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Zhou A, Li L, Zhao G, Min L, Liu S, Zhu S, Guo Q, Liu C, Zhang S, Li P. Vitamin D3 Inhibits Helicobacter pylori Infection by Activating the VitD3/VDR-CAMP Pathway in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:566730. [PMID: 33194806 PMCID: PMC7646218 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.566730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is closely associated with the occurrence and development of gastric diseases. Therefore, eliminating H. pylori infection should help to prevent gastric diseases. Vitamin D3 (VitD3, 1,25(OH)2D3) was previously observed to exhibit anti-H. pylori infection activity in clinic, but these results were reported in heterogeneous in vivo studies without elucidation of the underlying mechanisms. In the present study, we established H. pylori infection models in both wild-type and VDR knockdown (VDR-KD) mice, which were used to demonstrate that VitD3 inhibits H. pylori infection by enhancing the expression of VitD receptor (VDR) and cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP). Furthermore, VDR-KD mice that exhibited lower VDR expression were more susceptible to H. pylori infection. In cultured mouse primary gastric epithelial cells, we further demonstrated that the VitD3/VDR complex binds to the CAMP promoter region to increase its expression. These data provide a mechanistic explanation of the anti-H. pylori infection activity of VitD3 at the molecular level in mice and suggest a new avenue for the clinical management of H. pylori eradication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Affiliated Hospital for Wei Fang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Min
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingdong Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Academy of Military Medical Sciences of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Francis R, Scola BL, Khalil JY. Coculture at the crossroads of the new microbiology techniques for the isolation of strict intracellular bacteria. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:287-298. [PMID: 32271109 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coculture played a major role in clinical microbiology by elucidating strict intracellular bacteria era. Since some of these bacteria are human pathogens, in-depth studies at the strain level are necessary to better understand their pathologies and treatment. Over the last decades, culture-independent tools have taken over the diagnostic procedure at the expense of coculture. These tools, although proven to be rapid and efficient, cannot overcome the need to culture the bacteria, as strain isolation remains a key factor to understanding its epidemiology, virulence and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Moreover, strain availability allows the development of molecular and serological tools, and remains crucial for taxonomy. This review revisits the current status of culture, its advantages, drawbacks and future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Francis
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny & Infections (MEPHI), 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR Microbes Evolution Phylogeny & Infections (MEPHI), 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Yb Khalil
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
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Mony TJ, Kwon HS, Won MK, Kang YM, Lee SH, Kim SY, Baek DY, Elahi F. Anti-urease immunoglobulin (IgY) from egg yolk prevents Helicobacter pylori infection in a mouse model. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2019.1617251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyuck-Se Kwon
- Research Institute, ADBiotech CO., LTD, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Won
- Research Institute, ADBiotech CO., LTD, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Kang
- Research Institute, ADBiotech CO., LTD, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Su-Hee Lee
- Research Institute, ADBiotech CO., LTD, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Su-Yeun Kim
- Research Institute, ADBiotech CO., LTD, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Doo-Yeon Baek
- Research Institute, ADBiotech CO., LTD, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Research Institute, ADBiotech CO., LTD, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
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Sutton P, Boag JM. Status of vaccine research and development for Helicobacter pylori. Vaccine 2018; 37:7295-7299. [PMID: 29627231 PMCID: PMC6892279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma is globally the third leading cause of death due to malignancy, with the bulk of this disease burden being suffered by low and middle income countries (LMIC), especially in Asia. The majority of these cancers develop as a result of a chronic gastritis that arises in response to infection with the stomach-dwelling bacterium, Helicobacter pylori. A vaccine against this pathogen would therefore be a powerful tool for preventing gastric adenocarcinoma. However, notwithstanding a proof-of-concept that vaccination can protect children from acquisition of H. pylori infection, there are currently no advanced vaccine candidates with only a single vaccine in Phase I clinical trial. Further, the development of a vaccine against H. pylori is not a current strategic priority of major pharmaceutical companies despite the large global disease burden. Given the involvement of such companies is likely to be critical for late stage development, there is therefore a need for an increased appreciation of the burden of this disease in LMIC and more investment to reinvigorate research in H. pylori vaccine Research and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Boag
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Avasthi TS, Ahmed N. Helicobacter pylori and type 1 diabetes mellitus: possibility of modifying chronic disease susceptibility with vaccinomics at the anvil. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:589-96. [PMID: 21688972 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen, Helicobacter pylori, colonizes more than 50% of the world population and is a well-known cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori has been epidemiologically linked to various other diseases, among which its putative link with certain complex diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is of interest. Although antibiotic resistance is a significant clinical problem in H. pylori infection control, the exact cause and much of the underlying mechanisms of T1DM are not clearly understood. In addition, commensal microflora, gut-adapted microbial communities, and plausible roles of some of the chronic human pathogens add an important dimension to the control of T1DM. Given this, the present review attempts to analyze and examine the confounding association of H. pylori and T1DM and the approaches to tackle them, and how the emerging field of vaccinomics might help in this pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiruvayipati Suma Avasthi
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent worldwide and is an important cause of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALToma), and gastric adenocarcinoma. Infection is usually acquired during childhood and tends to persist unless treated. Because eradication requires treatment with multidrug regimens, prevention of initial infection by a suitable vaccine is attractive. Although immunization with H pylori protein subunits has been encouraging in animals, similar vaccine trials in humans have shown adjuvant-related adverse effects and only moderate effectiveness. Newer immunization approaches (use of DNA, live vectors, bacterial ghosts, and microspheres) are being developed. Several questions about when and whom to vaccinate will need to be appropriately answered, and a cost-effective vaccine production and delivery strategy will have to be useful for developing countries. For this review, we searched MEDLINE using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms Helicobacter pylori and vaccines for articles in English from 1990 to 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishtha Agarwal
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Iizumi T, Yamanishi S, Kumagai Y, Nagata K, Kamiya S, Hirota K, Watanabe E, Sakamoto C, Takahashi H. Augmentation of Helicobacter pylori urease activity by its specific IgG antibody: implications for bacterial colonization enhancement. Biomed Res 2005; 26:35-42. [PMID: 15806982 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.26.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastric colonization of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) occurs in a very early age via infected mothers having H. pylori-specific IgG antibodies that would be transplacentally transferred to infants. In addition, H. pylori urease-specific IgG was associated with chronic gastric atrophy and post-immunization gastritis is usually correlated with a strong local IgG response. These findings indicate that H. pylori-specific IgG antibodies, in particular its urease-specific IgG, may induce unfavorable influence on host resistance against H. pylori. Here, we show that we have found a unique H. pylori urease-specific IgG monoclonal antibody (MAb), termed S3, recognizing the conformational structure of the small subunit Ure-A, which enhanced the urease enzymatic activity. Such enhancement of the H. pylori urease activity induced by 1 microg of S3 was almost completely cancelled by simultaneously added the same amount of L2 MAb, which has a strong and specific inhibitory activity against H. pylori urease and recognizes a liner epitope of 8-mer peptide (F8: SIKEDVQF) within its large subunit Ure-B (Infect. Immun. 69: 6597, 2001). Intravenous pre-administration of purified S3 into BALB/c mice showed significant augmentation for gastric colonization with the susceptible strain Sydney Strain-1 (SS-1). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that a H. pylori urease-specific IgG MAb induced an augmentation of their gastric colonization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadasu Iizumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Hoffelner H, Haas R. Recombinant bacterial ghosts: versatile targeting vehicles and promising vaccine candidates. Int J Med Microbiol 2004; 294:303-11. [PMID: 15532989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Hoffelner
- Max von Pettenkofer Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, LMU München, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, D-80336 München, Germany
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Chen M, Chen J, Liao W, Zhu S, Yu J, Leung WK, Hu P, Sung JJY. Immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium producing catalase in protection against gastric Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. Helicobacter 2003; 8:613-25. [PMID: 14632677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2003.00182.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the protective effect of live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium expressing catalase against gastric Helicobacter pylori infection in mice, and to explore the underlying mechanisms of the protective immune reaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The H. pylori catalase gene was introduced into attenuated S. typhimurium strain SL3261. C57BL/6 mice were orally immunized with the SL3261 vaccine strain expressing catalase or with SL3261 alone or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after immunization and 5 weeks after H. pylori challenge, respectively. RESULTS All PBS control mice were infected. Eight of 13 (61.5%) mice immunized with the SL3261 vaccine strain and three of 14 (21%) mice immunized with SL3261 alone showed protection against H. pylori infection. Serum anti-H. pylori IgG2a levels of S. typhimurium-immunized mice were higher than those of PBS controls, both before and after H. pylori challenge, while there were no differences for IgG1 and IgA. Similarly, mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12 and interferon-gamma in the gastric mucosa of S. typhimurium-immunized mice was significantly higher than that of PBS controls both before and after challenge. Moreover, S. typhimurium-immunized mice were characterized by marked infiltration of lymphocyte and mononuclear cells in the gastric mucosa after challenge. IL-4 and IL-10 were not detected in any of the three groups. IL-6 expression was increased in the PBS group compared with the S. typhimurium-immunized groups after challenge. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that oral immunization of mice with catalase delivered by an attenuated S. typhimurium strain offers protection against H. pylori infection. This protective immunity was mediated through a predominantly Th1-type response and was associated with post-immunization gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guang Zhou, China
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11
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Abstract
The acceptance of Helicobacter pylori as a major human pathogen has necessitated the development of animal models to help elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of this bacterium and aid in the development of improved strategies for the treatment of gastric disease. Appropriate models, utilising a range of animal species, have been developed to examine factors such as the influence of host responses and bacterial factors in disease development and the success of new therapeutic regimens, including vaccination, to cure infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani L O'Rourke
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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12
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Panthel K, Jechlinger W, Matis A, Rohde M, Szostak M, Lubitz W, Haas R. Generation of Helicobacter pylori ghosts by PhiX protein E-mediated inactivation and their evaluation as vaccine candidates. Infect Immun 2003; 71:109-16. [PMID: 12496155 PMCID: PMC143412 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.1.109-116.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial ghosts are empty cell envelopes, which may be generated by the controlled expression of the PhiX174 lysis gene E in gram-negative bacteria to obtain vaccine candidates. We describe here the application of this technology to Helicobacter pylori. The lysis gene cassette was cloned into an Escherichia coli-Helicobacter pylori shuttle vector and introduced into an H. pylori recipient strain by bacterial conjugation. Temperature induction of the lysis gene cassette revealed a quantitative killing of the H. pylori culture without induction of lysis-resistant bacteria. Biochemical and transmission electron microscopic studies identified structurally intact H. pylori. Prophylactic oral vaccination experiments using these H. pylori ghosts in the BALB/c mouse model showed a significant reduction of the bacterial load in the ghost group, as measured by a quantitative bacterial reisolation procedure. Ten of 10 and 5 of 10 mice were protected, respectively, without the use of a mucosal adjuvant. Coadministration of ghosts with cholera toxin as mucosal adjuvant resulted in a complete protection of 10 of 10 and 8 of 8 mice against H. pylori challenge, with three animals showing a sterile immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Panthel
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, LMU Munich, Germany
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13
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Rothenbacher D, Bode G, Brenner H. Dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood in a high-risk group living in Germany: loss of infection higher than acquisition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:1663-8. [PMID: 12197846 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood are not yet well understood. AIM To conduct a prospective study in a population of children known to be at high risk of H. pylori infection to elucidate the incidence and loss of infection in childhood. METHODS Asymptomatic Turkish children [aged 1 (n = 56 children), 2 (n = 55 children) and 4 years (n = 69 children)] at baseline, on whom participating paediatricians had performed routine health screening examinations between September 1997 and October 1998, were included in the study. A follow-up was performed about 1 year later. The infection status was defined by means of an antigen-based stool assay. RESULTS In total, for 137 of 180 (76%) children, follow-up information was available. At baseline examination, the prevalence of infection in children with follow-up information was 27%[95% confidence interval (CI), 20-35%]. The incidence of H. pylori infection among previously uninfected children was 7% (95% CI, 3-14%) and the loss of infection among previously infected children was 35% (95% CI, 20-54%) during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This prospective cohort study in a high-risk group of children living in Germany showed that H. pylori colonization may often not persist at an early age. Furthermore, the use of penicillins and macrolides may be associated with the loss of infection at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rothenbacher
- Department of Epidemiology, The German Centre for Research on Ageing, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Houpikian P, Raoult D. Traditional and molecular techniques for the study of emerging bacterial diseases: one laboratory's perspective. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8:122-31. [PMID: 11897062 PMCID: PMC3369584 DOI: 10.3201/eid0802.010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of emerging bacterial pathogens generally results from a chain of events involving microscopy, serology, molecular tools, and culture. Because of the spectacular molecular techniques developed in the last decades, some authors think that these techniques will shortly supplant culture. The key steps that led to the discovery of emerging bacteria have been reviewed to determine the real contribution of each technique. Historically, microscopy has played a major role. Serology provided indirect evidence for causality. Isolation and culture were crucial, as all emerging bacteria have been grown on artificial media or cell lines or at least propagated in animals. With the use of broad-range polymerase chain reaction, some bacteria have been identified or detected in new clinical syndromes. Culture has irreplaceable advantages for studying emerging bacterial diseases, as it allows antigenic studies, antibiotic susceptibility testing, experimental models, and genetic studies to be carried out, and remains the ultimate goal of pathogen identification.
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Ernst PB, Takaishi H, Crowe SE. Helicobacter pylori infection as a model for gastrointestinal immunity and chronic inflammatory diseases. Dig Dis 2001; 19:104-11. [PMID: 11549818 DOI: 10.1159/000050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of humanity is infected with Helicobacter pylori. It is a life-long infection that elicits a marked host inflammatory response; however, natural infection fails to yield protective immunity. Rather than providing protection, the chronic inflammatory response associated with natural infection contributes to tissue damage and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal disease, including atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. While bacterial factors are important triggers of inflammation, many subjects infected with strains bearing putative virulence factors remain free from disease. Recent genetic studies have implicated the host's immune and inflammatory responses, suggesting that disease results from an interaction between bacterial and environmental factors in genetically susceptible hosts. Other digestive diseases, including celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease, mimic this paradigm, where it appears that luminal triggers only manifest disease in subjects with the right combination of host and environmental factors. Since infection with H. pylori is relatively common, it is possible to study the impact of a specific etiologic agent on the pathogenesis of disease in humans. This approach has illuminated the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms, but the advances achieved to date may provide some hints regarding the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases elsewhere in the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Ernst
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Knigge KL. The role of H pylori in gastrointestinal disease. A guide to identification and eradication. Postgrad Med 2001; 110:71-2, 77-8, 81-2. [PMID: 11570207 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2001.09.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, which is responsible for the most common infection worldwide, has been implicated in several gastrointestinal diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. In this article, Dr Knigge discusses the unique adaptation of H pylori to the acidic gastric environment and describes diagnostic tests to identify the organism, treatment recommendations, and tools to confirm eradication of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Knigge
- Division of Gasteroenterology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, PV-310, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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17
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Ernst PB, Pappo J. T-cell-mediated mucosal immunity in the absence of antibody: lessons from Helicobacter pylori infection. Acta Odontol Scand 2001; 59:216-21. [PMID: 11570524 DOI: 10.1080/00016350152509238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of humanity is infected with Helicobacter pylori. This lifelong infection elicits a marked host response, including a robust gastric IgA response. However, natural infection fails to yield protective immunity. Rather than providing protection, the chronic inflammatory response associated with natural infection can contribute to tissue damage and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal disease, including atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. These immune responses are attributed to a subset of helper T cells, so-called Th1 cells, that enhance cell-mediated immunity and induce damage to the gastric epithelium. Thus, it is desirable to have effective vaccines that could prevent and cure infection and that may modify the host response in a manner that prevents immune-mediated disease. Using animal models as a tool to understand the immunobiology of Helicobacter infections, several investigators have shown that effective vaccines can be developed. Thus, prophylactic and even therapeutic vaccines have been described in various animal models. The basis for the effectiveness of these vaccines appears related to their ability to alter the gastric immune response, from a homogeneous Th1 response to a mixed Th1 and Th2 response. Interestingly, immunity can occur in the absence of B cells, suggesting that novel IgA-independent mechanisms exist that confer protection against a luminal infection. Thus, H. pylori infection provides a model with which new mechanisms of immunological protection can be identified and applied to other mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Ernst
- Department of Pediatrics, Sealy Center for Molecular Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0366, USA.
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