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Zhou H, Wang J, Zhu Z, Hu L, An E, Lu J, Zhao H. A New Perspective on Stroke Research: Unraveling the Role of Brain Oxygen Dynamics in Stroke Pathophysiology. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0548. [PMID: 39226161 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke, a leading cause of death and disability, often results from ischemic events that cut off the brain blood flow, leading to neuron death. Despite treatment advancements, survivors frequently endure lasting impairments. A key focus is the ischemic penumbra, the area around the stroke that could potentially recover with prompt oxygenation; yet its monitoring is complex. Recent progress in bioluminescence-based oxygen sensing, particularly through the Green enhanced Nano-lantern (GeNL), offers unprecedented views of oxygen fluctuations in vivo. Utilized in awake mice, GeNL has uncovered hypoxic pockets within the cerebral cortex, revealing the brain's oxygen environment as a dynamic landscape influenced by physiological states and behaviors like locomotion and wakefulness. These findings illuminate the complexity of oxygen dynamics and suggest the potential impact of hypoxic pockets on ischemic injury and recovery, challenging existing paradigms and highlighting the importance of microenvironmental oxygen control in stroke resilience. This review examines the implications of these novel findings for stroke research, emphasizing the criticality of understanding pre-existing oxygen dynamics for addressing brain ischemia. The presence of hypoxic pockets in non-stroke conditions indicates a more intricate hypoxic scenario in ischemic brains, suggesting strategies to alleviate hypoxia could lead to more effective treatments and rehabilitation. By bridging gaps in our knowledge, especially concerning microenvironmental changes post-stroke, and leveraging new technologies like GeNL, we can pave the way for therapeutic innovations that significantly enhance outcomes for stroke survivors, promising a future where an understanding of cerebral oxygenation dynamics profoundly informs stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhou
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jialing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Joint Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhu
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Erdan An
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Anesthesiology Department, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Joint Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Abadir P, Cosarderelioglu C, Damarla M, Malinina A, Dikeman D, Marx R, Nader MM, Abadir M, Walston J, Neptune E. Unlocking the protective potential of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT 2R) in acute lung injury and age-related pulmonary dysfunction. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115978. [PMID: 38081369 PMCID: PMC10880333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite its known importance in the cardiovascular system, the specific role and impact of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) in lung physiology and pathophysiology remain largely elusive. In this study, we highlight the distinct and specialized lung-specific roles of AT2R, primarily localized to an alveolar fibroblast subpopulation, in contrast to the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), which is almost exclusively expressed in lung pericytes. Evidence from our research demonstrates that the disruption of AT2R (AT2R-/y), is associated with a surge in oxidative stress and impaired lung permeability, which were further intensified by Hyperoxic Acute Lung Injury (HALI). With aging, AT2R-/y mice show an increase in oxidative stress, premature enlargement of airspaces, as well as increased mortality when exposed to hyperoxia as compared to age-matched WT mice. Our investigation into Losartan, an AT1R blocker, suggests that its primary HALI lung-protective effects are channeled through AT2R, as its protective benefits are absent in AT2R-/y mice. Importantly, a non-peptide AT2R agonist, Compound 21 (C21), successfully reverses lung oxidative stress and TGFβ activation in wild-type (WT) mice exposed to HALI. These findings suggest a possible paradigm shift in the therapeutic approach for lung injury and age-associated pulmonary dysfunction, from targeting AT1R with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) towards boosting the protective function of AT2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Abadir
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA.
| | - Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Mahendra Damarla
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA
| | - Alla Malinina
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA
| | - Dustin Dikeman
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA
| | - Ruth Marx
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Monica M Nader
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA; Urbana High School, USA
| | | | - Jeremy Walston
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, USA
| | - Enid Neptune
- Johns Hopkins University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, USA.
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3
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Dou X, Ji W, Dai M, Sun S, Chen R, Yang J, Long J, Ge Y, Lin Y. Spatial and temporal mapping of neuron-microglia interaction modes in acute ischemic stroke. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115772. [PMID: 37659736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for 75-80% of all strokes. Under conditions of ischemia and hypoxia, neurons suffer damage or death, leading to a series of secondary immune reactions. Microglia, the earliest activated immune cells, can exert neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects on neurons through secretion of factors. There exists a complex interaction between neurons and microglia during this process. Moreover, the interaction between them becomes even more complex due to differences in the infarct area and reperfusion time. This review first elaborates on the differences in neuronal death modes between the ischemic core and penumbra, and then introduces the differences in microglial markers across different infarct areas with varying reperfusion time, indicating distinct functions. Finally, we focus on exploring the interaction modes between neurons and microglia in order to precisely target beneficial interactions and inhibit harmful ones, thus providing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Dou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of BinZhou Medical College, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Maosha Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Shujun Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China; Department of Pain, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Juexi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Junhao Long
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yangyang Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China.
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Villapol S, Janatpour ZC, Affram KO, Symes AJ. The Renin Angiotensin System as a Therapeutic Target in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1565-1591. [PMID: 37759139 PMCID: PMC10684482 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, with limited pharmacological options available beyond symptomatic relief. The renin angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily known as a systemic endocrine regulatory system, with major roles controlling blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Drugs that target the RAS are used to treat hypertension, heart failure and kidney disorders. They have now been used chronically by millions of people and have a favorable safety profile. In addition to the systemic RAS, it is now appreciated that many different organ systems, including the brain, have their own local RAS. The major ligand of the classic RAS, Angiotensin II (Ang II) acts predominantly through the Ang II Type 1 receptor (AT1R), leading to vasoconstriction, inflammation, and heightened oxidative stress. These processes can exacerbate brain injuries. Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) are AT1R antagonists. They have been shown in several preclinical studies to enhance recovery from TBI in rodents through improvements in molecular, cellular and behavioral correlates of injury. ARBs are now under consideration for clinical trials in TBI. Several different RAS peptides that signal through receptors distinct from the AT1R, are also potential therapeutic targets for TBI. The counter regulatory RAS pathway has actions that oppose those stimulated by AT1R signaling. This alternative pathway has many beneficial effects on cells in the central nervous system, bringing about vasodilation, and having anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress actions. Stimulation of this pathway also has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of TBI. This comprehensive review will provide an overview of the various components of the RAS, with a focus on their direct relevance to TBI pathology. It will explore different therapeutic agents that modulate this system and assess their potential efficacy in treating TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary C Janatpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kwame O Affram
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aviva J Symes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Chen R, Qian L, Fu J, Qin J, Chen X, Xu X. Downregulation of Preso protects against ischemic/reperfusion-mediated neuronal injury through regulating PSD95-nNOS/YAP pathways. Neurochem Int 2023; 169:105586. [PMID: 37442439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury has become a great challenge harming patients' life. This study aims to explore the regulatory role of Preso during cerebral I/R injury and to elucidate the potential mechanism. Here, we established a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/IR) rat model and an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-mediated PC12 cell model to evaluate the expression and role of Preso following cerebral I/R injury. Histopathological injury and infarct size were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and 2,3,5-Triphenyltertrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Double immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess neuronal apoptosis in brain tissues. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were detected using their respective detection kits, and the expression of corresponding proteins was examined adopting Western blot. The results showed that Preso was upregulated in OGD/R-induced PC12 cells and MCAO rats. Preso knockdown significantly reduced OGD/R-caused viability loss, apoptosis and oxidative stress in PC12 cells, and reduced infarct size, attenuated histological injury, and inhibited apoptosis and oxidative stress in the brain tissues from MCAO rats, as well as inhibiting the expression of postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95) and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and repressing YAP phosphorylation in vitro. In addition, the protective role of Preso knockdown against cerebral I/R injury was partly strengthened by IC87201, the nNOS/PSD95 interaction inhibitor, or weakened by Verteporfin (Vert), an inhibitor of YAP. In conclusion, Perso knockdown might exert a protective role against cerebral I/R injury via regulating PSD95-nNOS and YAP pathways, providing a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Chen
- Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiajun Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xianzhen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Neurovascular Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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6
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Chrysant SG. Superior stroke prevention with angiotensin receptor blockers compared with other antihypertensive drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2023; 22:125-131. [PMID: 36882886 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2023.2189236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is a major cause of death and disability and its incidence is linearly increased with the elevation of blood pressure (BP) and the advancement of age in both men and women, with its incidence being higher in older subjects, the blacks and women. AREAS COVERED The annual worldwide incidence of stroke is 7.6 million for subjects ≥ 20 years of age with the average direct and indirect annual costs of stroke care, is expected to be $94.3 billion between 2014 and 2015. With respect to the cause of stroke, this is multifactorial, due to atherosclerotic heart disease, inflammation, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension with the latter being the most important cause. Therefore, control of BP is the major factor for its prevention. In order to get a better perspective on the current management of stroke, a Medline search of the English literature was conducted between 2014 and 2022 and 26 pertinent papers were selected. EXPERT OPINION Review of data from the selected papers demonstrated that control of SSBP < 130 mmHg was better in stroke prevention than SBP 130-140 mmHg for primary and secondary strokes. Among the drugs used, angiotensin receptor blockers provided superior stroke prevention compared to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and other antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Chrysant
- Department of Cardiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Cardiology, INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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8
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Timaru-Kast R, Garcia Bardon A, Luh C, Coronel-Castello SP, Songarj P, Griemert EV, Krämer TJ, Sebastiani A, Steckelings UM, Thal SC. AT2 activation does not influence brain damage in the early phase after experimental traumatic brain injury in male mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14280. [PMID: 35995819 PMCID: PMC9395341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) improves neurological function and reduces brain damage after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), which may be partly a result of enhanced indirect angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2) stimulation. AT2 stimulation was demonstrated to be neuroprotective via anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, and neuroregenerative mechanisms in experimental cerebral pathology models. We recently demonstrated an upregulation of AT2 after TBI suggesting a protective mechanism. The present study investigated the effect of post-traumatic (5 days after TBI) AT2 activation via high and low doses of a selective AT2 agonist, compound 21 (C21), compared to vehicle-treated controls. No differences in the extent of the TBI-induced lesions were found between both doses of C21 and the controls. We then tested AT2-knockdown animals for secondary brain damage after experimental TBI. Lesion volume and neurological outcomes in AT2-deficient mice were similar to those in wild-type control mice at both 24 h and 5 days post-trauma. Thus, in contrast to AT1 antagonism, AT2 modulation does not influence the initial pathophysiological mechanisms of TBI in the first 5 days after the insult, indicating that AT2 plays only a minor role in the early phase following trauma-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Timaru-Kast
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Garcia Bardon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Clara Luh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shila P Coronel-Castello
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Phuriphong Songarj
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Eva-Verena Griemert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias J Krämer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Anne Sebastiani
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal University of Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Serge C Thal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal University of Witten/Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany
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9
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Qi S, Zhang X, Fu Z, Pi A, Shi F, Fan Y, Zhang J, Xiao T, Shang D, Lin M, Gao N, Chang J, Gao Y. (±)-5-bromo-2-(5-fluoro-1-hydroxyamyl) Benzoate Protects Against Oxidative Stress Injury in PC12 Cells Exposed to H2O2 Through Activation of Nrf2 Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:943111. [PMID: 35935850 PMCID: PMC9348035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.943111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (±)-5-bromo-2-(5-fluoro-1-hydroxyamyl) benzoate (BFB) is a novel compound modified by dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP). Here, we hypothesized that BFB may protect the PC12 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury through activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Methods: We measured the cell viability and levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to determine the construction of the H2O2-induced models of oxidative stress in PC12 cells. Additionally, apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cellular morphology were examined to determine the effect of BFB on oxidative stress injury in H2O2-treated PC12 cells. The expression levels of Nrf2-related and autophagy-related genes and proteins were detected using real time quantative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western Blot, and immunofluorescence analyses. Results: Our study showed that BFB treatment reduced the elevated levels of MDA, LDH, and ROS, and decreased cell viability and GSH in H2O2-treated PC12 cells. We also observed the elevated expression of Nrf2 pathway-related factors and intranuclear transitions and found that Nrf2 inhibitors (ML385) could block the protective effect of BFB. The inhibitory effect of BFB on oxidative stress may be partially regulated by Nrf2 activation, and the initiation and induction of autophagy. Conclusion: BFB inhibited H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in PC12 cells by activating the Nrf2 pathway, initiating and inducing autophagy, suggesting that BFB may be a promising therapeutic agent in treating neurological disorders like cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidan Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Anran Pi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feiyan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Lin
- Department of Experimental Center, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Gao,
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10
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Yang C, Zhao Q, Yang S, Wang L, Xu X, Li L, Al-Jamal WT. Intravenous Administration of Scutellarin Nanoparticles Augments the Protective Effect against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1410-1421. [PMID: 35441510 PMCID: PMC9066406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This
study investigates the protective effect of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with
scutellarin (SCU), a flavone isolated from the traditional Chinese
medicineErigeron breviscapus (Vant.)
Hand.-Mazz., in reducing cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. The focal cerebral I/R injury model was established
by occluding the middle cerebral artery for 1 h in male Sprague-Dawley
(SD) rats. Our SCU-PLGA NPs exhibited an extended in vitro release profile and prolonged blood circulation in rats with cerebral
ischemia. More importantly, when administered intravenously once a
day for 3 days, SCU-PLGA NPs increased the SCU level in the ischemic
brain, compared to free SCU, resulting in a significant reduction
of the cerebral infarct volume after cerebral I/R. Furthermore, SCU-PLGA
NPs reversed the histopathological changes caused by cerebral I/R
injury, as well as attenuated cell apoptosis in the brain tissue,
as confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin, and TUNEL staining. Our findings
have revealed that our injectable SCU-PLGA NPs provide promising protective
effects against cerebral I/R injury, which could be used in combination
with the existing conventional thrombolytic therapies to improve stroke
management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Libin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Lisu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants/ Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China.,Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Wafa T Al-Jamal
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
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11
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Dong R, Huang R, Shi X, Xu Z, Mang J. Exploration of the mechanism of luteolin against ischemic stroke based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental verification. Bioengineered 2021; 12:12274-12293. [PMID: 34898370 PMCID: PMC8810201 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2006966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As the most common type of stroke cases, treatment effectiveness is still limited despite intensive research. Recently, traditional Chinese medicine has attracted attention because of potential benefits for stroke treatment. Among these, luteolin, a natural plant flavonoid compound, offers neuroprotection following against ischemic stroke, although the specific mechanisms are unknown. Here we used network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental verification to explore the mechanisms whereby luteolin can benefit stroke recovery. The pharmacological and molecular properties of luteolin were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform. The potential targets of luteolin and ischemic stroke were collected from interrogating public databases. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses were performed by Funrich and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery respectively, a luteolin-target-pathway network constructed using Cytoscape, Autodock vina was used for molecular docking simulation with Discovery Studio was used to visualize and analyze the docked conformations. Lastly, we employed an in vitro model of stroke injury to evaluate the effects of luteolin on cell survival and expression of the putative targets. From 95 candidate luteolin target genes, our analysis identified six core targets . KEGG analysis of the candidate targets identified that luteolin provides therapeutic effects on stroke through TNF signaling and other pathways. Our experimental analyses confirmed the conclusions analyzed above. In summary, the molecular and pharmacological mechanisms of luteolin against stroke are indicated in our study from a systematic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Renxuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Zhongxin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Jing Mang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
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12
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Baicalin Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Via the AMPK Signaling Pathway to Alleviate Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Inflammation 2021; 44:2091-2105. [PMID: 34080089 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin has been reported to have ameliorative effects on nerve-induced hypoxic ischemia injury; however, its role in the NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent inflammatory response during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion remains unclear. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in baicalin alleviating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, we investigated the AMPK signaling pathway which regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity. SD rats were treated with baicalin at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, after middle cerebral artery occlusion at 2 h and reperfusion for 24 h (MCAO/R). MCAO/R treatment significantly increased cerebral infarct volume, changed the ultrastructure of nerve cells, and activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, manifesting as significantly increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18. Our results demonstrated that baicalin treatment effectively reversed these phenomena in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, inhibition of NLRP3 expression was found to promote the neuroprotective effects of baicalin on cortical neurons. Furthermore, baicalin remarkably increased the expression of p-AMPK following oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). The expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome was also increased when the AMPK pathway was blocked by compound C. Taken together, our findings reveal that baicalin reduces the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome and consequently inhibits cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway.
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13
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Saad MAE, Fahmy MIM, Sayed RH, El-Yamany MF, El-Naggar R, Hegazy AAE, Al-Shorbagy M. Eprosartan: A closer insight into its neuroprotective activity in rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22796. [PMID: 33942446 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eprosartan (EPRO), an angiotensin receptor type-1 (AT-1) blocker, exhibited neuroprotective activities in ischemic stroke resulting from focal cerebral ischemia in rats. The current study aimed to clarify the neuroprotective role of EPRO in middle carotid artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemic stroke in rats. Fifty-six male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 14 per group): sham-operated group, sham receiving EPRO (60 mg/kg/day, po) group, ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group, and IR receiving EPRO (60 mg/kg/day, po) group. MCAO led to a remarkable impairment in motor function together with stimulation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in the hippocampus of rats. After MCAO, the AT1 receptor in the brain was stimulated, resulting in activation of Janus kinase 2/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 signaling generating more neuroinflammatory milieu and destructive actions on the hippocampus. Augmentation of caspase-3 level by MCAO enhanced neuronal apoptosis synchronized with neurodegenerative effects of oxidative stress biomarkers. Pretreatment with EPRO opposed motor impairment and decreased oxidative and apoptotic mediators in the hippocampus of rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of EPRO was revealed by downregulation of nuclear factor-kappa B and tumor necrosis factor-β levels and (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Moreover, the study confirmed the role of EPRO against a unique pathway of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and its subsequent inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, upregulation of caveolin-1 mRNA level was also observed along with decreased oxidative stress marker levels and brain edema. Therefore, EPRO showed neuroprotective effects in MCAO-induced cerebral ischemia in rats via attenuation of oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A E Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,School of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I M Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammad F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham El-Naggar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A E Hegazy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Al-Shorbagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,School of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Giza, Egypt
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14
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Pozdnyakov D, Chernikov M, Sarkisyan K, Rybalko I. Neuroprotective potential of pyrimidine-4-H1-OHa derivatives in experimental cerebral ischemia. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:63-68. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112112163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Pulakat L, Sumners C. Angiotensin Type 2 Receptors: Painful, or Not? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:571994. [PMID: 33424587 PMCID: PMC7785813 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.571994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain in response to various types of acute injury can be a protective stimulus to prevent the organism from using the injured part and allow tissue repair and healing. On the other hand, neuropathic pain, defined as ‘pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system’, is a debilitating pathology. The TRPA1 neurons in the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce pain. In acute nerve injury and inflammation, macrophages infiltrating the site of injury undergo an oxidative burst, and generate ROS that promote tissue repair and induce pain via TRPA1. The latter discourages using the injured limb, with a lack of movement helping wound healing. In chronic inflammation caused by diabetes, cancer etc., ROS levels increase systemically and modulate TRPA1 neuronal functions and cause debilitating neuropathic pain. It is important to distinguish between drug targets that elicit protective vs. debilitating pain when developing effective drugs for neuropathic pain. In this context, the connection of the Angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) to neuropathic pain presents an interesting dilemma. Several lines of evidence show that AT2R activation promotes anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive signaling, tissue repair, and suppresses ROS in chronic inflammatory models. Conversely, some studies suggest that AT2R antagonists are anti-nociceptive and therefore AT2R is a drug target for neuropathic pain. However, AT2R expression in nociceptive neurons is lacking, indicating that neuronal AT2R is not involved in neuropathic pain. It is also important to consider that Novartis terminated their phase II clinical trial (EMPHENE) to validate that AT2R antagonist EMA401 mitigates post-herpetic neuralgia. This trial, conducted in Australia, United Kingdom, and a number of European and Asian countries in 2019, was discontinued due to pre-clinical drug toxicity data. Moreover, early data from the trial did not show statistically significant positive outcomes. These facts suggest that may AT2R not be the proper drug target for neuropathic pain in humans and its inhibition can be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Pulakat
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Colin Sumners
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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16
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Correcting the imbalanced protective RAS in COVID-19 with angiotensin AT2-receptor agonists. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:2987-3006. [PMID: 33210709 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is responsible for the global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic enters host cells via a mechanism that includes binding to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (ACE2). Membrane-bound ACE2 is depleted as a result of this entry mechanism. The consequence is that the protective renin-angiotensin system (RAS), of which ACE2 is an essential component, is compromised through lack of production of the protective peptides angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-(1-9), and therefore decreased stimulation of Mas (receptor Mas) and angiotensin AT2-receptors (AT2Rs), while angiotensin AT1-receptors (AT1Rs) are overstimulated due to less degradation of angiotensin II (Ang II) by ACE2. The protective RAS has numerous beneficial actions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulative, anti-fibrotic effects along with endothelial and neural protection; opposite to the deleterious effects caused by heightened stimulation of angiotensin AT1R. Given that patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit an excessive immune response, endothelial dysfunction, increased clotting, thromboses and stroke, enhancing the activity of the protective RAS is likely beneficial. In this article, we discuss the evidence for a dysfunctional protective RAS in COVID and develop a rationale that the protective RAS imbalance in COVID-19 may be corrected by using AT2R agonists. We further review preclinical studies with AT2R agonists which suggest that AT2R stimulation may be therapeutically effective to treat COVID-19-induced disorders of various organ systems such as lung, vasculature, or the brain. Finally, we provide information on the design of a clinical trial in which patients with COVID-19 were treated with the AT2R agonist Compound 21 (C21). This trial has been completed, but results have not yet been reported.
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17
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Zhang Y, He Y, Wu M, Chen H, Zhang L, Yang D, Wang Q, Shen J. Rehmapicroside ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via attenuating peroxynitrite-mediated mitophagy activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:526-539. [PMID: 32784031 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)-mediated mitophagy activation represents a vital pathogenic mechanism in ischemic stroke. Our previous study suggests that ONOO- mediates Drp1 recruitment to the damaged mitochondria for excessive mitophagy, aggravating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and the ONOO--mediated mitophagy activation could be a crucial therapeutic target for improving outcome of ischemic stroke. In the present study, we tested the neuroprotective effects of rehmapicroside, a natural compound from a medicinal plant, on inhibiting ONOO--mediated mitophagy activation, attenuating infarct size and improving neurological functions by using the in vitro cultured PC12 cells exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation with reoxygenation (OGD/RO) condition and the in vivo rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h of transient cerebral ischemia plus 22 h of reperfusion. The major discoveries include following aspects: (1) Rehmapicroside reacted with ONOO- directly to scavenge ONOO-; (2) Rehmapicroside decreased O2- and ONOO-, up-regulated Bcl-2 but down-regulated Bax, Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-3, and down-regulated PINK1, Parkin, p62 and the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I in the OGD/RO-treated PC12 cells; (3) Rehmapicroside suppressed 3-nitrotyrosine formation, Drp1 nitration as well as NADPH oxidases and iNOS expression in the ischemia-reperfused rat brains; (4) Rehmapicroside prevented the translocations of PINK1, Parkin and Drp1 into the mitochondria for mitophagy activation in the ischemia-reperfused rat brains; (5) Rehmapicroside ameliorated infarct sizes and improved neurological deficit scores in the rats with transient MCAO cerebral ischemia. Taken together, rehmapicroside could be a potential drug candidate against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and its neuroprotective mechanisms could be attributed to inhibiting the ONOO--mediated mitophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yacong He
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meiling Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jiangang Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Malaguarnera L. Vitamin D3 as Potential Treatment Adjuncts for COVID-19. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3512. [PMID: 33202670 PMCID: PMC7697253 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type (SARS-CoV2, also known as COVID-19), which is the latest pandemic infectious disease, constitutes a serious risk to human health. SARS-CoV2 infection causes immune activation and systemic hyperinflammation which can lead to respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS victims are characterized by a significant increase in IL-6 and IL-1. Macrophage activation, associated with the "cytokine storm", promotes the dysregulation of the innate immunity. So far, without vaccines or specific therapy, all efforts to design drugs or clinical trials are worthwhile. Vitamin D and its receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR) exert a critical role in infections due to their remarkable impact on both innate and adaptive immune responses and on the suppression of the inflammatory process. The protective properties of vitamin D supplementation have been supported by numerous observational studies and by meta-analysis of clinical trials for prevention of viral acute respiratory infection. In this review, we compare the mechanisms of the host immune response to SARS-CoV2 infection and the immunomodulatory actions that vitamin D exerts in order to consider the preventive effect of vitamin D supplementation on SARS-CoV2 viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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19
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Wannberg J, Gising J, Lindman J, Salander J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Ablahad H, Hamid S, Grönbladh A, Spizzo I, Gaspari TA, Widdop RE, Hallberg A, Backlund M, Leśniak A, Hallberg M, Larhed M. N-(Methyloxycarbonyl)thiophene sulfonamides as high affinity AT2 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115859. [PMID: 33309749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of meta-substituted acetophenone derivatives, encompassing N-(alkyloxycarbonyl)thiophene sulfonamide fragments have been synthesized. Several selective AT2 receptor ligands were identified, among those a tert-butylimidazole derivative (20) with a Ki of 9.3 nM, that demonstrates a high stability in human liver microsomes (t½ = 62 min) and in human hepatocytes (t½ = 194 min). This methyloxycarbonylthiophene sulfonamide is a 20-fold more potent binder to the AT2 receptor and is considerably more stable in human liver microsomes, than a previously reported and broadly studied structurally related AT2R prototype antagonist 3 (C38). Ligand 20 acts as an AT2R agonist and caused an AT2R mediated concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of pre-contracted mouse aorta. Furthermore, in contrast to imidazole derivative C38, the tert-butylimidazole derivative 20 is a poor inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. It is demonstrated herein that smaller alkyloxycarbonyl groups make the ligands in this series of AT2R selective compounds less prone to degradation and that a high AT2 receptor affinity can be retained after truncation of the alkyloxycarbonyl group. Binding modes of the most potent AT2R ligands were explored by docking calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Wannberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Gising
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Lindman
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Salander
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanin Ablahad
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Selin Hamid
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracey A Gaspari
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Lin H, Sun Y, Wang M, Jia Y, Yu X, Jiang H, Xu W, Sun JP, Xu Z. Function and therapeutic potential of G protein-coupled receptors in epididymis. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5489-5508. [PMID: 32901914 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility rates for both females and males have increased continuously in recent years. Currently, effective treatments for male infertility with defined mechanisms or targets are still lacking. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of drug targets, but their functions and the implications for the therapeutic development for male infertility largely remain elusive. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that several members of the GPCR superfamily play crucial roles in the maintenance of ion-water homeostasis of the epididymis, development of the efferent ductules, formation of the blood-epididymal barrier and maturation of sperm. Knowledge of the functions, genetic variations and working mechanisms of such GPCRs, along with the drugs and ligands relevant to their specific functions, provide future directions and a great arsenal for new developments in the treatment of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingli Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, SCU-CUHK, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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21
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Vadhan JD, Speth RC. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107684. [PMID: 32956721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by repeated concussions suffered by athletes in sports, military personnel from combat-and non-combat related activities, and civilian populations who suffer head injuries from accidents and domestic violence. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily a systemic cardiovascular regulatory system that, when dysregulated, causes hypertension and cardiovascular pathology, the brain contains a local RAS that plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This local RAS includes receptors for angiotensin (Ang) II within the brain parenchyma, as well as on circumventricular organs outside the blood-brain-barrier. The brain RAS acts primarily via the type 1 Ang II receptor (AT1R), exacerbating insults and pathology. With TBI, the brain RAS may contribute to permanent brain damage, especially when a second TBI occurs before the brain recovers from an initial injury. Agents are needed that minimize the extent of injury from an acute TBI, reducing TBI-mediated permanent brain damage. This review discusses how activation of the brain RAS following TBI contributes to this damage, and how drugs that counteract activation of the AT1R including AT1R blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and agonists at type 2 Ang II receptors (AT2) and at Ang (1-7) receptors (Mas) can potentially ameliorate TBI-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vadhan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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22
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Abstract
The active hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), angiotensin II (Ang II), is involved in several human diseases, driving the development and clinical use of several therapeutic drugs, mostly angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor type I (AT1R) antagonists. However, angiotensin peptides can also bind to receptors different from AT1R, in particular, angiotensin receptor type II (AT2R), resulting in biological and physiological effects different, and sometimes antagonistic, of their binding to AT1R. In the present Perspective, the components of the RAS and the therapeutic tools developed to control it will be reviewed. In particular, the characteristics of AT2R and tools to modulate its functions will be discussed. Agonists or antagonists to AT2R are potential therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases, for agonists, and in the control of pain, for antagonists, respectively. However, controlling their binding properties and their targeting to the target tissues must be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucienne Juillerat-Jeanneret
- Transplantation Center, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Zhang J, Jiang Y, Liu N, Shen T, Jung HW, Liu J, Yan BC. A Network-Based Method for Mechanistic Investigation and Neuroprotective Effect on Post-treatment of Senkyunolid-H Against Cerebral Ischemic Stroke in Mouse. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1299. [PMID: 31920923 PMCID: PMC6930873 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Senkyunolide-H (SEH), a major bioactive compound extracted from Ligusticum chuanxiong, has been reported to be effective in preventing cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS). In this study, we employed network pharmacology to reveal potential mechanism of SEH against CIS on a system level and confirmed the therapeutic effects of SEH on CIS by models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in vivo and in vitro. Through protein-protein interaction networks construction of SEH- and CIS-related targets, a total of 62 key targets were obtained by screening topological indices and analyzed for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that SEH might have a role in treating CIS via regulating some biological processes including regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling, and some molecular function, such as transcription factor and protein phosphatase binding and nitric oxide synthase regulator activity. Meanwhile, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was significantly enriched. In addition, our result showed that SEH posttreatment significantly decreased the neurological scores, infarct volume, and neuronal death in the middle cerebral artery occlusion mice. Moreover, the PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway was activated by intragastric administration of 40 mg/kg SEH, as verified by Western blot. In vitro, treatment of PC12 cells with 100 μM SEH markedly reduced cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation through the activation of PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor kappa B pathway, and the therapeutic effect of SEH was obviously inhibited by 10 μM LY294002. In summary, these results suggested that SEH carries a therapeutic potential in CIS involving multiple targets and pathways, and the most crucial mechanism might be through the activation of PI3K/Akt/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway to inhibit inflammatory factor releases and increase the antiapoptosis capacity. Our study furnishes the future traditional Chinese medicine research with a network pharmacology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunyao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute for Chinese Materia Medica, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Increase Research for Drug Efficacy and Safety Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ting Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Hyo Won Jung
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju-si, South Korea.,Korean Medicine R&D Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju-si, South Korea
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Pharmacology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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24
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Cui C, Xu P, Li G, Qiao Y, Han W, Geng C, Liao D, Yang M, Chen D, Jiang P. Vitamin D receptor activation regulates microglia polarization and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats and angiotensin II-exposed microglial cells: Role of renin-angiotensin system. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101295. [PMID: 31421410 PMCID: PMC6831892 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the major predisposing factors for neurodegenerative disease characterized with activated renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in both periphery and brain. Vitamin D (VitD) is recently recognized as a pleiotropic hormone with strong neuroprotective properties. While multiple lines of evidence suggest that VitD can act on RAS, the evidence concerning the crosstalk between VitD and RAS in the brain is limited. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate whether VitD can modulate brain RAS to trigger neuroprotective actions in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Our data showed that calcitriol treatment induced VDR expression and inhibited neural death in the prefrontal cortex of SHR. Sustained calcitriol administration also inhibited microglia M1 polarization, but enhanced M2 polarization, accompanied with decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. We then further explored the potential mechanisms and showed that SHR exhibited overactivated classical RAS with increased expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor type 1 (AT1), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and Ang II production, whereas the counteracting arm of traditional RAS, ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR, was impaired in the SHR brain. Calcitriol nonsignificantly suppressed AT1 and ACE but markedly reduced Ang II formation. Intriguingly, calcitriol exerted pronouncedly impact on ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR axis with enhanced expression of ACE2, MasR and Ang(1-7) generation. Meanwhile, calcitriol ameliorated the overactivation of NADPH-oxidase (Nox), the downstream of RAS, in SHR, and also mitigated oxidative stress. In microglial (BV2) cells, we further found that calcitriol induced ACE2 and MasR with no significant impact on ACE and AT1. In accordance, calcitriol also attenuated Ang II-induced Nox activation and ROS production, and shifted the microglia polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype. However, co-treatment with A779, a specific MasR antagonist, abrogated the antioxidant and neuroimmune modulating actions of VitD. These findings strongly indicate the involvement of ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR pathway in the neuroprotective mechanisms of VitD in the hypertensive brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmeng Cui
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dehua Liao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China; Department of Precision Medicine, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, China.
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25
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Xu T, Ma C, Fan S, Deng N, Lian Y, Tan L, Du W, Zhang S, Liu S, Ren B, Li Z, Wang Q, Wang X, Cheng F. Systematic Understanding of the Mechanism of Baicalin against Ischemic Stroke through a Network Pharmacology Approach. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:2582843. [PMID: 30647760 PMCID: PMC6311886 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2582843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is accompanied by high mortality and morbidity rates. At present, there is no effective clinical treatment. Alternatively, traditional Chinese medicine has been widely used in China and Japan for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Baicalin is a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis that has been shown to be effective against ischemic stroke; however, its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Based on network pharmacology, we explored the potential mechanism of baicalin on a system level. After obtaining baicalin structural information from the PubChem database, an approach combined with literature mining and PharmMapper prediction was used to uncover baicalin targets. Ischemic stroke-related targets were gathered with the help of DrugBank, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), Genetic Association Database (GAD), and Therapeutic Target Database (TTD). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed through the Cytoscape plugin BisoGenet and analyzed by topological methods. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were carried out via the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) server. We obtained a total of 386 potential targets and 5 signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and forkhead box (FOXO) signaling pathways. GO analysis showed that these targets were associated with antiapoptosis, antioxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and other physiopathological processes that are involved in anti-ischemic stroke effects. In summary, the mechanism of baicalin against ischemic stroke involved multiple targets and signaling pathways. Our study provides a network pharmacology framework for future research on traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chongyang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuning Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nang Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yajun Lian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ling Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weizhe Du
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuling Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Beida Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenhan Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qinguo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fafeng Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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