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Kramer M, Hoang TH, Yang H, Shchyglo O, Böge J, Neubacher U, Colitti-Klausnitzer J, Manahan-Vaughan D. Intracerebral inoculation of healthy non-transgenic rats with a single aliquot of oligomeric amyloid-β (1-42) profoundly and progressively alters brain function throughout life. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1397901. [PMID: 39156737 PMCID: PMC11327071 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1397901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the puzzling aspects of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is how it commences. Changes in one key brain peptide, amyloid-beta (Aβ), accompany disease progression, but whether this comprises a trigger or a consequence of AD is still a topic of debate. It is clear however that the cerebral presence of oligomeric Aβ (1-42) is a key factor in early AD-pathogenesis. Furthermore, treatment of rodent brains with oligomeric Aβ (1-42) either in vitro or in vivo, acutely impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity, creating a link between Aβ-pathology and learning impairments. Here, we show that a once-off inoculation of the brains of healthy adult rats with oligomeric Aβ (1-42) exerts debilitating effects on the long-term viability of the hippocampus, one of the primary targets of AD. Changes are progressive: months after treatment, synaptic plasticity, neuronal firing and spatial learning are impaired and expression of plasticity-related proteins are changed, in the absence of amyloid plaques. Early changes relate to activation of microglia, whereas later changes are associated with a reconstruction of astroglial morphology. These data suggest that a disruption of Aβ homeostasis may suffice to trigger an irreversible cascade, underlying progressive loss of hippocampal function, that parallels the early stages of AD.
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Schoellerman J, Lord B, Bhattacharya A, Stenne B, Wall JL, Rech J, Letavic M, Bonaventure P, Balana B. Characterization of tritiated JNJ-GluN2B-5 (3-[ 3H] 1-(azetidin-1-yl)-2-(6-(4-fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl)pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)ethanone), a high affinity GluN2B radioligand with selectivity over sigma receptors. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38770633 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Here, we describe the characterization of a radioligand selective for GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, 3-[3H] 1-(azetidin-1-yl)-2-(6-(4-fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl)pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-1-yl)ethanone ([3H]-JNJ- GluN2B-5). In rat cortical membranes, the compound bound to a single site, and the following kinetic parameters were measured; association rate constant Kon = 0.0066 ± 0.0006 min-1 nM-1, dissociation rate constant Koff = 0.0210 ± 0.0001 min-1 indicating calculated KD = Koff/Kon = 3.3 ± 0.4 nM, (mean ± SEM, n = 3). The equilibrium dissociation constant determined from saturation binding experiments in rat cortex was KD of 2.6 ± 0.3 nM (mean ± SEM, n = 3). In contrast to the widely used GluN2B radioligand [3H]-Ro 25-6981, whose affinity Ki for sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors are 2 and 189 nM, respectively, [3H]-JNJ-GluN2B-5 exhibits no measurable affinity for sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors (Ki > 10 μM for both) providing distinct selectivity advantages. Anatomical distribution of [3H]-JNJ-GluN2B-5 binding sites in rat, mouse, dog, monkey, and human brain tissue was studied using in vitro autoradiography, which showed high specific binding in the hippocampus and cortex and negligible binding in the cerebellum. Enhanced selectivity for GluN2B-containing receptors translated to a good signal-to-noise ratio in both in vitro radioligand binding and in vitro autoradiography assays. In conclusion, [3H]-JNJ-GluN2B-5 is a high-affinity GluN2B radioligand with excellent signal-to-noise ratio and unprecedented selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schoellerman
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian Lord
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brice Stenne
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica L Wall
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jason Rech
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Letavic
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pascal Bonaventure
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Bartosz Balana
- Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, La Jolla, California, USA
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GRIN2A-related epilepsy and speech disorders: A comprehensive overview with a focus on the role of precision therapeutics. Epilepsy Res 2023; 189:107065. [PMID: 36516565 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Language dysfunction is a common and serious comorbidity of epilepsy, especially in individuals with epilepsy aphasia spectrum syndromes. Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes is on the mild end of the spectrum, while epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep syndrome is on the severe end. Traditional antiseizure medicines and immunotherapy are currently used to treat severely affected patients, but the results are usually disappointing. The discovery that GRIN2A is the primary monogenic etiology of these diseases has opened the door to precision treatments. The GRIN2A gene encodes GluN2A protein, which constitutes a subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). The GRIN2A pathogenic variants cause gain or loss of function of NMDAR; the former can be treated with uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists, such as memantine, while the latter with NMDAR co-agonist serine. Hyper-precision therapies with various other effective agents are likely to be developed shortly to target the diverse functional effects of different variants. Precision treatments for GRIN2A-related disorders will benefit those who suffer from the condition and pave the way for new therapeutic approaches to a variety of other NMDAR-linked neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases (schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and so on). Furthermore, more research into GRIN2A-related disorders will help us better understand the neuroinflammatory and neuroimmunological basis of epilepsy, as well as the pathological and physiological network activation mechanisms that cause sleep activation of central-temporal spikes and language impairment.
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de Geus TJ, Patijn J, Joosten EAJ. Qualitative review on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression in rat spinal cord during the postnatal development: Implications for central sensitization and pain. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:443-455. [PMID: 33131183 PMCID: PMC7894158 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is an important mediator of central sensitization and nociception in the rat spinal dorsal horn. The NMDAR subunits and splice variants determine the properties of the receptor. Understanding the expression of NMDAR subunits in spinal cord during the neonatal development is important as it may have consequences for the process of central sensitization and nociception in later life. In this review, a systematic literature search was conducted using three databases: Medline, Embase, and PubMed. A quality assessment was performed on predetermined entities of bias. Thirteen articles were identified to be relevant. The results show that NMDAR subunits and splice variants are dynamically expressed during postnatal development in the spinal dorsal horn. During the first 2 weeks, the expression of less excitable GluN2A subunit and more sensitive GluN2B subunit increases while the expression of high excitable GluN2C subunit decreases. During the 2nd week of postnatal development GluN1 subunits with exon 21 spliced in but exon 22 spliced out are predominantly expressed, increasing phosphorylation, and transport to the membrane. The data suggest that in rats, the nociceptive system is most susceptible to central sensitization processes during the first two postnatal weeks. This may have important consequences for nociception and pain responses in later life. From this, we conclude that targeted therapy directed toward specific NMDAR subunits is a promising candidate for mechanism‐based treatment of pain in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J de Geus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Patijn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Elbert A J Joosten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Candidate Strategies for Development of a Rapid-Acting Antidepressant Class That Does Not Result in Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects: Prevention of Ketamine-Induced Neuropsychiatric Adverse Reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217951. [PMID: 33114753 PMCID: PMC7662754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate/glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonism has been considered to play important roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In spite of severe neuropsychiatric adverse effects, esketamine (racemic enantiomer of ketamine) has been approved for the treatment of conventional monoaminergic antidepressant-resistant depression. Furthermore, ketamine improves anhedonia, suicidal ideation and bipolar depression, for which conventional monoaminergic antidepressants are not fully effective. Therefore, ketamine has been accepted, with rigorous restrictions, in psychiatry as a new class of antidepressant. Notably, the dosage of ketamine for antidepressive action is comparable to the dose that can generate schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, the psychotropic effects of ketamine precede the antidepressant effects. The maintenance of the antidepressive efficacy of ketamine often requires repeated administration; however, repeated ketamine intake leads to abuse and is consistently associated with long-lasting memory-associated deficits. According to the dissociative anaesthetic feature of ketamine, it exerts broad acute influences on cognition/perception. To evaluate the therapeutic validation of ketamine across clinical contexts, including its advantages and disadvantages, psychiatry should systematically assess the safety and efficacy of either short- and long-term ketamine treatments, in terms of both acute and chronic outcomes. Here, we describe the clinical evidence of NMDAR antagonists, and then the temporal mechanisms of schizophrenia-like and antidepressant-like effects of the NMDAR antagonist, ketamine. The underlying pharmacological rodent studies will also be discussed.
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Lyu Y, Ren XK, Zhang HF, Tian FJ, Mu JB, Zheng JP. Sub-chronic administration of benzo[a]pyrene disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation via inhibiting CaMK II/PKC/PKA-ERK-CREB signaling in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:961-970. [PMID: 32255272 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is recognized as a neurotoxic pollutant to mammals, which could impair learning and memory function. Although there is some evidence to suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein in nerve cells, is involved into the B[a]P induced neurotoxicity, the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, particularly the effects of B[a]P on the NMDAR downstream signaling transduction pathways. In the present study, we examined the neurotoxicity of sub-chronic administrated B[a]P on male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our data suggested that B[a]P exposure caused significant deficits in learning and memory function and the impairment of hippocampal LTP in rats. Further mechanistic studies indicate that B[a]P-induced learning and memory deficits are associated with the inhibition of NMDAR NR1 subunit transcription and protein phosphorylation. More importantly, the inactivation of CaMK II/PKC/PKA-ERK-CREB signaling pathways in hippocampus was detected at both the 2.5 and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P-treated groups, indicating that multiple targets in NMDAR and downstream signaling pathways are involved in the B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lyu
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xue-Ke Ren
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui-Fang Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng-Jie Tian
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian-Bing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin-Ping Zheng
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
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Metabolic modulation predicts heart failure tests performance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218153. [PMID: 31220103 PMCID: PMC6586291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic changes that accompany changes in Cardiopulmonary testing (CPET) and heart failure biomarkers (HFbio) are not well known. We undertook metabolomic and lipidomic phenotyping of a cohort of heart failure (HF) patients and utilized Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) to identify associations to CPET and HFBio test performance (peak oxygen consumption (Peak VO2), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), exercise duration, and minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production slope (VE/VCO2 slope), as well as the established HF biomarkers of inflammation C-reactive protein (CRP), beta-galactoside-binding protein (galectin-3), and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)). A cohort of 49 patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%, predominantly males African American, presenting a high frequency of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension were used in the study. MRA revealed that metabolic models for VE/VCO2 and Peak VO2 were the most fitted models, and the highest predictors’ coefficients were from Acylcarnitine C18:2, palmitic acid, citric acid, asparagine, and 3-hydroxybutiric acid. Metabolic Pathway Analysis (MetPA) used predictors to identify the most relevant metabolic pathways associated to the study, aminoacyl-tRNA and amino acid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, sphingolipid and glycerolipid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis (MSEA) found associations of our findings with pre-existing biological knowledge from studies of human plasma metabolism as brain dysfunction and enzyme deficiencies associated with lactic acidosis. Our results indicate a profile of oxidative stress, lactic acidosis, and metabolic syndrome coupled with mitochondria dysfunction in patients with HF tests poor performance. The insights resulting from this study coincides with what has previously been discussed in existing literature thereby supporting the validity of our findings while at the same time characterizing the metabolic underpinning of CPET and HFBio.
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Espinosa-Ramos JI, Capecci E, Kasabov N. A Computational Model of Neuroreceptor-Dependent Plasticity (NRDP) Based on Spiking Neural Networks. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2017.2776863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Schverer M, Lanfumey L, Baulieu EE, Froger N, Villey I. Neurosteroids: non-genomic pathways in neuroplasticity and involvement in neurological diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:190-206. [PMID: 29953900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are neuroactive brain-born steroids. They can act through non-genomic and/or through genomic pathways. Genomic pathways are largely described for steroid hormones: the binding to nuclear receptors leads to transcription regulation. Pregnenolone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, their respective sulfate esters and Allopregnanolone have no corresponding nuclear receptor identified so far whereas some of their non-genomic targets have been identified. Neuroplasticity is the capacity that neuronal networks have to change their structure and function in response to biological and/or environmental signals; it is regulated by several mechanisms, including those that involve neurosteroids. In this review, after a description of their biosynthesis, the effects of Pregnenolone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, their respective sulfate esters and Allopregnanolone on their targets will be exposed. We then shall highlight that neurosteroids, by acting on these targets, can regulate neurogenesis, structural and functional plasticity. Finally, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of neurosteroids in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases in which alterations of neuroplasticity are associated with changes in neurosteroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Schverer
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Inserm U894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Etienne-Emile Baulieu
- MAPREG SAS, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm UMR 1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Sattar Y, Wilson J, Khan AM, Adnan M, Azzopardi Larios D, Shrestha S, Rahman Q, Mansuri Z, Hassan A, Patel NB, Tariq N, Latchana S, Lopez Pantoja SC, Vargas S, Shaikh NA, Syed F, Mittal D, Rumesa F. A Review of the Mechanism of Antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor by Ketamine in Treatment-resistant Depression. Cureus 2018; 10:e2652. [PMID: 30034974 PMCID: PMC6051558 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical processes involved in depression go beyond serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has a major role in the neurophysiology of depression. Ketamine, one of the prototypical NMDA antagonists, works rapidly in controlling depressive symptoms, including acutely suicidal behavior, by just a single injection. Ketamine may rapidly increase the glutamate levels and lead to structural neuronal changes. Increased neuronal dendritic growth may contribute to synaptogenesis and an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), as well as increased levels of BDNF, may increase long-term potentiation and result in an improvement in the symptoms of depression. The mechanisms of ketamine's proposed effect as an off-label treatment for resistant depression are outlined in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Sattar
- Research Assistant, Kings County Hospital Center, New York, USA
| | - John Wilson
- Adult Psychiatry, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
| | - Ali M Khan
- Psychiatry Resident, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, Texas, USA
| | - Mahwish Adnan
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, toronto, CAN
| | | | | | | | - Zeeshan Mansuri
- Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Odessa/permian Basin
| | - Ali Hassan
- Medical Graduate, American University of Antigua
| | | | | | | | | | - Sadiasept Vargas
- Department of Medicine, Instituto Tecnológico De Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, DOM
| | | | - Fawaduzzaman Syed
- Internal Medicine, Sindh Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Chicago, USA
| | - Daaman Mittal
- Pediatrics, Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, ludhiana, IND
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Grigsby KB, Kovarik CM, Rottinghaus GE, Booth FW. High and low nightly running behavior associates with nucleus accumbens N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) NR1 subunit expression and NMDAR functional differences. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:50-55. [PMID: 29425730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors facilitate the motivation to voluntarily wheel-run in rodents has yet to be determined. In so, we utilized female Wistar rats selectively bred to voluntarily run high (HVR) and low (LVR) nightly distances in order to examine if endogenous differences in nucleus accumbens (NAc) NMDA receptor expression and function underlies the propensity for high or low motivation to voluntarily wheel-run. 12-14 week old HVR and LVR females were used to examine: 1.) NAc mRNA and protein expression of NMDA subunits NR1, NR2A and NR2B; 2.) NMDA current responses in isolated medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and 3.) NMDA-evoked dopamine release in an ex vivo preparation of NAc punches. Expectedly, there was a large divergence in nightly running distance and time between HVR and LVR rats. We saw a significantly higher mRNA and protein expression of NR1 in HVR compared to LVR rats, while seeing no difference in the expression of NR2A or NR2B. There was a greater current response to a 500 ms application of 300 μM of NMDA in medium-spiny neurons isolated from the NAc HVR compared to LVR animals. On average, NMDA-evoked punches (50 μM of NMDA for 10 min) taken from HVR rats retained ∼54% of the dopamine content compared to their bilateral non-evoked sides, while evoked punches from LVR animals showed no statistical decrease in dopamine content compared to their non-evoked sides. Collectively, these data suggest a potential link between NAc NR1 subunit expression as well as NMDA function and the predisposition for nightly voluntary running behavior in rats. In light of the epidemic rise in physical inactivity, these findings have the potential to explain a neuro-molecular mechanism that regulates the motivation to be physically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolter B Grigsby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
| | - Cathleen M Kovarik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - George E Rottinghaus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Fan Z, Qian Y, Lu Q, Wang Y, Chang S, Yang L. DLGAP1 and NMDA receptor-associated postsynaptic density protein genes influence executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00914. [PMID: 29484270 PMCID: PMC5822579 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the association of DLGAP1 gene with executive function (EF) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. Method A total of 763 ADHD children and 140 healthy controls were enrolled. The difference of EF between ADHD and controls was analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with IQ, sex, and age as covariates. Both the associations of SNPs with EF and three symptom traits of ADHD were conducted using an additive linear regression model by PLINK with the same covariates as ANCOVA. Results Compared with controls, children with ADHD showed poorer cognitive flexibility and inhibition. Two SNPs (rs2049161, p-value = 5.08e-7, adjusted p-value = 1.63e-4, rs16946051, p-value = 5.18e-7, adjusted p-value = 1.66e-4) survived multiple tests in Trail Making Test. Both SNPs also showed association with TOH (rs2049161, p = 6.82e-4, rs16946051, p = 7.91e-4). Set-based analysis for gene DLGAP1 and its functional pathway DLGAP1-DLG4-NMDA showed they were associated with cognitive flexibility at both gene (p = .0057) and pathway level (p = .0321). Furthermore, the gene and pathway also showed association with ADHD symptom score. The associated SNPs and their LD proxies were related to the expression of DLGAP1 in medulla and frontal cortex. Conclusion Children with ADHD showed deficit in EF, especially, cognitive flexibility and inhibition. DLGAP1 was associated with cognitive flexibility and plan, and the role of DLGAP1 might be implemented through the complex of DLGAP1-DLG4-NMDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Fan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health)National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental HealthMinistry of Health (Peking University)BeijingChina
| | - Ying Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health)National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental HealthMinistry of Health (Peking University)BeijingChina
| | - Qing Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health)National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental HealthMinistry of Health (Peking University)BeijingChina
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health)National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental HealthMinistry of Health (Peking University)BeijingChina
| | - Suhua Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental HealthInstitute of PsychologyBeijingChina
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health)National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental HealthMinistry of Health (Peking University)BeijingChina
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Opere CA, Heruye S, Njie-Mbye YF, Ohia SE, Sharif NA. Regulation of Excitatory Amino Acid Transmission in the Retina: Studies on Neuroprotection. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:107-118. [PMID: 29267132 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity occurs in neurons due to the accumulation of excitatory amino acids such as glutamate in the synaptic and extrasynaptic locations. In the retina, excessive glutamate concentrations trigger a neurotoxic cascade involving several mechanisms, including the elevation of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) and the activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy 5-methyl-4-iso-xazole-propionic acid/kainate (AMPA/KA) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors leading to retinal degeneration. Both ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are present in the mammalian retina. Indeed, due to the abundant expression of GluRs, the mammalian retina is highly susceptible to excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Excitotoxicity has been postulated to present a common downstream mechanism for several stimuli, including hypoglycemia, hypoxia, ischemia, and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Experimental approaches to the study of neuroprotection in the retina have utilized insults that trigger hypoxia, hypoglycemia, or excitotoxicity. Using these experimental approaches, the neuroprotective potential of GluR agents, including the NMDA receptor modulators (MK801, ifenprodil, memantine); AMPA/KA receptor antagonist (CNQX); Group II and III mGluR agonists (LY354740, quisqualate); and Ca2+-channel blockers (diltiazem, lomerizine, verapamil, ω-conotoxin), and others (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, acetylcholine receptor agonists) have been elucidated. In addition to corroborating the exocytotic role of excitatory amino acids in retinal degeneration, these studies affirm that multiple mechanism/s contribute to the prevention of damage caused by excitotoxicity in the retina. Therefore, it is feasible that several pathways are involved in protecting the retina from toxic insults in ocular neurodegenerative conditions such as glaucoma and retinal ischemia. Furthermore, these experimental models are viable tools for evaluating therapeutic candidates in ocular neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Opere
- 1 Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Segewkal Heruye
- 1 Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ya-Fatou Njie-Mbye
- 2 Department of Environmental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
| | - Sunny E Ohia
- 2 Department of Environmental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas
| | - Najam A Sharif
- 2 Department of Environmental and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University , Houston, Texas.,3 Santen Incorporated , Emeryville, California
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14
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Milicevic Sephton S, Vetterli PT, Pedani V, Cermak S, Chiotellis A, Roscales S, Müller Herde A, Schibli R, Auberson YP, Ametamey SM. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Quinoxaline Derivatives for PET Imaging of the NMDA Receptor. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selena Milicevic Sephton
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter T. Vetterli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Valentina Pedani
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Stjepko Cermak
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Aristeidis Chiotellis
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Roscales
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Müller Herde
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Paul-Scherrer Institute; Villigen CH-5232 Switzerland
| | - Yves P. Auberson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Novartis Pharma AG; CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Simon M. Ametamey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences of ETH, PSI and USZ; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
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Savy CY, Fitchett AE, Blain PG, Morris CM, Judge SJ. Gene expression analysis reveals chronic low level exposure to the pesticide diazinon affects psychological disorders gene sets in the adult rat. Toxicology 2017; 393:90-101. [PMID: 29108742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low level exposure to organophosphate (OPs) pesticides in adulthood has been linked to adverse neurobehavioural deficits and psychological disorder symptoms, although this remains a contentious issue. The OP-induced biological changes that could underlie these effects are unclear. We assessed gene expression changes following chronic low level exposure to diazinon, a pesticide with a high dietary exposure risk. Adult male rats were orally exposed to diazinon (0, 1, 2mg/kg, 5days a week for 12 weeks). After 4 weeks, marble burying behaviour was lower in diazinon exposed rats than vehicle exposed rats; this difference persisted for 8 weeks. Chronic diazinon exposure did not significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, the primary mechanism of action of high level OPs. Affymetrix GeneChip® HT RG-230 PM Arrays were used for gene profiling followed by Ingenuity Pathway analysis. In the hippocampus, the most significant gene expression changes caused by OP exposure were associated with Psychological Disorders, and Cell-To-Cell Signalling and Interaction functions. Genes encoding the AMPA3 glutamate receptor, glutaminase, dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase were up-regulated, whereas the gene encoding the GABAB1 receptor was down-regulated. In the dorsal raphe nucleus, genes associated with development and the Psychological Disorders function were significantly affected, including the up-regulation of the gene encoding the α1b-adrenoceptor, the major driver of serotoninergic (5-HT) neuronal activity. These data indicate that chronic exposure to diazinon in adulthood, below the threshold to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, stimulates glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic synaptic transmission which may underlie adverse neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Savy
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ann E Fitchett
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Peter G Blain
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Sarah J Judge
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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16
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Chepelev NL, Long AS, Bowers WJ, Gagné R, Williams A, Kuo B, Phillips DH, Arlt VM, White PA, Yauk CL. Transcriptional profiling of the mouse hippocampus supports an NMDAR-mediated neurotoxic mode of action for benzo[a]pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:350-63. [PMID: 27195522 PMCID: PMC4915531 DOI: 10.1002/em.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a genotoxic carcinogen and a neurotoxicant. The neurotoxicity of BaP is proposed to arise from either genotoxicity leading to neuronal cell death, or perturbed expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits. To explore these hypotheses, we profiled hippocampal gene expression of adult male Muta(™) Mouse administered 0, 1, 35, or 70 mg BaP/kg bw per day by oral gavage for 3 days. Transcriptional profiles were examined by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), DNA microarrays, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). BaP-DNA adducts in the cerebellum were quantified by (32) P-post-labeling to measure genotoxicity. RNA-seq revealed altered expression of 0, 260, and 219 genes (P-value < 0.05, fold-change ≥ ± 1.5) following exposure to the low, medium, and high doses, respectively; 54 genes were confirmed by microarrays. Microarray and RT-PCR analysis showed increased expression of NMDAR subunits Grina and Grin2a. In contrast, no effects on DNA-damage response genes were observed despite comparable BaP-DNA adduct levels in the cerebellum and in the lungs and livers of mice at similar BaP doses in previous studies. The results suggest that DNA-damage response does not play a major role in BaP-induced adult neurotoxicity. Meta-analysis revealed that BaP-induced transcriptional profiles are highly correlated with those from the hippocampus of transgenic mice exhibiting similar neurotoxicity outcomes to BaP-exposed mice and rats (i.e., defects in learning and memory). Overall, we suggest that BaP-induced neurotoxicity is more likely to be a consequence of NMDAR perturbation than genotoxicity, and identify other important genes potentially mediating this adverse outcome. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:350-363, 2016. © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis © 2016 Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai L Chepelev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Alexandra S Long
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Wayne J Bowers
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Rémi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - David H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, HECSB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
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17
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Wang J, Li L, Shao SS, He Z, Chen YL, Kong R, Zhang XH, Gong JH, Song RR. Association analysis of genetic variant of rs13331 in PSD95 gene with autism spectrum disorders: A case-control study in a Chinese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:285-288. [PMID: 27072977 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by high heritability. Recently, autism, the most profound form of ASD, has been increasingly attributed to synaptic abnormalities. Postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), encoding PSD protein-95, was found essential for synaptic formation, maturation and plasticity at a PSD of excitatory synapse. It is possibly a crucial candidate gene for the pathogenesis of ASD. To identify the relationship between the rs13331 of PSD95 gene and ASD, we performed a case-control study in 212 patients and 636 controls in a Chinese population by using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase (PCR-RFLP) assay. The results showed that in genetic analysis of the heterozygous model, an association between the T allele of the rs13331 and ASD was found in the dominant model (OR=1.709, 95% CI 1.227-2.382, P=0.002) and the additive model (OR=1.409, 95% CI=1.104-1.800, P=0.006). Our data indicate that the genetic mutation C>T at the rs13331 in the PSD95 gene is strikingly associated with an increased risk of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Li
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Shan-Shan Shao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhen He
- Central Hospital of Longhua New District, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yan-Lin Chen
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Hua Gong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China.
| | - Ran-Ran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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18
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Glutamate and ATP at the Interface Between Signaling and Metabolism in Astroglia: Examples from Pathology. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:19-34. [PMID: 26915104 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the brain, while ATP represents the most important energy currency in any living cell. Yet, these chemicals play an important role in both processes, enabling them with dual-acting functions in metabolic and intercellular signaling pathways. Glutamate can fuel ATP production, while ATP can act as a transmitter in intercellular signaling. We discuss the interface between glutamate and ATP in signaling and metabolism of astrocytes. Not only do glutamate and ATP cross each other's paths in physiology of the brain, but they also do so in its pathology. We present the fabric of this process in (patho)physiology through the discussion of synthesis and metabolism of ATP and glutamate in astrocytes as well as by providing a general description of astroglial receptors for these molecules along with the downstream signaling pathways that may be activated. It is astroglial receptors for these dual-acting molecules that could hold a key for medical intervention in pathological conditions. We focus on two examples disclosing the role of activation of astroglial ATP and glutamate receptors in pathology of two kinds of brain tissue, gray matter and white matter, respectively. Interventions at the interface of metabolism and signaling show promise for translational medicine.
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19
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Whitaker EE, Bissonnette B, Miller AD, Koppert TL, Tobias JD, Pierson CR, Christofi FL. A novel, clinically relevant use of a piglet model to study the effects of anesthetics on the developing brain. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:2. [PMID: 26757938 PMCID: PMC4710621 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity research in the developing brain must rely upon an unimpeachable animal model and a standardized treatment approach. In this manner, identification of mechanisms of action may be undertaken. The goal of this study was to develop a novel, clinically relevant, translational way to use a piglet model to investigate anesthesia effects on the developing brain. Methods 29 newborn piglets were assigned to either: (1) control (no intervention, n = 10); (2) lipopolysaccharide (LPS; positive inflammatory control, n = 9); or (3) isoflurane anesthesia (n = 10). Positive inflammatory control animals were given 100 mcg/kg LPS from Escherichia coli intraperitoneally (IP) on the same day as those receiving isoflurane. Isoflurane was administered for 3 h while care was taken to ensure human perioperative conditions. To establish a clinical scenario, each animal was intubated and monitored with pulse oximetry, invasive and non-invasive blood pressure, electrocardiogram, temperature, end-tidal CO2, anesthetic concentration, and iSTAT blood analysis. All animals were sacrificed after 48 h using transcardiac perfusion of ice-cold, heparinized phosphate buffered saline (PBS) followed by 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA). Brains were collected and histopathological analysis focused on the entorhinal cortex looking for degenerative changes due to its critical role in learning and memory. Reliable identification of entorhinal cortex was achieved by using colored ink on the surface of the brains, which was then cross-referenced with microscopic anatomy. Hematoxylin & eosin-stained high-power fields was used to quantify cells. ImageJ™ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to count absolute number of progenitor glial cells (PGC) and number of PGCs per cluster. Immunohistochemistry was also utilized to ensure positive identification of cellular structures. Results Histopathological sections of 28 brains were analyzed. One animal in the LPS group died shortly after administration, presumably from inadvertent intravascular injection. There was an acute basal ganglia ischemic infarct in one isoflurane-treated animal. A large number of small, round nucleated cells were seen throughout layer II of the entorhinal cortex in all animals. These cells were identified as PGCs using immunohistochemistry and light microscopy. Although there was no difference in the absolute number of PGCs between the groups, animals given isoflurane or LPS demonstrated a significant increase in cells forming ‘clusters’ in the entorhinal cortex. An apparent change in the pattern of doublecortin labeling also suggests changes in neuronal precursors and undifferentiated neurons. Conclusions This study represents the first novel use of a clinically relevant neonatal piglet model to study anesthesia effects on the developing brain. LPS induces neuroinflammation, and this is a potential mechanism for LPS and perhaps isoflurane in causing a change in progenitor cell distribution. We postulate that the isoflurane-induced change in glial progenitor cell distribution could have important implications for cell differentiation, maturation and neural circuit behavior in the rapidly developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmett E Whitaker
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Bruno Bissonnette
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA. .,Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Toronto, 123 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1E2, Canada.
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, T5-006A Veterinary Research Tower, Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Tanner L Koppert
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Joseph D Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Fievos L Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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20
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Kwon OJ, Lee JS, Kim HG, Jeon CJ. Identification of Synaptic Patterns of NMDA Receptor Subtypes Upon Direction-Selective Rabbit Retinal Ganglion Cells. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:832-43. [PMID: 26287656 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1056378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to identify anisotropies that contribute to the directional preference of direction-selective retinal ganglion cells (DS RGCs) in the rabbit retina. We investigated the distributions of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1), NMDAR2A and NMDAR2B receptor subunits in the dendritic arbors of rabbit DS RGCs. METHODS The distributions of the NMDAR subunits on the DS RGCs were determined using immunocytochemistry. DS RGCs were injected with Lucifer yellow, and the cells were identified by their characteristic morphology. The triple-labeled images of dendrites, kinesin II and NMDARs were visualized using confocal microscopy and were reconstructed from high-resolution confocal images. RESULTS We found no evidence of asymmetry in any of the NMDAR subunits examined on the dendritic arbors of both the ON and OFF layers of DS RGCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that direction selectivity appears to lie in the neuronal circuitry afferent to the DS RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Ju Kwon
- a Department of Optometry , Busan Institute of Science and Technology , Busan , South Korea and.,b Department of Biology , School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- b Department of Biology , School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Hang-Gu Kim
- b Department of Biology , School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Jeon
- b Department of Biology , School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, and Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , South Korea
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21
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Xu MK, Gaysina D, Barnett JH, Scoriels L, van de Lagemaat LN, Wong A, Richards M, Croudace TJ, Jones PB. Psychometric precision in phenotype definition is a useful step in molecular genetic investigation of psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e593. [PMID: 26125156 PMCID: PMC4490295 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective disorders are highly heritable, but few genetic risk variants have been consistently replicated in molecular genetic association studies. The common method of defining psychiatric phenotypes in molecular genetic research is either a summation of symptom scores or binary threshold score representing the risk of diagnosis. Psychometric latent variable methods can improve the precision of psychiatric phenotypes, especially when the data structure is not straightforward. Using data from the British 1946 birth cohort, we compared summary scores with psychometric modeling based on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) scale for affective symptoms in an association analysis of 27 candidate genes (249 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)). The psychometric method utilized a bi-factor model that partitioned the phenotype variances into five orthogonal latent variable factors, in accordance with the multidimensional data structure of the GHQ-28 involving somatic, social, anxiety and depression domains. Results showed that, compared with the summation approach, the affective symptoms defined by the bi-factor psychometric model had a higher number of associated SNPs of larger effect sizes. These results suggest that psychometrically defined mental health phenotypes can reflect the dimensions of complex phenotypes better than summation scores, and therefore offer a useful approach in genetic association investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Xu
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK,Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK. E-mail:
| | - D Gaysina
- Rudd Centre for Adoption Research and Practice, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - J H Barnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Cambridge Cognition, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Scoriels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - A Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - M Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at University College London, London, UK
| | - T J Croudace
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - P B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Chepelev NL, Moffat ID, Bowers WJ, Yauk CL. Neurotoxicity may be an overlooked consequence of benzo[a]pyrene exposure that is relevant to human health risk assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 764:64-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial amino acid-based transmitter receptors. Amino Acids 2013; 44:1151-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Huot P, Johnston TH, Koprich JB, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The Pharmacology of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:171-222. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Garrido P, De Blas M, Giné E, Santos Á, Mora F. Aging impairs the control of prefrontal cortex on the release of corticosterone in response to stress and on memory consolidation. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:827.e1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Boldyrev AA, Bryushkova EA, Vladychenskaya EA. NMDA receptors in immune competent cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:128-34. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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O'Neill J, Piacentini JC, Chang S, Levitt JG, Rozenman M, Bergman L, Salamon N, Alger JR, McCracken JT. MRSI correlates of cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36:161-8. [PMID: 21983143 PMCID: PMC4344316 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain mechanisms of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a highly effective treatment for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), are unknown. Neuroimaging in adult OCD indicates that CBT is associated with metabolic changes in striatum, thalamus, and anterior cingulate cortex. We therefore probed putative metabolic effects of CBT on these brain structures in pediatric OCD using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI). METHOD Five unmedicated OCD patients (4 ♀, 13.5±2.8) and 9 healthy controls (7 ♀, 13.0±2.5) underwent MRSI (1.5 T, repetition-time/echo-time=1500/30 ms) of bilateral putamen, thalamus and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC). Patients were rescanned after 12 weeks of exposure-based CBT. The Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) of OCD symptoms was administered before and after CBT. RESULTS Four of 5 patients responded to CBT (mean 32.8% CY-BOCS reduction). Multiple metabolite effects emerged. Pre-CBT, N-acetyl-aspartate+N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (tNAA) in left pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) was 55.5% higher in patients than controls. Post-CBT, tNAA (15.0%) and Cr (23.9%) in left pACC decreased and choline compounds (Cho) in right thalamus increased (10.6%) in all 5 patients. In left thalamus, lower pre-CBT tNAA, glutamate+glutamine (Glx), and myo-inositol (mI) predicted greater post-CBT drop in CY-BOCS (r=0.98) and CY-BOCS decrease correlated with increased Cho. CONCLUSIONS Interpretations are offered in terms of the Glutamatergic Hypothesis of Pediatric OCD. Similar to 18FDG-PET in adults, objectively measurable regional MRSI metabolites may indicate pediatric OCD and predict its response to CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Neill
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, United States.
| | - John C. Piacentini
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neurosciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Susanna Chang
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neurosciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer G. Levitt
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neurosciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michelle Rozenman
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neurosciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lindsey Bergman
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neurosciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Noriko Salamon
- Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffry R. Alger
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - James T. McCracken
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neurosciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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Ghasemi M, Schachter SC. The NMDA receptor complex as a therapeutic target in epilepsy: a review. Epilepsy Behav 2011; 22:617-40. [PMID: 22056342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A substantial amount of research has shown that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) may play a key role in the pathophysiology of several neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Animal models of epilepsy and clinical studies demonstrate that NMDAR activity and expression can be altered in association with epilepsy and particularly in some specific seizure types. NMDAR antagonists have been shown to have antiepileptic effects in both clinical and preclinical studies. There is some evidence that conventional antiepileptic drugs may also affect NMDAR function. In this review, we describe the evidence for the involvement of NMDARs in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and provide an overview of NMDAR antagonists that have been investigated in clinical trials and animal models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Cleva RM, Gass JT, Widholm JJ, Olive MF. Glutamatergic targets for enhancing extinction learning in drug addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:394-408. [PMID: 21629446 PMCID: PMC3080595 DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of the motivational salience of drug-related environmental cues and contexts is one of the most problematic obstacles to successful treatment of drug addiction. Behavioral approaches to extinguishing the salience of drug-associated cues, such as cue exposure therapy, have generally produced disappointing results which have been attributed to, among other things, the context specificity of extinction and inadequate consolidation of extinction learning. Extinction of any behavior or conditioned response is a process of new and active learning, and increasing evidence suggests that glutamatergic neurotransmission, a key component of the neural plasticity that underlies normal learning and memory, is also involved in extinction learning. This review will summarize findings from both animal and human studies that suggest that pharmacological enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission facilitates extinction learning in the context of drug addiction. Pharmacological agents that have shown potential efficacy include NMDA partial agonists, mGluR5 receptor positive allosteric modulators, inhibitors of the GlyT1 glycine transporter, AMPA receptor potentiators, and activators of the cystine-glutamate exchanger. These classes of cognition-enhancing compounds could potentially serve as novel pharmacological adjuncts to cue exposure therapy to increase success rates in attenuating cue-induced drug craving and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Cleva
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
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Saba LM, Bennett B, Hoffman PL, Barcomb K, Ishii T, Kechris K, Tabakoff B. A systems genetic analysis of alcohol drinking by mice, rats and men: influence of brain GABAergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:1269-80. [PMID: 21185315 PMCID: PMC3079014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic influences on the predisposition to complex behavioral or physiological traits can reflect genetic polymorphisms that lead to altered gene product function, and/or variations in gene expression levels. We have explored quantitative variations in an animal's alcohol consumption, using a genetical genomic/phenomic approach. In our studies, gene expression is correlated with amount of alcohol consumed, and genomic regions that regulate the alcohol consumption behavior and the quantitative levels of gene expression (behavioral and expression quantitative trait loci [QTL]) are determined and used as a filter to identify candidate genes predisposing the behavior. We determined QTLs for alcohol consumption using the LXS panel of recombinant inbred mice. We then identified genes that were: 1) differentially expressed between five high and five low alcohol-consuming lines or strains of mice; and 2) were physically located in, or had an expression QTL (eQTL) within the alcohol consumption QTLs. Comparison of mRNA and protein levels in brains of high and low alcohol consuming mice led us to a bioinformatic examination of potential regulation by microRNAs of an identified candidate transcript, Gnb1 (G protein beta subunit 1). We combined our current analysis with our earlier work identifying candidate genes for the alcohol consumption trait in mice, rats and humans. Our overall analysis leads us to postulate that the activity of the GABAergic system, and in particular GABA release and GABA receptor trafficking and signaling, which involves G protein function, contributes significantly to genetic variation in the predisposition to varying levels of alcohol consumption. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Saba
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, PO Box 6511, MS 8303, Aurora, CO 80045 USA; , , , , ,
| | - Beth Bennett
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, PO Box 6511, MS 8303, Aurora, CO 80045 USA; , , , , ,
| | - Paula L. Hoffman
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, PO Box 6511, MS 8303, Aurora, CO 80045 USA; , , , , ,
| | - Kelsey Barcomb
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, PO Box 6511, MS 8303, Aurora, CO 80045 USA; , , , , ,
| | - Takao Ishii
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, PO Box 6511, MS 8303, Aurora, CO 80045 USA; , , , , ,
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Colorado School of Public Health, Campus Box B119, Aurora, CO 80045 USA,
| | - Boris Tabakoff
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, PO Box 6511, MS 8303, Aurora, CO 80045 USA; , , , , ,
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Genetic and functional analysis of the DLG4 gene encoding the post-synaptic density protein 95 in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15107. [PMID: 21151988 PMCID: PMC2996301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated signal transduction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Post-synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) plays a critical role in regulating the trafficking and activity of the NMDA receptor and altered expression of the PSD95 has been detected in the post-mortem brain of patients with schizophrenia. The study aimed to examine whether the DLG4 gene that encodes the PSD95 may confer genetic susceptibility to schizophrenia. We re-sequenced the core promoter, all the exons, and 3′ untranslated regions (UTR) of the DLG4 gene in 588 Taiwanese schizophrenic patients and conducted an association study with 539 non-psychotic subjects. We did not detect any rare mutations at the protein-coding sequences of the DLG4 gene associated with schizophrenia. Nevertheless, we identified four polymorphic markers at the core promoter and 5′ UTR and one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the 3′UTR of the DLG4 gene in this sample. Genetic analysis showed an association of a haplotype (C–D) derived from 2 polymorphic markers at the core promoter (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.06–1.51, p = 0.01), and a borderline association of the T allele of the rs13331 at 3′UTR with schizophrenia (odds ratio = 1.19, 95% confidence interval = 0.99–1.43, p = 0.06). Further reporter gene assay showed that the C-D-C-C and the T allele of the rs13331 had significant lower activity than their counter parts. Our data indicate that the expression of the DLG4 gene is subject to regulation by the polymorphic markers at the core promoter region, 5′ and 3′UTR of the gene, and is associated with the susceptibility of schizophrenia.
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Vacotto M, Rapacioli M, Flores V, Fiszer de Plazas S. Acute Hypoxia Differentially Affects the NMDA Receptor NR1, NR2A and NR2B Subunit mRNA Levels in the Developing Chick Optic Tectum: Stage-Dependent Plasticity in the 2B–2A Ratio. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1609-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Steffens DC, Wei Jiang, Krishnan KRR, Karoly ED, Mitchell MW, O'Connor CM, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Metabolomic differences in heart failure patients with and without major depression. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2010; 23:138-46. [PMID: 20101071 PMCID: PMC3279728 DOI: 10.1177/0891988709358592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an emerging technology that allows researchers to characterize hundreds of small molecules that comprise the metabolome. We sought to determine metabolic differences in depressed and nondepressed participants. The sample consisted of a depressed group of patients with heart failure enrolled in an NIMH-supported clinical trial of sertraline versus placebo in depressed heart failure patients, and a nondepressed comparator group of heart failure patients. Plasma was obtained from blood samples provided by participants at baseline, and samples were profiled on GC-MS and LC-MS metabolomics platforms for biochemical content. A number of biochemicals were significantly different between groups, with depressed participants showing higher concentrations of several amino acids and dicarboxylic fatty acids. These results are consistent with prior findings where changes in neurotransmitter systems and fatty acid metabolism were shown to associate with the depressed state. It is unclear what role heart failure may have played in these differing concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, , Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K. Ranga R. Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Olive MF. Metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands as potential therapeutics for addiction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:83-98. [PMID: 19630739 DOI: 10.2174/1874473710902010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate plays a pivotal role in drug addiction and alcoholism. As a result, there has been increasing interest in developing glutamate-based therapies for the treatment of addictive disorders. Receptors for glutamate are primarily divided into two classes: ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that mediate fast excitatory glutamate transmission, and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which are G-protein coupled receptors that mediate slower, modulatory glutamate transmission. Most iGluR antagonists, while showing some efficacy in animal models of addiction, exhibit serious side effects when tested in humans. mGluR ligands, on the other hand, which have been advanced to testing in clinical trials for various medical conditions, have demonstrated the ability to reduce drug reward, reinforcement, and relapse-like behaviors in animal studies. mGluR ligands that have been shown to be primarily effective are Group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5) negative allosteric modulators and Group II (mGluR2 and mGluR3) orthosteric presynaptic autoreceptor agonists. In this review, we will summarize findings from animal studies suggesting that these mGluR ligands may be of potential benefit in reducing on-going drug self-administration and may aid in the prevention of relapse. The neuroanatomical distribution of mGluR1, mGluR2/3, and mGluR5 receptors and the pharmacological properties of Group I negative allosteric modulators and Group II agonists will also be overviewed. Finally, we will discuss the current status of mGluR ligands in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Foster Olive
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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35
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Guo Y, Wang HL, Xiang XH, Zhao Y. The role of glutamate and its receptors in mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic regions in opioid addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33:864-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Variations in excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic protein content in rat cerebral cortex with respect to aging and cognitive status. Neuroscience 2008; 159:896-907. [PMID: 19105974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cognitive impairments are associated with structural and functional changes in the cerebral cortex. We have previously demonstrated in the rat that excitatory and inhibitory pre- and postsynaptic changes occur with respect to age and cognitive status; however, in aged cognitively impaired animals, we have shown a significant imbalance in postsynaptic markers of excitatory versus inhibitory synapses, using markers of excitatory versus inhibitory neurotransmitter-related scaffolding proteins [postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95)/synapse associated protein-90 (SAP90) and gephyrin, respectively]. The present study focuses on whether the expression of various excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic proteins is affected by ageing and cognitive status. Thus, aged animals were segregated into aged cognitively impaired (AI) and aged cognitively unimpaired (AU) groups using the Morris water maze. We applied Western immunoblotting to reveal the expression patterns of a number of relevant excitatory and inhibitory receptors in the prefrontal and parietal cortices of young (Y), AU and AI animals, and performed semi-quantitative analyses to statistically tabulate changes among the three animal groups. A significant increase in the inhibitory postsynaptic scaffold protein, gephyrin, was observed in the parietal cortex of AI animals. Similarly, an increase in GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha1 was observed in the parietal cortex of AI animals. An increase in the excitatory N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 expression was observed in the parietal cortex of AI animals, whereas a significant decrease in AMPA receptor subunit glutamate receptor 2 expression was found in the prefrontal cortex of AI animals. Finally, the excitatory, postsynaptic neuronal cell-adhesion receptor, neuroligin-1, was found to be significantly increased in both the prefrontal and parietal cortical areas of AI animals.
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Stephenson FA, Cousins SL, Kenny AV. Assembly and forward trafficking of NMDA receptors (Review). Mol Membr Biol 2008; 25:311-20. [PMID: 18446617 DOI: 10.1080/09687680801971367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a subclass of the excitatory, ionotropic L-glutamate neurotransmitter receptors. They are important for normal brain function being both primary candidates for the molecular basis of learning and memory and in the establishment of synaptic connections during the development of the central nervous system. NMDA receptors are also implicated in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Their dysfunction which is primarily due to either hypo- or hyper-activity is pivotal to these pathological conditions. There is thus a fine balance between NMDA receptor-mediated mechanisms in normal brain and those in diseased states where receptor homeostasis is perturbed. Receptor activity is due in part to the number of surface expressed receptors. Understanding the assembly and trafficking of this complex, heteromeric, neurotransmitter receptor family may therefore, be pivotal to understanding diseases in which their altered activity is evident. This article will review the current understanding of the mechanisms of NMDA receptor assembly, how this assembly is regulated and how assembled receptors are trafficked to their appropriate sites in post-synaptic membranes where they are integral components of a macromolecular signalling complex.
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Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide. No single antidepressant has been shown to be more effective than any other in lifting depression, and the effectiveness of any particular antidepressant in an individual is difficult to predict; therefore, doctors must prescribe antidepressants based on educated guesses. SNPs can be used in clinical association studies to determine the contribution of genes to drug efficacy. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that the efficacy of antidepressants results from the combined effects of a number of genetic variants, such as SNPs. Although there are not enough data currently available to prove this hypothesis, an increasing number of genetic variants associated with antidepressant response are being discovered. In this article, we review the pharmacogenomics of the drug efficacy of antidepressants in major depressive disorder. First, we survey the SNPs and genes identified as genetic markers that are correlated and associated with the drug efficacy of antidepressants in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives for Depression (STAR*D) study. Second, we investigate candidate genes that have been suggested as contributing to treatment-emergent suicidal ideation during the course of antidepressant treatment in the STAR*D study. Third, we briefly describe the pharmacokinetic genes examined in the STAR*D study, and finally, we summarize the limitations with respect to the pharmacogenomics studies in the STAR*D study. Future research with independent replication in large sample sizes is needed to confirm the role of the candidate genes identified in the STAR*D study in antidepressant treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Vita Genomics, Inc, 7 Fl., No. 6, Sec. 1, Jung-Shing Road, Wugu Shiang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po See Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital & College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Schüler T, Mesic I, Madry C, Bartholomäus I, Laube B. Formation of NR1/NR2 and NR1/NR3 Heterodimers Constitutes the Initial Step in N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Assembly. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:37-46. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703539200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Gass JT, Olive MF. Glutamatergic substrates of drug addiction and alcoholism. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:218-65. [PMID: 17706608 PMCID: PMC2239014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed a dramatic accumulation of evidence indicating that the excitatory amino acid glutamate plays an important role in drug addiction and alcoholism. The purpose of this review is to summarize findings on glutamatergic substrates of addiction, surveying data from both human and animal studies. The effects of various drugs of abuse on glutamatergic neurotransmission are discussed, as are the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of various components of glutamate transmission on drug reinforcement, conditioned reward, extinction, and relapse-like behavior. In addition, glutamatergic agents that are currently in use or are undergoing testing in clinical trials for the treatment of addiction are discussed, including acamprosate, N-acetylcysteine, modafinil, topiramate, lamotrigine, gabapentin and memantine. All drugs of abuse appear to modulate glutamatergic transmission, albeit by different mechanisms, and this modulation of glutamate transmission is believed to result in long-lasting neuroplastic changes in the brain that may contribute to the perseveration of drug-seeking behavior and drug-associated memories. In general, attenuation of glutamatergic transmission reduces drug reward, reinforcement, and relapse-like behavior. On the other hand, potentiation of glutamatergic transmission appears to facilitate the extinction of drug-seeking behavior. However, attempts at identifying genetic polymorphisms in components of glutamate transmission in humans have yielded only a limited number of candidate genes that may serve as risk factors for the development of addiction. Nonetheless, manipulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission appears to be a promising avenue of research in developing improved therapeutic agents for the treatment of drug addiction and alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Gass
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, but they represent a particular challenge for treatment. The standard first-line treatments, including antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and buspirone, result in significant response rates for a majority of patients; however, unfavorable side effect profiles or risk for dependency for particular agents might limit their use by anxious patients, who often have low thresholds for medication discontinuation. Novel pharmacologic agents that modulate particular receptors, ion channels, or transporters relevant to glutamatergic neurotransmission may represent a new approach to the treatment of anxiety disorders, with generally more favorable side effect profiles. Although the role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders is still being elucidated, the use of these agents in treatment of anxiety disorders and commonly comorbid conditions such as substance abuse and mood disorders will continue to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Amiel
- Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Mizielinska S, Greenwood S, Connolly CN. The role of GABAA receptor biogenesis, structure and function in epilepsy. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34:863-7. [PMID: 17052216 DOI: 10.1042/bst0340863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the correct balance in neuronal activation is of paramount importance to normal brain function. Imbalances due to changes in excitation or inhibition can lead to a variety of disorders ranging from the clinically extreme (e.g. epilepsy) to the more subtle (e.g. anxiety). In the brain, the most common inhibitory synapses are regulated by GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors, a role commensurate with their importance as therapeutic targets. Remarkably, we still know relatively little about GABAA receptor biogenesis. Receptors are constructed as pentameric ion channels, with α and β subunits being the minimal requirement, and the incorporation of a γ subunit being necessary for benzodiazepine modulation and synaptic targeting. Insights have been provided by the discovery of several specific assembly signals within different GABAA receptor subunits. Moreover, a number of recent studies on GABAA receptor mutations associated with epilepsy have further enhanced our understanding of GABAA receptor biogenesis, structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mizielinska
- Neuroscience Institute, Ninewells Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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