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Sripada A, Sirohi K, Michalec L, Guo L, McKay JT, Yadav S, Verma M, Good J, Rollins D, Gorska MM, Alam R. Sprouty2 positively regulates T cell function and airway inflammation through regulation of CSK and LCK kinases. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001063. [PMID: 33684096 PMCID: PMC7971865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of Sprouty2 (Spry2) in T cells is unknown. Using 2 different (inducible and T cell-targeted) knockout mouse strains, we found that Spry2 positively regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling by modulating the activity of LCK. Spry2-/- CD4+ T cells were unable to activate LCK, proliferate, differentiate into T helper cells, or produce cytokines. Spry2 deficiency abrogated type 2 inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in a murine model of asthma. Spry2 expression was higher in blood and airway CD4+ T cells from patients with asthma, and Spry2 knockdown impaired human T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Spry2 deficiency up-regulated the lipid raft protein caveolin-1, enhanced its interaction with CSK, and increased CSK interaction with LCK, culminating in augmented inhibitory phosphorylation of LCK. Knockdown of CSK or dislodgment of caveolin-1-bound CSK restored ERK1/2 activation in Spry2-/- T cells, suggesting an essential role for Spry2 in LCK activation and T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Sripada
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kapil Sirohi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lidia Michalec
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jerome T McKay
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sangya Yadav
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mukesh Verma
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James Good
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Donald Rollins
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Gao J, Huang M, Lai J, Mao K, Sun P, Cao Z, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Schulte ML, Jin C, Wang J, White GC, Xu Z, Ma YQ. Kindlin supports platelet integrin αIIbβ3 activation by interacting with paxillin. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3764-3775. [PMID: 28954813 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindlins play an important role in supporting integrin activation by cooperating with talin; however, the mechanistic details remain unclear. Here, we show that kindlins interacted directly with paxillin and that this interaction could support integrin αIIbβ3 activation. An exposed loop in the N-terminal F0 subdomain of kindlins was involved in mediating the interaction. Disruption of kindlin binding to paxillin by structure-based mutations significantly impaired the function of kindlins in supporting integrin αIIbβ3 activation. Both kindlin and talin were required for paxillin to enhance integrin activation. Interestingly, a direct interaction between paxillin and the talin head domain was also detectable. Mechanistically, paxillin, together with kindlin, was able to promote the binding of the talin head domain to integrin, suggesting that paxillin complexes with kindlin and talin to strengthen integrin activation. Specifically, we observed that crosstalk between kindlin-3 and the paxillin family in mouse platelets was involved in supporting integrin αIIbβ3 activation and in vivo platelet thrombus formation. Taken together, our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which kindlin supports integrin αIIbβ3 activation, which might be beneficial for developing safer anti-thrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jingjing Lai
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kaijun Mao
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Peisen Sun
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhongyuan Cao
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Youpei Hu
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Marie L Schulte
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chaozhi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Gilbert C White
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA
| | - Zhen Xu
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China .,Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yan-Qing Ma
- Collaborative Research Program for Cell Adhesion Molecules, Shanghai University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200444, China .,Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, WI 53226, USA
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3
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Activity-dependent dephosphorylation of paxillin contributed to nociceptive plasticity in spinal cord dorsal horn. Pain 2016; 157:652-665. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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4
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Popp M, Thielmann I, Nieswandt B, Stegner D. Normal Platelet Integrin Function in Mice Lacking Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Clone-5 (Hic-5). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133429. [PMID: 26172113 PMCID: PMC4501753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin αIIbβ3 plays a central role in the adhesion and aggregation of platelets and thus is essential for hemostasis and thrombosis. Integrin activation requires the transmission of a signal from the small cytoplasmic tails of the α or β subunit to the large extracellular domains resulting in conformational changes of the extracellular domains to enable ligand binding. Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5), a member of the paxillin family, serves as a focal adhesion adaptor protein associated with αIIbβ3 at its cytoplasmic tails. Previous studies suggested Hic-5 as a novel regulator of integrin αIIbβ3 activation and platelet aggregation in mice. To assess this in more detail, we generated Hic-5-null mice and analyzed activation and aggregation of their platelets in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, lack of Hic-5 had no detectable effect on platelet integrin activation and function in vitro and in vivo under all tested conditions. These results indicate that Hic-5 is dispensable for integrin αIIbβ3 activation and consequently for arterial thrombosis and hemostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Popp
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine-Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Thielmann
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine-Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine-Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Stegner
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine-Vascular Medicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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5
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Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in mediating the rapid response of platelets to vascular injury. They transmit activation signals from a diverse repertoire of platelet surface receptors, including the integrin αIIbβ3, the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-containing collagen receptor complex GPVI-FcR γ-chain, and the von Willebrand factor receptor complex GPIb-IX-V, which are essential for thrombus growth and stability. Ligand-mediated clustering of these receptors triggers an increase in SFK activity and downstream tyrosine phosphorylation of enzymes, adaptors, and cytoskeletal proteins that collectively propagate the signal and coordinate platelet activation. A growing body of evidence has established that SFKs also contribute to Gq- and Gi-coupled receptor signaling that synergizes with primary activation signals to maximally activate platelets and render them prothrombotic. Interestingly, SFKs concomitantly activate inhibitory pathways that limit platelet activation and thrombus size. In this review, we discuss past discoveries that laid the foundation for this fundamental area of platelet signal transduction, recent progress in our understanding of the distinct and overlapping functions of SFKs in platelets, and new avenues of research into mechanisms of SFK regulation. We also highlight the thrombotic and hemostatic consequences of targeting platelet SFKs.
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Sakata A, Ohmori T, Nishimura S, Suzuki H, Madoiwa S, Mimuro J, Kario K, Sakata Y. Paxillin is an intrinsic negative regulator of platelet activation in mice. Thromb J 2014; 12:1. [PMID: 24383745 PMCID: PMC3904695 DOI: 10.1186/1477-9560-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paxillin is a LIM domain protein localized at integrin-mediated focal adhesions. Although paxillin is thought to modulate the functions of integrins, little is known about the contribution of paxillin to signaling pathways in platelets. Here, we studied the role of paxillin in platelet activation in vitro and in vivo. Methods and results We generated paxillin knockdown (Pxn-KD) platelets in mice by transplanting bone marrow cells transduced with a lentiviral vector carrying a short hairpin RNA sequence, and confirmed that paxillin expression was significantly reduced in platelets derived from the transduced cells. Pxn-KD platelets showed a slight increased in size and augmented integrin αIIbβ3 activation following stimulation of multiple receptors including glycoprotein VI and G protein-coupled receptors. Thromboxane A2 biosynthesis and the release of α-granules and dense granules in response to agonist stimulation were also enhanced in Pxn-KD platelets. However, Pxn-KD did not increase tyrosine phosphorylation or intracellular calcium mobilization. Intravital imaging confirmed that Pxn-KD enhanced thrombus formation in vivo. Conclusions Our findings suggest that paxillin negatively regulates several common platelet signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of integrin αIIbβ3 and release reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsukasa Ohmori
- Research Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3111-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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7
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Junctional adhesion molecule-A suppresses platelet integrin αIIbβ3 signaling by recruiting Csk to the integrin-c-Src complex. Blood 2013; 123:1393-402. [PMID: 24300854 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-496232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen binding to activated integrin induces outside-in signaling that results in stable platelet aggregates and clot retraction. How integrin αIIbβ3 is discouraged from spontaneous activation is not known. We have recently shown that junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) renders protection from thrombosis by suppressing integrin outside-in signaling. In this study, we show that JAM-A associates with integrin αIIbβ3 in resting platelets and dissociates upon platelet activation by agonists. We also show that integrin-associated JAM-A is tyrosine phosphorylated and is rapidly dephosphorylated upon platelet activation. C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) binds to tyrosine phosphorylated JAM-A through its Src homology 2 domain. Thus, JAM-A recruits Csk to the integrin-c-Src complex in resting platelets. Csk, in turn, keeps integrin-associated c-Src in an inactive state by phosphorylating Y(529) in its regulatory domain. Absence of JAM-A results in impaired c-SrcY(529) phosphorylation and augmentation of outside-in signaling-dependent c-Src activation. Our results strongly suggest that tyrosine-phosphorylated JAM-A is a Csk-binding protein and functions as an endogenous inhibitor of integrin signaling. JAM-A recruits Csk to the integrin-c-Src complex, where Csk negatively regulates c-Src activation, thereby suppressing the initiation of outside-in signaling. Upon agonist stimulation, JAM-A is dephosphorylated on the tyrosine, allowing the dissociation of Csk from the integrin complex, and thus facilitating outside-in signaling.
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8
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Tourdot BE, Brenner MK, Keough KC, Holyst T, Newman PJ, Newman DK. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-mediated inhibitory signaling is regulated by sequential phosphorylation mediated by distinct nonreceptor tyrosine kinases: a case study involving PECAM-1. Biochemistry 2013; 52:2597-608. [PMID: 23418871 DOI: 10.1021/bi301461t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The activation state of many blood and vascular cells is tightly controlled by a delicate balance between receptors that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) and those that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). Precisely how the timing of cellular activation by ITAM-coupled receptors is regulated by ITIM-containing receptors is, however, poorly understood. Using platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) as a prototypical ITIM-bearing receptor, we demonstrate that initiation of inhibitory signaling occurs via a novel, sequential process in which Src family kinases phosphorylate the C-terminal ITIM, thereby enabling phosphorylation of the N-terminal ITIM of PECAM-1 by other Src homology 2 domain-containing nonreceptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs). NRTKs capable of mediating the second phosphorylation event include C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). Btk and Csk function downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation during ITAM-dependent platelet activation. In ITAM-activated platelets that were treated with a PI3K inhibitor, PECAM-1 was phosphorylated but did not bind the tandem SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, indicating that it was not phosphorylated on its N-terminal ITIM. Csk bound to and phosphorylated PECAM-1 more efficiently than did Btk and required its SH2 domain to perform these functions. Additionally, the phosphorylation of the N-terminal ITIM of Siglec-9 by Csk is enhanced by the prior phosphorylation of its C-terminal ITIM, providing evidence that the ITIMs of other dual ITIM-containing receptors are also sequentially phosphorylated. On the basis of these findings, we propose that sequential ITIM phosphorylation provides a general mechanism for precise temporal control over the recruitment and activation of tandem SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatases that dampen ITAM-dependent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Tourdot
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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9
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Deakin NO, Pignatelli J, Turner CE. Diverse roles for the paxillin family of proteins in cancer. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:362-70. [PMID: 23226574 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The paxillin family of intracellular scaffold proteins includes paxillin, Hic-5, and leupaxin, and all have been identified as key regulators of the cellular migration machinery in both 2- and 3-dimensional microenvironments. Herein, we provide insight into the roles of these proteins during tumorigenesis and metastasis, highlighting their functions in cancer initiation as well as tumor cell dissemination and survival. Furthermore, we speculate on the potential of paxillin family proteins as both future prognostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Deakin
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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10
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Kim-Kaneyama JR, Miyauchi A, Lei XF, Arita S, Mino T, Takeda N, Kou K, Eto K, Yoshida T, Miyazaki T, Shioda S, Miyazaki A. Identification of Hic-5 as a novel regulatory factor for integrin αIIbβ3 activation and platelet aggregation in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1867-74. [PMID: 22812543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrin αIIbβ3 plays key roles in platelet aggregation and subsequent thrombus formation. Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5), a member of the paxillin family, serves as a focal adhesion adaptor protein associated with αIIbβ3 at its cytoplasmic strand. OBJECTIVES Hic-5 function in αIIbβ3 activation and subsequent platelet aggregation remains unknown. To address this question, platelets from Hic-5(-/-) mice were analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS Hic-5(-/-) mice displayed a significant hemostatic defect and resistance to thromboembolism, which were explained in part by weaker thrombin-induced aggregation in Hic-5(-/-) platelets. Mechanistically, Hic-5(-/-) platelets showed limited activation of αIIbβ3 upon thrombin treatment. Morphological alteration in Hic-5(-/-) platelets after thrombin stimulation on fibrinogen plates was also limited. As a direct consequence, the quantity of actin co-immunoprecipitating with the activated αIIbβ3 was smaller in Hic-5(-/-) platelets than in wild-type platelets. CONCLUSION We identified Hic-5 as a novel and specific regulatory factor for thrombin-induced αIIbβ3 activation and subsequent platelet aggregation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kim-Kaneyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo Department of Clinical Toxicology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Lindquist S, Karitkina D, Langnaese K, Posevitz-Fejfar A, Schraven B, Xavier R, Seed B, Lindquist JA. Phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains differentially modulates SRC kinase activity in brain maturation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23978. [PMID: 21915273 PMCID: PMC3167820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFK) control multiple processes during brain development and function. We show here that the phosphoprotein associated with glycosphigolipid-enriched microdomains (PAG)/Csk binding protein (Cbp) modulates SFK activity in the brain. The timing and localization of PAG expression overlap with Fyn and Src, both of which we find associated to PAG. We demonstrate in newborn (P1) mice that PAG negatively regulates Src family kinases (SFK). P1 Pag1-/- mouse brains show decreased recruitment of Csk into lipid rafts, reduced phosphorylation of the inhibitory tyrosines within SFKs, and an increase in SFK activity of >/ = 50%. While in brain of P1 mice, PAG and Csk are highly and ubiquitously expressed, little Csk is found in adult brain suggesting altered modes of SFK regulation. In adult brain Pag1-deficiency has no effect upon Csk-distribution or inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation, but kinase activity is now reduced (−20–30%), pointing to the development of a compensatory mechanism that may involve PSD93. The distribution of the Csk-homologous kinase CHK is not altered. Importantly, since the activities of Fyn and Src are decreased in adult Pag1-/- mice, thus presenting the reversed phenotype of P1, this provides the first in vivo evidence for a Csk-independent positive regulatory function for PAG in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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12
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Deakin NO, Turner CE. Distinct roles for paxillin and Hic-5 in regulating breast cancer cell morphology, invasion, and metastasis. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:327-41. [PMID: 21148292 PMCID: PMC3031464 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-09-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reveals novel roles for the focal adhesion proteins paxillin and Hic-5 in regulating breast cancer invasion strategies and metastasis. Depletion of paxillin promotes a hypermesenchymal phenotype while dysregulating 3D adhesion dynamics. In contrast, RNAi of Hic-5 induces a hyperamoeboid phenotype with dysregulated RhoA/pMLC signaling. Individual metastatic tumor cells exhibit two interconvertible modes of cell motility during tissue invasion that are classified as either mesenchymal or amoeboid. The molecular mechanisms by which invasive breast cancer cells regulate this migratory plasticity have yet to be fully elucidated. Herein we show that the focal adhesion adaptor protein, paxillin, and the closely related Hic-5 have distinct and unique roles in the regulation of breast cancer cell lung metastasis by modulating cell morphology and cell invasion through three-dimensional extracellular matrices (3D ECMs). Cells depleted of paxillin by RNA interference displayed a highly elongated mesenchymal morphology, whereas Hic-5 knockdown induced an amoeboid phenotype with both cell populations exhibiting reduced plasticity, migration persistence, and velocity through 3D ECM environments. In evaluating associated signaling pathways, we determined that Rac1 activity was increased in cells devoid of paxillin whereas Hic-5 silencing resulted in elevated RhoA activity and associated Rho kinase–induced nonmuscle myosin II activity. Hic-5 was essential for adhesion formation in 3D ECMs, and analysis of adhesion dynamics and lifetime identified paxillin as a key regulator of 3D adhesion assembly, stabilization, and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Deakin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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13
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Abstract
Inhibition of platelet responsiveness is important to control pathologic thrombus formation. Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) and the Src family kinase Lyn inhibit platelet activation by the glycoprotein VI (GPVI) collagen receptor; however, it is not known whether PECAM-1 and Lyn function in the same or different inhibitory pathways. In these studies, we found that, relative to wild-type platelets, platelets derived from PECAM-1-deficient, Lyn-deficient, or PECAM-1/Lyn double-deficient mice were equally hyperresponsive to stimulation with a GPVI-specific agonist, indicating that PECAM-1 and Lyn participate in the same inhibitory pathway. Lyn was required for PECAM-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent binding of the Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2, SHP-2. These results support a model in which PECAM-1/SHP-2 complexes, formed in a Lyn-dependent manner, suppress GPVI signaling.
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14
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Arthur JF, Shen Y, Gardiner EE, Coleman L, Murphy D, Kenny D, Andrews RK, Berndt MC. TNF receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) is a novel binding partner of glycoprotein Ib and glycoprotein VI in human platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:163-72. [PMID: 20946164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species generation is one consequence of ligand engagement of platelet glycoprotein (GP) receptors GPIb-IX-V and GPVI, which bind VWF/collagen and initiate thrombosis at arterial shear; however, the precise molecular mechanism coupling redox pathway activation to engagement of these receptors is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify novel binding partners for GPIb-IX-V and GPVI that could provide a potential link between redox pathways and early platelet signaling events. METHODS AND RESULTS Using protein array analysis and affinity-binding assays, we demonstrated that the orphan TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family member, TRAF4, selectively binds cytoplasmic sequences of GPIbβ and GPVI. TRAF4, p47(phox) [of the NADPH oxidase (Nox2) enzyme complex] and other redox relevant signaling proteins such as Hic-5, co-immunoprecipitate with GPIb/GPVI from human platelet lysates whilst MBP-TRAF4 or MBP-p47(phox) fusion proteins specifically pull-down GPIb/GPVI. GPIb- or GPVI-selective agonists induce phosphorylation of the TRAF4-associated proteins, Hic-5 and Pyk2, with phosphorylation attenuated by Nox2 inhibition. CONCLUSION These results describe the first direct association of TRAF4 with a receptor, and identify a novel binding partner for GPIb-IX-V and GPVI, providing a potential link between these platelet receptors and downstream TRAF4/Nox2-dependent redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Arthur
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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15
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The effects of membrane compartmentalization of csk on TCR signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:367-76. [PMID: 21167217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The TCR signal transduction is initiated by the activation of Src-family kinases (SFK) which phosphorylate Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) present in the intracellular parts of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling subunits. Numerous data suggest that after stimulation TCR interacts with membrane rafts and thus it gains access to SFK and other important molecules involved in signal transduction. However, the precise mechanism of this process is unclear. One of the key questions is how SFK access TCR and what is the importance of non-raft and membrane raft-associated SFK for the initiation and maintenance of the TCR signaling. To answer this question we targeted a negative regulator of SFK, C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) to membrane rafts, recently described "heavy rafts" or non-raft membrane. Our data show that only Csk targeted into "classical" raft but not to "heavy raft" or non-raft membrane effectively inhibits TCR signaling, demonstrating the critical role of membrane raft-associated SFK in this process.
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17
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Abstract
Members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases play important roles in platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge regarding how Src family kinase activity is regulated in general, to describe what is known about mechanisms underlying SFK activation in platelets, and to discuss platelet proteins that contribute to SFK inactivation, particularly those that use phosphotyrosine-containing sequences to recruit phosphatases and kinases to sites of SFK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Newman
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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18
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Yund EE, Hill JA, Keller RS. Hic-5 is required for fetal gene expression and cytoskeletal organization of neonatal cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 47:520-7. [PMID: 19540241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac costameres link the extracellular matrix to the sarcomere at the z-disc and contain proteins such as integrins and other signaling molecules implicated in the regulation of pathological hypertrophy. Paxillin family members, hic-5 and paxillin, are scaffolding proteins associated with the integrin complex that have been shown to mediate numerous protein interactions in other cell types. While paxillin has been described in postnatal heart, hic-5 has not been identified. Our results provide evidence of hic-5 in neonatal cardiac myocytes co-localized with paxillin and alpha-actinin at the z-discs and the ends of actin filaments. Treatment with the hypertrophic agonist phenylephrine resulted in increased hic-5 expression while having no effect on paxillin levels. To see if increased hic-5 expression was sufficient to induce changes in cytoskeletal organization, hic-5 was overexpressed in myocytes by adenoviral infection. Hic-5 overexpression significantly increased the number of cells with organized cytoskeleton. Using siRNA mediated knockdown, we examined the requirement of hic-5 and paxillin in regulation of phenylephrine induced gene expression and cytoskeletal organization. Our results indicate that hic-5, not paxillin is required for upregulation of ANF and alpha-skeletal actin genes as well as in cytoskeletal reorganization. Finally, we demonstrated that hic-5 upregulation occurs downstream of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling as inhibition of MEK1/2 using U0126 inhibitor completely inhibited hic-5 upregulation by PE. In a complimentary study, we showed that hic-5 knockdown had no effect on PE induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These findings demonstrate a novel role for hic-5 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and fetal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Yund
- Center for Cardiovascular Science, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave., MC8, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Roles for SH2 and SH3 domains in Lyn kinase association with activated FcepsilonRI in RBL mast cells revealed by patterned surface analysis. J Struct Biol 2009; 168:161-7. [PMID: 19427382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mast cells, antigen-mediated cross-linking of IgE bound to its high-affinity surface receptor, FcepsilonRI, initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in degranulation and release of allergic mediators. Antigen-patterned surfaces, in which the antigen is deposited in micron-sized features on a silicon substrate, were used to examine the spatial relationship between clustered IgE-FcepsilonRI complexes and Lyn, the signal-initiating tyrosine kinase. RBL mast cells expressing wild-type Lyn-EGFP showed co-redistribution of this protein with clustered IgE receptors on antigen-patterned surfaces, whereas Lyn-EGFP containing an inhibitory point mutation in its SH2 domain did not significantly accumulate with the patterned antigen, and Lyn-EGFP with an inhibitory point mutation in its SH3 domain exhibited reduced interactions. Our results using antigen-patterned surfaces and quantitative cross-correlation image analysis reveal that both the SH2 and SH3 domains contribute to interactions between Lyn kinase and cross-linked IgE receptors in stimulated mast cells.
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Focal adhesion proteins connect IgE receptors to the cytoskeleton as revealed by micropatterned ligand arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:17238-44. [PMID: 19004813 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802138105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterned surfaces that present specific ligands in spatially defined arrays are used to examine structural linkages between clustered IgE receptors (IgE-Fc epsilonRI) and the cytoskeleton in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) mast cells. We showed with fluorescence microscopy that cytoskeletal F-actin concentrates in the same regions as cell surface IgE-Fc epsilonRI that bind to the micrometer-size patterned ligands. However, the proteins mediating these cytoskeletal connections and their functional relevance were not known. We now show that whereas the adaptor proteins ezrin and moesin do not detectably concentrate with the array of clustered IgE-Fc epsilonRI, focal adhesion proteins vinculin, paxillin, and talin, which are known to link F-actin with integrins, accumulate in these regions on the same time scale as F-actin. Moreover, colocalization of these focal adhesion proteins with clustered IgE-Fc epsilonRI is enhanced after addition of fibronectin-RGD peptides. Significantly, the most prominent rat basophilic leukemia cell integrin (alpha5) avoids the patterned regions occupied by the ligands and associates preferentially with exposed regions of the silicon substrate. Thus, spatial separation provided by the patterned surface reveals that particular focal adhesion proteins, which connect to the actin cytoskeleton, associate with ligand-cross-linked IgE-Fc epsilonRI, independently of integrins. We investigated the functional role of one of these proteins, paxillin, in IgE-Fc epsilonRI-mediated signaling by using small interfering RNA. From these results, we determine that paxillin reduces stimulated phosphorylation of the Fc epsilonRI beta subunit but enhances stimulated Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. The results suggest that paxillin associated with clustered IgE-Fc epsilonRI has a net positive effect on Fc epsilonRI signaling.
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Svec A. Phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains/Csk-binding protein: A protein that matters. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:785-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Tougan T, Onda H, Okuzaki D, Kobayashi S, Hashimoto H, Nojima H. Focused microarray analysis of peripheral mononuclear blood cells from Churg-Strauss syndrome patients. DNA Res 2008; 15:103-14. [PMID: 18263571 PMCID: PMC2650626 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsm035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA diagnostics are useful but are hampered by difficult ethical issues. Moreover, it cannot provide enough information on the environmental factors that are important for pathogenesis of certain diseases. However, this is not a problem for RNA diagnostics, which evaluate the expression of the gene in question. We here report a novel RNA diagnostics tool that can be employed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To establish this tool, we identified 290 genes that are highly expressed in normal PBMCs but not in TIG-1, a normal human fibroblast cell. These genes were entitled PREP after predominantly expressed in PBMC and included 50 uncharacterized genes. We then conducted PREP gene-focused microarray analysis on PBMCs from seven cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), which is a small-vessel necrotizing vasculitis. We found that PREP135 (coactosin-like protein), PREP77 (prosaposin), PREP191 (cathepsin D), PREP234 (c-fgr), and PREP136 (lysozyme) were very highly up-regulated in all seven CSS patients. Another 28 genes were also up-regulated, albeit more moderately, and three were down-regulated in all CSS patients. The nature of these up- and down-regulated genes suggest that the immune systems of the patients are activated in response to invading microorganisms. These observations indicate that focused microarray analysis of PBMCs may be a practical, useful, and low-cost bedside diagnostics tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tougan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
The role of the paxillin superfamily of adaptor proteins in B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling has not been studied previously. We show here that leupaxin (LPXN), a member of this family, was tyrosine-phosphorylated and recruited to the plasma membrane of human BJAB lymphoma cells upon BCR stimulation and that it interacted with Lyn (a critical Src family tyrosine kinase in BCR signaling) in a BCR-induced manner. LPXN contains four leucine-rich sequences termed LD motifs, and serial truncation and specific domain deletion of LPXN indicated that its LD3 domain is involved in the binding of Lyn. Of a total of 11 tyrosine sites in LPXN, we mutated Tyr(22), Tyr(72), Tyr(198), and Tyr(257) to phenylalanine and demonstrated that LPXN was phosphorylated by Lyn only at Tyr(72) and that this tyrosine site is proximal to the LD3 domain. The overexpression of LPXN in mouse A20 B lymphoma cells led to the suppression of BCR-induced activation of JNK, p38 MAPK, and, to a lesser extent, Akt, but not ERK and NFkappaB, suggesting that LPXN can selectively repress BCR signaling. We further show that LPXN suppressed the secretion of interleukin-2 by BCR-activated A20 B cells and that this inhibition was abrogated in the Y72F LPXN mutant, indicating that the phosphorylation of Tyr(72) is critical for the biological function of LPXN. Thus, LPXN plays an inhibitory role in BCR signaling and B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chew
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research and Singapore Immunology Network, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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