssen D. Recent progress in the biochemistry of choline acetyltransferase. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1979; 49:45-58. [PMID: 92798 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dix CJ, Jordan VC. Contrasting subcellular responses to monohydroxytamoxifen and oestradiol benzoate in the immature rat uterus [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 1978; 64:375P-376P. [PMID: 719234 PMCID: PMC1668539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1978.tb08660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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30
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Kalaria RN, Prince AK, Wong PT, Brownlee G. Choline uptake and the regulation of choline acetyltransferase in relation to neuronal activity [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 1978; 64:409P. [PMID: 719265 PMCID: PMC1668485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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31
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Rossier J, Spantidakis Y, Benda P. The effect of Cl- on choline acetyltransferase kinetic parameters and a proposed role for Cl- in the regulation of acetylcholine synthesis. J Neurochem 1977; 29:1007-12. [PMID: 599338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1977.tb06504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Rossier J. Choline acetyltransferase: a review with special reference to its cellular and subcellular localization. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1977; 20:283-337. [PMID: 73524 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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