1
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Macowan M, Pattaroni C, Bonner K, Chatzis R, Daunt C, Gore M, Custovic A, Shields MD, Power UF, Grigg J, Roberts G, Ghazal P, Schwarze J, Turner S, Bush A, Saglani S, Lloyd CM, Marsland BJ. Deep multiomic profiling reveals molecular signatures that underpin preschool wheeze and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00869-8. [PMID: 39214237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheezing in childhood is prevalent, with over one-half of all children experiencing at least 1 episode by age 6. The pathophysiology of wheeze, especially why some children develop asthma while others do not, remains unclear. OBJECTIVES This study addresses the knowledge gap by investigating the transition from preschool wheeze to asthma using multiomic profiling. METHODS Unsupervised, group-agnostic integrative multiomic factor analysis was performed using host/bacterial (meta)transcriptomic and bacterial shotgun metagenomic datasets from bronchial brush samples paired with metabolomic/lipidomic data from bronchoalveolar lavage samples acquired from children 1-17 years old. RESULTS Two multiomic factors were identified: one characterizing preschool-aged recurrent wheeze and another capturing an inferred trajectory from health to wheeze and school-aged asthma. Recurrent wheeze was driven by type 1-immune signatures, coupled with upregulation of immune-related and neutrophil-associated lipids and metabolites. Comparatively, progression toward asthma from ages 1 to 18 was dominated by changes related to airway epithelial cell gene expression, type 2-immune responses, and constituents of the airway microbiome, such as increased Haemophilus influenzae. CONCLUSIONS These factors highlighted distinctions between an inflammation-related phenotype in preschool wheeze, and the predominance of airway epithelial-related changes linked with the inferred trajectory toward asthma. These findings provide insights into the differential mechanisms driving the progression from wheeze to asthma and may inform targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Macowan
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Céline Pattaroni
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Katie Bonner
- Imperial Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roxanne Chatzis
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmel Daunt
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mindy Gore
- Imperial Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Imperial Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Shields
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ultan F Power
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Roberts
- Human Development in Health School, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Newport, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ghazal
- School of Medicine, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Child Life and Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Turner
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom; National Health Service Grampian, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bush
- Imperial Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sejal Saglani
- Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J Marsland
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Campbell DR, Senger CN, Ryan AL, Magin CM. Engineering Tissue-Informed Biomaterials to Advance Pulmonary Regenerative Medicine. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:647834. [PMID: 33898484 PMCID: PMC8060451 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.647834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials intentionally designed to support the expansion, differentiation, and three-dimensional (3D) culture of induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may pave the way to cell-based therapies for chronic respiratory diseases. These conditions are endured by millions of people worldwide and represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective treatments for the majority of advanced lung diseases and lung transplantation remains the only hope for many chronically ill patients. Key opinion leaders speculate that the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, may lead to long-term lung damage, further exacerbating the need for regenerative therapies. New strategies for regenerative cell-based therapies harness the differentiation capability of human iPSCs for studying pulmonary disease pathogenesis and treatment. Excitingly, biomaterials are a cell culture platform that can be precisely designed to direct stem cell differentiation. Here, we present a closer look at the state-of-the-art of iPSC differentiation for pulmonary engineering, offer evidence supporting the power of biomaterials to improve stem cell differentiation, and discuss our perspective on the potential for tissue-informed biomaterials to transform pulmonary regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Campbell
- Department of Bioengineering, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christiana N. Senger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amy L. Ryan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea M. Magin
- Department of Bioengineering, Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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3
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From Submerged Cultures to 3D Cell Culture Models: Evolution of Nasal Epithelial Cells in Asthma Research and Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030387. [PMID: 33670992 PMCID: PMC7997270 DOI: 10.3390/v13030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the response to viral infection in the context of respiratory diseases is of significant importance. Recently, there has been more focus on the role of the nasal epithelium in disease modeling. Here, we provide an overview of different submerged, organotypic 3D and spheroid cell culture models of nasal epithelial cells, which were used to study asthma and allergy with a special focus on virus infection. In detail, this review summarizes the importance, benefits, and disadvantages of patient-derived cell culture models of nasal- and bronchial epithelial cells, including a comparison of these cell culture models and a discussion on why investigators should consider using nasal epithelial cells in their research. Exposure experiments, simple virus transduction analyses as well as genetic studies can be performed in these models, which may provide first insights into the complexity of molecular signatures and may open new doors for drug discovery and biomarker research.
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4
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Reeves SR, Barrow KA, White MP, Rich LM, Naushab M, Debley JS. Stability of gene expression by primary bronchial epithelial cells over increasing passage number. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:91. [PMID: 29843677 PMCID: PMC5975426 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of studies using primary human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) have reported intrinsic differences in the expression of several genes between cells from asthmatic and non-asthmatic donors. The stability of gene expression by primary BECs with increasing cell passage number has not been well characterized. Methods To determine if expression by primary BECs from asthmatic and non-asthmatic children of selected genes associated with airway remodeling, innate immune response, immunomodulatory factors, and markers of differentiated airway epithelium, are stable over increasing cell passage number, we studied gene expression patterns in passages 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 BECs from asthmatic (n = 6) and healthy (n = 6) subjects that were differentiated at an air-liquid interface. RNA was harvested from BECs and RT-PCR was performed for TGFβ1, TGFβ2, activin A, FSTL3, MUC5AC, TSLP, IL-33, CXCL10, IFIH1, p63, KT5, TUBB4A, TJP1, OCLN, and FOXJ1. Results Expression of TGFβ1, TGFβ2, activin A, FSTL3, MUC5AC, CXCL10, IFIH1, p63, KT5, TUBB4A, TJP1, OCLN, and FOXJ1 by primary BECs from asthmatic and healthy children was stable with no significant differences between passages 1, 2 and 3; however, gene expression at cell passages 4 and 5 was significantly greater and more variable compared to passage 1 BECs for many of these genes. IL-33 and FOXJ1 expression was also stable between passages 1 through 3, however, expression at passages 4 and 5 was significantly lower than by passage 1 BECs. TSLP, p63, and KRT5 expression was stable across BEC passages 1 through 5 for both asthmatic and healthy BECs. Conclusions These observations illustrate the importance of using BECs from passage ≤3 when studying gene expression by asthmatic and non-asthmatic primary BECs and characterizing the expression pattern across increasing cell passage number for each new gene studied, as beyond passage 3 genes expressed by primary BECs appear to less accurately model in vivo airway epithelial gene expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12890-018-0652-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Reeves
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Barrow
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria P White
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lucille M Rich
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maryam Naushab
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason S Debley
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Turner S, Custovic A, Ghazal P, Grigg J, Gore M, Henderson J, Lloyd CM, Marsland B, Power UF, Roberts G, Saglani S, Schwarze J, Shields M, Bush A. Pulmonary epithelial barrier and immunological functions at birth and in early life - key determinants of the development of asthma? A description of the protocol for the Breathing Together study. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:60. [PMID: 30191183 PMCID: PMC6097397 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14489.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Childhood asthma is a common complex condition whose aetiology is thought to involve gene-environment interactions in early life occurring at the airway epithelium, associated with immune dysmaturation. It is not clear if abnormal airway epithelium cell (AEC) and cellular immune system functions associated with asthma are primary or secondary. To explore this, we will (i) recruit a birth cohort and observe the evolution of respiratory symptoms; (ii) recruit children with and without asthma symptoms; and (iii) use existing data from children in established STELAR birth cohorts. Novel pathways identified in the birth cohort will be sought in the children with established disease. Our over-arching hypothesis is that epithelium function is abnormal at birth in babies who subsequently develop asthma and progression is driven by abnormal interactions between the epithelium, genetic factors, the developing immune system, and the microbiome in the first years of life. Methods. One thousand babies will be recruited and nasal AEC collected at 5-10 days after birth for culture. Transcriptomes in AEC and blood leukocytes and the upper airway microbiome will be determined in babies and again at one and three years of age. In a subset of 100 individuals, AEC transcriptomes and microbiomes will also be assessed at three and six months. Individuals will be assigned a wheeze category at age three years. In a cross sectional study, 300 asthmatic and healthy children aged 1 to 16 years will have nasal and bronchial AEC collected for culture and transcriptome analysis, leukocyte transcriptome analysis, and upper and lower airway microbiomes ascertained. Genetic variants associated with asthma symptoms will be confirmed in the STELAR cohorts. Conclusions. This study is the first to comprehensively study the temporal relationship between aberrant AEC and immune cell function and asthma symptoms in the context of early gene-microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Turner
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZG, UK
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Centre for Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Mindy Gore
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - John Henderson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ben Marsland
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004 , Australia
| | - Ultan F Power
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Graham Roberts
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences and Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.,The David Hide Asthma and Allergy Research Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Newport, Isle of Wight, PO30 5TG, UK
| | - Sejal Saglani
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Jurgen Schwarze
- Child Life and Health and MRC-Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 1UW, UK
| | - Michael Shields
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Andrew Bush
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, SW3 6NP, UK
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7
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In Vitro Modeling of RSV Infection and Cytopathogenesis in Well-Differentiated Human Primary Airway Epithelial Cells (WD-PAECs). Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 27464691 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3687-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The choice of model used to study human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is extremely important. RSV is a human pathogen that is exquisitely adapted to infection of human hosts. Rodent models, such as mice and cotton rats, are semi-permissive to RSV infection and do not faithfully reproduce hallmarks of RSV disease in humans. Furthermore, immortalized airway-derived cell lines, such as HEp-2, BEAS-2B, and A549 cells, are poorly representative of the complexity of the respiratory epithelium. The development of a well-differentiated primary pediatric airway epithelial cell models (WD-PAECs) allows us to simulate several hallmarks of RSV infection of infant airways. They therefore represent important additions to RSV pathogenesis modeling in human-relevant tissues. The following protocols describe how to culture and differentiate both bronchial and nasal primary pediatric airway epithelial cells and how to use these cultures to study RSV cytopathogenesis.
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8
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Martinovich KM, Iosifidis T, Buckley AG, Looi K, Ling KM, Sutanto EN, Kicic-Starcevich E, Garratt LW, Shaw NC, Montgomery S, Lannigan FJ, Knight DA, Kicic A, Stick SM. Conditionally reprogrammed primary airway epithelial cells maintain morphology, lineage and disease specific functional characteristics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17971. [PMID: 29269735 PMCID: PMC5740081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current limitations to primary cell expansion led us to test whether airway epithelial cells derived from healthy children and those with asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF), co-cultured with an irradiated fibroblast feeder cell in F-medium containing 10 µM ROCK inhibitor could maintain their lineage during expansion and whether this is influenced by underlying disease status. Here, we show that conditionally reprogrammed airway epithelial cells (CRAECs) can be established from both healthy and diseased phenotypes. CRAECs can be expanded, cryopreserved and maintain phenotypes over at least 5 passages. Population doublings of CRAEC cultures were significantly greater than standard cultures, but maintained their lineage characteristics. CRAECs from all phenotypes were also capable of fully differentiating at air-liquid interface (ALI) and maintained disease specific characteristics including; defective CFTR channel function cultures and the inability to repair wounds. Our findings indicate that CRAECs derived from children maintain lineage, phenotypic and importantly disease-specific functional characteristics over a specified passage range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Martinovich
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Iosifidis
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alysia G Buckley
- Centre of Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Looi
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kak-Ming Ling
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erika N Sutanto
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Kicic-Starcevich
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke W Garratt
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole C Shaw
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samuel Montgomery
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Francis J Lannigan
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. .,Occupation and Environment, School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Stephen M Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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9
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Brugha R, Lowe R, Henderson AJ, Holloway JW, Rakyan V, Wozniak E, Mahmud N, Seymour K, Grigg J, Shaheen SO. DNA methylation profiles between airway epithelium and proxy tissues in children. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:2011-2016. [PMID: 28833606 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Epidemiological studies of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation in airway disease have largely been conducted using blood or buccal samples. However, given tissue specificity of DNA methylation, these surrogate tissues may not allow reliable inferences about methylation in the lung. We sought to compare the pattern of DNA methylation in blood, buccal and nasal epithelial cells to that in airway epithelial cells from children. METHODS Samples of blood, and buccal, nasal and airway epithelium were obtained from six children undergoing elective anaesthesia for adenotonsillectomy. DNA methylation was assessed at 450 000 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' (CpG) sites using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 array. RESULTS Eighteen samples from all sites were suitable for analysis. Hierarchical clustering demonstrated that the methylation profile in nasal epithelium was most representative of that in airway epithelium; the profile in buccal cells was moderately similar and that in blood was least similar. CONCLUSION DNA methylation in blood poorly reflects methylation in airway epithelium. Future epidemiological studies of DNA methylation and airway diseases should consider measurement of methylation either in buccal cells or, preferably, in nasal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossa Brugha
- National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Robert Lowe
- Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - A. John Henderson
- School of Social and Community Medicine; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - John W. Holloway
- Human Development and Health; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Vardhman Rakyan
- Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Eva Wozniak
- Genome Centre; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London UK
| | - Nadiya Mahmud
- Genome Centre; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; London UK
| | - Kay Seymour
- Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery; Barts Health NHS Trust; London UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Seif O. Shaheen
- Blizard Institute; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
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10
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Guimbellot J, Sharma J, Rowe SM. Toward inclusive therapy with CFTR modulators: Progress and challenges. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:S4-S14. [PMID: 28881097 PMCID: PMC6208153 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is caused by gene mutations that result in an abnormal Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein on the surface of cells. CFTR modulators are a novel class of drugs that directly target the molecular defect. CFTR modulators include potentiators that result in improved activity of the channel; correctors that help the protein traffic to the cell surface properly; and readthrough agents that restore full-length CFTR by suppression of premature termination codons, among other novel classes more recently established. While some of these drugs, CFTR potentiators in particular, have provided remarkable improvements for CF patients, others have yet to achieve profoundly improved outcomes, and many CF patients are not yet impacted by CFTR modulators due to lack of knowledge regarding susceptibility of their mutations to treatment. One limitation to expanding these types of therapies to the maximum number of patients with CF is the lack of rigorously validated clinical biomarkers that can determine efficacy on an individual basis, as well as few pre-clinical tools that can predict whether an individual with a rare combination of mutant alleles will respond to a particular CFTR modulator regimen. In this review, we discuss the various groups of CFTR modulators and their status in clinical development, as well as address the current literature on biomarkers, pre-clinical cell-based tools, and the role of pharmacometrics in creating therapeutic strategies to improve the lives of all patients with cystic fibrosis, regardless of their specific mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Guimbellot
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Departments of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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11
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Primary Paediatric Bronchial Airway Epithelial Cell in Vitro Responses to Environmental Exposures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:359. [PMID: 27023576 PMCID: PMC4847021 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The bronchial airway epithelial cell (BAEC) is the site for initial encounters between inhaled environmental factors and the lower respiratory system. Our hypothesis was that release of pro inflammatory interleukins (IL)-6 and IL-8 from primary BAEC cultured from children will be increased after in vitro exposure to common environmental factors. Primary BAEC were obtained from children undergoing clinically indicated routine general anaesthetic procedures. Cells were exposed to three different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or house dust mite allergen (HDM) or particulates extracted from side stream cigarette smoke (SSCS). BAEC were obtained from 24 children (mean age 7.0 years) and exposed to stimuli. Compared with the negative control, there was an increase in IL-6 and IL-8 release after exposure to HDM (p ≤ 0.001 for both comparisons). There was reduced IL-6 after higher compared to lower SSCS exposure (p = 0.023). There was no change in BAEC release of IL-6 or IL-8 after LPS exposure. BAEC from children are able to recognise and respond in vitro with enhanced pro inflammatory mediator secretion to some inhaled exposures.
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12
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Zhu BY, Johnson LR, Vernau W. Tracheobronchial brush cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage in dogs and cats with chronic cough: 45 cases (2012-2014). J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:526-32. [PMID: 25818208 PMCID: PMC4895494 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animals with chronic cough can have normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology when small airway disease is absent. Cytology of a tracheobronchial brushing can detect inflammation in larger airways; however, evaluation of this technique has been limited in veterinary medicine. Objective To compare airway brush cytology to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in dogs and cats with chronic cough. Animals Forty dogs and five cats undergoing bronchoscopic investigation of chronic cough. Methods Prospective study. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage were performed followed by tracheobronchial brushing of central airways. Results of cytologic assessment of BAL fluid and brush cytology were compared for the presence or absence of inflammation and concordance of inflammatory cell type. Results Brush cytology detected central airway inflammation in 34 of 40 (85%) dogs with inflammatory BAL fluid. However, the type of inflammation reported differed in 23 of 34 dogs. In five cats with inflammation in BAL fluid, brush cytology detected inflammation in four; the type of inflammation was discordant in all cats. Conclusions and clinical relevance Brush cytology has good agreement with BAL regarding the presence of inflammation, although the type of inflammation detected with the different sampling techniques commonly varies. Brush cytology can provide supplementary information to BAL, and additional studies will provide further information on the role of tracheobronchial brush cytology in the diagnosis and management of respiratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Zhu
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA
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McLellan K, Shields M, Power U, Turner S. Primary airway epithelial cell culture and asthma in children-lessons learnt and yet to come. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015; 50:1393-405. [PMID: 26178976 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Until recently the airway epithelial cell (AEC) was considered a simple barrier that prevented entry of inhaled matter into the lung parenchyma. The AEC is now recognized as having an important role in the inflammatory response of the respiratory system to inhaled exposures, and abnormalities of these responses are thought to be important to asthma pathogenesis. This review first explores how the challenges of studying nasal and bronchial AECs in children have been addressed and then summarizes the results of studies of primary AEC function in children with and without asthma. There is good evidence that nasal AECs may be a suitable surrogate for the study of certain aspects of bronchial AEC function, although bronchial AECs remain the gold standard for asthma research. There are consistent differences between children with and without asthma for nasal and bronchial AEC mediator release following exposure to a range of pro-inflammatory stimulants including interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-4, and IL-13. However, there are inconsistencies between studies, e.g., release of IL-6, an important pro-inflammatory cytokine, is not increased in children with asthma relative to controls in all studies. Future work should expand current understanding of the "upstream" signalling pathways in AEC, study AEC from children before the onset of asthma symptoms and in vitro models should be developed that replicate the in vivo status more completely, e.g., co-culture with dendritic cells. AECs are difficult to obtain from children and collaboration between centers is expected to yield meaningful advances in asthma understanding and ultimately help deliver novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty McLellan
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Shields
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ultan Power
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Turner
- Child Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Parker JC, Douglas I, Bell J, Comer D, Bailie K, Skibinski G, Heaney LG, Shields MD. Epidermal Growth Factor Removal or Tyrphostin AG1478 Treatment Reduces Goblet Cells & Mucus Secretion of Epithelial Cells from Asthmatic Children Using the Air-Liquid Interface Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129546. [PMID: 26057128 PMCID: PMC4461195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Epithelial remodelling in asthma is characterised by goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion for which no therapies exist. Differentiated bronchial air-liquid interface cultures from asthmatic children display high goblet cell numbers. Epidermal growth factor and its receptor have been implicated in goblet cell hyperplasia. Objectives We hypothesised that EGF removal or tyrphostin AG1478 treatment of differentiating air-liquid interface cultures from asthmatic children would result in a reduction of epithelial goblet cells and mucus secretion. Methods In Aim 1 primary bronchial epithelial cells from non-asthmatic (n = 5) and asthmatic (n = 5) children were differentiated under EGF-positive (10ng/ml EGF) and EGF-negative culture conditions for 28 days. In Aim 2, cultures from a further group of asthmatic children (n = 5) were grown under tyrphostin AG1478, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, conditions. All cultures were analysed for epithelial resistance, markers of differentiation using immunocytochemistry, ELISA for MUC5AC mucin secretion and qPCR for MUC5AC mRNA. Results In cultures from asthmatic children the goblet cell number was reduced in the EGF negative group (p = 0.01). Tyrphostin AG1478 treatment of cultures from asthmatic children had significant reductions in goblet cells at 0.2μg/ml (p = 0.03) and 2μg/ml (p = 0.003) as well as mucus secretion at 2μg/ml (p = 0.04). Conclusions We have shown in this preliminary study that through EGF removal and tyrphostin AG1478 treatment the goblet cell number and mucus hypersecretion in differentiating air-liquid interface cultures from asthmatic children is significantly reduced. This further highlights the epidermal growth factor receptor as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Parker
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Isobel Douglas
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jennifer Bell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - David Comer
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Keith Bailie
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Grzegorz Skibinski
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Liam G. Heaney
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael D. Shields
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Health Sciences Building, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Garratt LW, Sutanto EN, Foo CJ, Ling KM, Looi K, Kicic-Starcevich E, Iosifidis T, Martinovich KM, Lannigan FJ, Stick SM, Kicic A. Determinants of culture success in an airway epithelium sampling program of young children with cystic fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:447-59. [PMID: 25191759 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.946631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The bronchial brushing technique presents an opportunity to establish a gold standard in vitro model of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) airway disease. However, unique obstacles exist when establishing CF airway epithelial cells (pAECCF). We aimed to identify determinants of culture success through retrospective analysis of a program of routinely brushing children with CF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anaesthetised children (CF and non-CF) had airway samples taken which were immediately processed for cell culture. Airway data for the CF cohort was obtained from clinical records and the AREST CF database. RESULTS Of 260 brushings processed for culture, 114 (43.8%) pAECCF successfully cultured to passage one (P1) and 63 (24.2% of total) progressed to passage two (P2). However, >80% of non-CF specimens (pAECnon-CF) cultured to P2 from similar cell numbers. Within the CF cohort, specimens successfully cultured to P2 had a higher initial cell count and lower proportion of severe CF mutation phenotype than those that did not proliferate beyond initial seeding. Elevated airway IL-8 concentration was also negatively associated with culture establishment. Contamination by opportunistic pathogens was observed in 81 (31.2% of total) cultures and brushings from children with lower respiratory tract infections were more likely to co-culture contaminating flora. CONCLUSIONS Lower passage rates of pAECCF cultures uniquely contrasts with pAECnon-CF despite similar cell numbers. An equivalent establishment rate of CF nasal epithelium reported elsewhere, significant associations to CFTR mutation phenotype, elevated airway IL-8 and opportunistic pathogens all suggest this is likely related to the CF disease milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Garratt
- 1School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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McGarvey LP, Butler CA, Stokesberry S, Polley L, McQuaid S, Abdullah H, Ashraf S, McGahon MK, Curtis TM, Arron J, Choy D, Warke TJ, Bradding P, Ennis M, Zholos A, Costello RW, Heaney LG. Increased expression of bronchial epithelial transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channels in patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:704-12.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nasal epithelial cells can act as a physiological surrogate for paediatric asthma studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85802. [PMID: 24475053 PMCID: PMC3903489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differentiated paediatric epithelial cells can be used to study the role of epithelial cells in asthma. Nasal epithelial cells are easier to obtain and may act as a surrogate for bronchial epithelium in asthma studies. We assessed the suitability of nasal epithelium from asthmatic children to be a surrogate for bronchial epithelium using air-liquid interface cultures. Methods Paired nasal and bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic children (n = 9) were differentiated for 28 days under unstimulated and IL-13-stimulated conditions. Morphological and physiological markers were analysed using immunocytochemistry, transepithelial-electrical-resistance, Quantitative Real-time-PCR, ELISA and multiplex cytokine/chemokine analysis. Results Physiologically, nasal epithelial cells from asthmatic children exhibit similar cytokine responses to stimulation with IL-13 compared with paired bronchial epithelial cells. Morphologically however, nasal epithelial cells differed significantly from bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic patients under unstimulated and IL-13-stimulated conditions. Nasal epithelial cells exhibited lower proliferation/differentiation rates and lower percentages of goblet and ciliated cells when unstimulated, while exhibiting a diminished and varied response to IL-13. Conclusions We conclude that morphologically, nasal epithelial cells would not be a suitable surrogate due to a significantly lower rate of proliferation and differentiation of goblet and ciliated cells. Physiologically, nasal epithelial cells respond similarly to exogenous stimulation with IL-13 in cytokine production and could be used as a physiological surrogate in the event that bronchial epithelial cells are not available.
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Miller D, Turner SW, Spiteri-Cornish D, McInnes N, Scaife A, Danielian PJ, Devereux G, Walsh GM. Culture of airway epithelial cells from neonates sampled within 48-hours of birth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78321. [PMID: 24223790 PMCID: PMC3817245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about how neonatal airway epithelial cell phenotype impacts on respiratory disease in later life. This study aimed to establish a methodology to culture and characterise neonatal nasal epithelial cells sampled from healthy, non-sedated infants within 48 hours of delivery. METHODS Nasal epithelial cells were sampled by brushing both nostrils with an interdental brush, grown to confluence and sub-cultured. Cultured cells were characterised morphologically by light and electron microscopy and by immunocytochemistry. As an exemplar pro-inflammatory chemokine, IL-8 concentrations were measured in supernatants from unstimulated monolayers and after exposure to IL-1β/TNF-α or house dust mite extract. RESULTS Primary cultures were successfully established in 135 (91%) of 149 neonatal samples seeded, with 79% (n = 117) successfully cultured to passage 3. The epithelial lineage of the cells was confirmed by morphological analysis and immunostaining. Constitutive IL-8 secretion was observed and was upregulated by IL-1β/TNF-α or house dust mite extract in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION We describe a safe, minimally invasive method of culturing nasal epithelial cells from neonates suitable for functional cell analysis offering an opportunity to study "naïve" cells that may prove useful in elucidating the role of the epithelium in the early origins of asthma and/or allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Miller
- Department of Child Health, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Steve W. Turner
- Department of Child Health, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Daniella Spiteri-Cornish
- Department of Child Health, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Neil McInnes
- Department of Child Health, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Scaife
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham Devereux
- Department of Child Health, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Garry M. Walsh
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Parker JC, Thavagnanam S, Skibinski G, Lyons J, Bell J, Heaney LG, Shields MD. Chronic IL9 and IL-13 exposure leads to an altered differentiation of ciliated cells in a well-differentiated paediatric bronchial epithelial cell model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61023. [PMID: 23671562 PMCID: PMC3650011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by airways remodelling. In mouse models IL-9 and IL-13 have been implicated in airways remodelling including mucus hypersecretion and goblet cell hyperplasia. Their role, especially that of IL-9, has been much less studied in authentic human ex vivo models of the bronchial epithelium from normal and asthmatic children. We assessed the effects of IL-9, IL-13 and an IL-9/IL-13 combination, during differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells from normal (n = 6) and asthmatic (n = 8) children. Cultures were analysed for morphological markers and factors associated with altered differentiation (MUC5AC, SPDEF and MMP-7). IL-9, IL-9/IL-13 combination and IL-13 stimulated bronchial epithelial cells from normal children had fewer ciliated cells [14.8% (SD 8.9), p = 0.048, 12.4 (SD 6.1), p = 0.016 and 7.3% (SD 6.6), p = 0.031] respectively compared with unstimulated [(21.4% (SD 9.6)]. IL-9 stimulation had no effect on goblet cell number in either group whereas IL-9/IL-13 combination and IL-13 significantly increased goblet cell number [24.8% (SD 8.8), p = 0.02), 32.9% (SD 8.6), p = 0.007] compared with unstimulated normal bronchial cells [(18.6% (SD 6.2)]. All stimulations increased MUC5AC mRNA in bronchial epithelial cells from normal children and increased MUC5AC mucin secretion. MMP-7 localisation was dysregulated in normal bronchial epithelium stimulated with Th2 cytokines which resembled the unstimulated bronchial epithelium of asthmatic children. All stimulations resulted in a significant reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance values over time suggesting a role in altered tight junction formation. We conclude that IL-9 does not increase goblet cell numbers in bronchial epithelial cell cultures from normal or asthmatic children. IL-9 and IL-13 alone and in combination, reduce ciliated cell numbers and transepithelial electrical resistance during differentiation of normal epithelium, which clinically could inhibit mucociliary clearance and drive an altered repair mechanism. This suggests an alternative role for IL-9 in airways remodelling and reaffirms IL-9 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Parker
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Grzegorz Skibinski
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jeremy Lyons
- The Royal Hospitals, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jennifer Bell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Liam G. Heaney
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael D. Shields
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Lay MK, González PA, León MA, Céspedes PF, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Advances in understanding respiratory syncytial virus infection in airway epithelial cells and consequential effects on the immune response. Microbes Infect 2012; 15:230-42. [PMID: 23246463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews aspects of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in airway epithelial cells (AECs), including cytopathogenesis, entry, replication and the induction of immune response to the virus, including a new role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin in RSV immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita K Lay
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago E-8331010, Chile
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Pringle EJ, Richardson HB, Miller D, Cornish DS, Devereux GS, Walsh GM, Turner SW. Nasal and bronchial airway epithelial cell mediator release in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012; 47:1215-25. [PMID: 23024038 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that airway epithelial cell (AEC) mediator release is similar in upper and lower airway AEC in children. METHODS Nasal and bronchial AEC were collected by brushings from children scheduled for general anesthetic. AEC release of the following mediators was measured: interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF), regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metallo proteinase (MMP)-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1. RESULTS AEC were cultured in 34 children, mean age 7.3 years. Release of IL-6, IL-8, and G-CSF was significantly higher in nasal compared with bronchial AEC but nasal and bronchial AEC release of other mediators was not significantly different. Treatment of AEC with IL-1 β and tumor necrosis factor-α increased secretion of all mediators. Release of IL-6 and GSCF remained higher in nasal AEC compared with bronchial AEC following stimulation. CONCLUSIONS In epidemiological studies, nasal AEC may be a useful surrogate for bronchial AEC for the study of RANTES, MCP-1, TIMP-1, and MMP-9 release in children but bronchial AEC will remain the gold standard.
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de Courcey F, Zholos AV, Atherton-Watson H, Williams MTS, Canning P, Danahay HL, Elborn JS, Ennis M. Development of primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures for the study of cystic fibrosis pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C1173-9. [PMID: 23015550 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00384.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cultured primary epithelial cells are used to examine inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF). We describe a new human model system using cultured nasal brushings. Nasal brushings were obtained from 16 F508del homozygous patients and 11 healthy controls. Cells were resuspended in airway epithelial growth medium and seeded onto collagen-coated flasks and membranes for use in patch-clamp, ion transport, and mediator release assays. Viable cultures were obtained with a 75% success rate from subjects with CF and 100% from control subjects. Amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na channel current of similar size was present in both cell types while forskolin-activated CF transmembrane conductance regulator current was lacking in CF cells. In Ussing chambers, cells from CF patients responded to UTP but not to forskolin. Spontaneous and cytomix-stimulated IL-8 release was similar (stimulated 29,448 ± 9,025 pg/ml; control 16,336 ± 3,308 pg/ml CF; means ± SE). Thus nasal epithelial cells from patients with CF can be grown from nasal brushings and used in electrophysiological and mediator release studies in CF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F de Courcey
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen’s University Belfast, Health Sciences Building, Belfast, UK
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IL-31 does not induce normal human ciliated epithelial cells to differentiate into a phenotype consistent with the pathophysiology of asthma. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 2:104-11. [PMID: 24371573 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-31 is a novel cytokine that has been implicated in allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and more recently asthma. While IL-31 has been well studied in skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis, little is known about the role IL-31 plays in asthma and specifically the differentiation process of the bronchial epithelium, which is central to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. METHODS We examined the effects of IL-13 (20 ng/ml), IL-31 (20 ng/ml) and an IL-13/IL-31 combination stimulation (20 ng/ml each) on the in vitro mucociliary differentiation of paediatric bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from healthy patients (n=6). IL-31 receptor (IL-31-RA) expression, markers of differentiation (goblet and ciliated cells), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), quantification of goblet and ciliated cells, real time PCR for MUC5AC, ELISA for VEGF, EGF and MCP-1 (CCL-2) and ELISA for MUC5AC were assessed. RESULTS We found that well-differentiated PBECs expressed IL-31-RA however it's expression did not increase upon stimulation with IL-31 or either of the other treatments. TEER indicated good formation of tight junctions which was found to be similar across all treatment groups (p=0.9). We found that IL-13 alone significantly reduced the number of ciliated cells compared with unstimulated (IL-13 stimuation: mean=4.8% (SD=2.5); unstimulated: mean=15.9%, (SD=7.4), p<0.01). IL-31 stimulation alone had no effect on ciliated cells whereas the IL-13/IL-31 combination stimulation significantly reduced the number of ciliated cells compared with control (IL-13/IL-31 combination: mean=5.1% (SD=4.6); unstimulated: mean=15.9%, (SD=7.4), p<0.01). We did not find that the combination of IL-13 and IL-31 had any additional effects to that of IL-13 alone. MUC5AC mRNA and secreted mucin was found in similar levels between unstimulated and all treatments, however IL-13 increased levels of MUC5AC mRNA by a factor of 2.84, albeit not significantly, compared with unstimulated cultures (IL-13 stimulation: mean=2.84 (SD=3.79); unstimulated: mean=1.0). CONCLUSIONS IL-31RA receptor is present on well-differentiated paediatric bronchial epithelial cells. IL-31 does not exhibit any detrimental effects on mucociliary differentiation. IL-31 does not appear to have a synergistic effect when combined in culture with IL-13, in the differentiation process.
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In vitro modeling of respiratory syncytial virus infection of pediatric bronchial epithelium, the primary target of infection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:5040-5. [PMID: 22411804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110203109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major viral cause of severe pulmonary disease in young infants worldwide. However, the mechanisms by which RSV causes disease in humans remain poorly understood. To help bridge this gap, we developed an ex vivo/in vitro model of RSV infection based on well-differentiated primary pediatric bronchial epithelial cells (WD-PBECs), the primary targets of RSV infection in vivo. Our RSV/WD-PBEC model demonstrated remarkable similarities to hallmarks of RSV infection in infant lungs. These hallmarks included restriction of infection to noncontiguous or small clumps of apical ciliated and occasional nonciliated epithelial cells, apoptosis and sloughing of apical epithelial cells, occasional syncytium formation, goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia, and mucus hypersecretion. RSV was shed exclusively from the apical surface at titers consistent with those in airway aspirates from hospitalized infants. Furthermore, secretion of proinflammatory chemokines such as CXCL10, CCL5, IL-6, and CXCL8 reflected those chemokines present in airway aspirates. Interestingly, a recent RSV clinical isolate induced more cytopathogenesis than the prototypic A2 strain. Our findings indicate that this RSV/WD-PBEC model provides an authentic surrogate for RSV infection of airway epithelium in vivo. As such, this model may provide insights into RSV pathogenesis in humans that ultimately lead to successful RSV vaccines or therapeutics.
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Looi K, Sutanto EN, Banerjee B, Garratt L, Ling KM, Foo CJ, Stick SM, Kicic A. Bronchial brushings for investigating airway inflammation and remodelling. Respirology 2011; 16:725-37. [PMID: 21624002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is the commonest medical cause for hospital admission for children in Australia, affects more than 300 million people worldwide, and is incurable, severe in large number and refractory to treatment in many. However, there have been no new significant treatments despite intense research and billions of dollars. The advancement in our understanding in this disease has been limited due to its heterogeneity, genetic complexity and has severely been hampered particularly in children by the difficulty in obtaining relevant target organ tissue. This review attempts to provide an overview of the currently used and recently developed/adapted techniques used to obtain lung tissue with specific reference to the airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Looi
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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Thavagnanam S, Parker JC, McBrien ME, Skibinski G, Heaney LG, Shields MD. Effects of IL-13 on mucociliary differentiation of pediatric asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:95-100. [PMID: 21076368 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318204edb5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH) and decreased ciliated cells are characteristic of asthma. We examined the effects of IL-13 (2 and 20 ng/mL) on in vitro mucociliary differentiation in pediatric bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) of normal PBEC [PBEC(N)] and asthmatic PBEC [PBEC(A)] children. Markers of differentiation, real-time PCR for MUC5AC, MUC5AC ELISA, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were assessed. Stimulation with 20 ng/mL IL-13 in PBEC(N) resulted in GCH [20 ng/mL IL-13: mean, 33.8% (SD, 7.2) versus unstimulated: mean, 18.9% (SD, 5.0); p < 0.0001] and decreased ciliated cell number [20 ng/mL IL-13: mean, 8% (SD, 5.6) versus unstimulated: mean, 22.7% (SD,7.6); p < 0.01]. PBEC(N) stimulated with 20 ng/mL IL-13 resulted in >5-fold (SD, 3.2) increase in MUC5AC mRNA expression, p < 0.001, compared with unstimulated PBEC(N). In PBEC(A), GCH was also seen [20 ng/mL IL-13: mean, 44.7% (SD, 16.4) versus unstimulated: mean, 30.4% (SD, 13.9); p < 0.05] with a decreased ciliated cell number [20 ng/mL IL-13: mean, 8.8% (SD, 7.5) versus unstimulated: mean, 16.3% (SD, 4.2); p < 0.001]. We also observed an increase in MUC5AC mRNA expression with 20 ng/mL IL-13 in PBEC(A), p < 0.05. IL-13 drives PBEC(N) toward an asthmatic phenotype and worsens the phenotype in PBEC(A) with reduced ciliated cell numbers and increased goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendran Thavagnanam
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT12 6BN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Villenave R, O'Donoghue D, Thavagnanam S, Touzelet O, Skibinski G, Heaney LG, McKaigue JP, Coyle PV, Shields MD, Power UF. Differential cytopathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus prototypic and clinical isolates in primary pediatric bronchial epithelial cells. Virol J 2011; 8:43. [PMID: 21272337 PMCID: PMC3039598 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory disease in infants. Airway epithelial cells are the principle targets of RSV infection. However, the mechanisms by which it causes disease are poorly understood. Most RSV pathogenesis data are derived using laboratory-adapted prototypic strains. We hypothesized that such strains may be poorly representative of recent clinical isolates in terms of virus/host interactions in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs). Methods To address this hypothesis, we isolated three RSV strains from infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis and compared them with the prototypic RSV A2 in terms of cytopathology, virus growth kinetics and chemokine secretion in infected PBEC monolayers. Results RSV A2 rapidly obliterated the PBECs, whereas the clinical isolates caused much less cytopathology. Concomitantly, RSV A2 also grew faster and to higher titers in PBECs. Furthermore, dramatically increased secretion of IP-10 and RANTES was evident following A2 infection compared with the clinical isolates. Conclusions The prototypic RSV strain A2 is poorly representative of recent clinical isolates in terms of cytopathogenicity, viral growth kinetics and pro-inflammatory responses induced following infection of PBEC monolayers. Thus, the choice of RSV strain may have important implications for future RSV pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Villenave
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland
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Cytopathogenesis of Sendai virus in well-differentiated primary pediatric bronchial epithelial cells. J Virol 2010; 84:11718-28. [PMID: 20810726 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00798-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV) is a murine respiratory virus of considerable interest as a gene therapy or vaccine vector, as it is considered nonpathogenic in humans. However, little is known about its interaction with the human respiratory tract. To address this, we developed a model of respiratory virus infection based on well-differentiated primary pediatric bronchial epithelial cells (WD-PBECs). These physiologically authentic cultures are comprised of polarized pseudostratified multilayered epithelium containing ciliated, goblet, and basal cells and intact tight junctions. To facilitate our studies, we rescued a replication-competent recombinant SeV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (rSeV/eGFP). rSeV/eGFP infected WD-PBECs efficiently and progressively and was restricted to ciliated and nonciliated cells, not goblet cells, on the apical surface. Considerable cytopathology was evident in the rSeV/eGFP-infected cultures postinfection. This manifested itself by ciliostasis, cell sloughing, apoptosis, and extensive degeneration of WD-PBEC cultures. Syncytia were also evident, along with significant basolateral secretion of proinflammatory chemokines, including IP-10, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-8. Such deleterious responses are difficult to reconcile with a lack of pathogenesis in humans and suggest that caution may be required in exploiting replication-competent SeV as a vaccine vector. Alternatively, such robust responses might constitute appropriate normal host responses to viral infection and be a prerequisite for the induction of efficient immune responses.
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Parker J, Sarlang S, Thavagnanam S, Williamson G, O'donoghue D, Villenave R, Power U, Shields M, Heaney L, Skibinski G. A 3-D well-differentiated model of pediatric bronchial epithelium demonstrates unstimulated morphological differences between asthmatic and nonasthmatic cells. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:17-22. [PMID: 19755931 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181c0b200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for reproducible and effective models of pediatric bronchial epithelium to study disease states such as asthma. We aimed to develop, characterize, and differentiate an effective, an efficient, and a reliable three-dimensional model of pediatric bronchial epithelium to test the hypothesis that children with asthma differ in their epithelial morphologic phenotype when compared with nonasthmatic children. Primary cell cultures from both asthmatic and nonasthmatic children were grown and differentiated at the air-liquid interface for 28 d. Tight junction formation, MUC5AC secretion, IL-8, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 production, and the percentage of goblet and ciliated cells in culture were assessed. Well-differentiated, multilayered, columnar epithelium containing both ciliated and goblet cells from asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects were generated. All cultures demonstrated tight junction formation at the apical surface and exhibited mucus production and secretion. Asthmatic and nonasthmatic cultures secreted similar quantities of IL-8, IL-6, and prostaglandin E2. Cultures developed from asthmatic children contained considerably more goblet cells and fewer ciliated cells compared with those from nonasthmatic children. A well-differentiated model of pediatric epithelium has been developed that will be useful for more in vivo like study of the mechanisms at play during asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Parker
- Centre for Infection and Immunity and School of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BN, Northern Ireland
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Ludlow M, Rennick LJ, Sarlang S, Skibinski G, McQuaid S, Moore T, de Swart RL, Duprex WP. Wild-type measles virus infection of primary epithelial cells occurs via the basolateral surface without syncytium formation or release of infectious virus. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:971-9. [PMID: 19923259 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.016428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphotropic and myelotropic nature of wild-type measles virus (wt-MV) is well recognized, with dendritic cells and lymphocytes expressing the MV receptor CD150 mediating systemic spread of the virus. Infection of respiratory epithelial cells has long been considered crucial for entry of MV into the body. However, the lack of detectable CD150 on these cells raises the issue of their importance in the pathogenesis of measles. This study utilized a combination of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo model systems to characterize the susceptibility of epithelial cells to wt-MV of proven pathogenicity. Low numbers of MV-infected epithelial cells in close proximity to underlying infected lymphocytes or myeloid cells suggested infection via the basolateral side of the epithelium in the macaque model. In primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells, foci of MV-infected cells were only observed following infection via the basolateral cell surface. The extent of infection in primary cells was enhanced both in vitro and in ex vivo cornea rim tissue by disrupting the integrity of the cells prior to the application of virus. This demonstrated that, whilst epithelial cells may not be the primary target cells for wt-MV, areas of epithelium in which tight junctions are disrupted can become infected using high m.o.i. The low numbers of MV-infected epithelial cells observed in vivo in conjunction with the absence of infectious virus release from infected primary cell cultures suggest that epithelial cells have a peripheral role in MV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ludlow
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Bem RA, Bos AP, Wösten-van Asperen RM, Bruijn M, Lutter R, Sprick MR, van Woensel JBM. Potential role of soluble TRAIL in epithelial injury in children with severe RSV infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:697-705. [PMID: 19635930 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0100oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a frequent cause of acute lung injury in young children and infants. Studies in adults and animals suggest that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) ligands may mediate lung injury by causing apoptosis of epithelial cells. The main goal of the present study was to determine whether the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) pathway may be implicated in epithelial injury during severe RSV infection in children. We report elevated levels of soluble (s)TRAIL released by leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with RSV-associated respiratory failure (n = 22) as compared with mechanically ventilated patients without pulmonary illness (n = 7). Primary bronchial epithelial cells of children without pulmonary disease obtained by nonbronchoscopic cytobrushing expressed both death receptors TRAIL-R1 and -R2, and were found to be susceptible for cell death by human recombinant sTRAIL in vitro. Furthermore, BALF from a patient with RSV induced cell death in these cells, which was partly attenuated by inhibiting TRAIL signaling. These data suggest that the TRAIL pro-apoptotic pathway may contribute to lung epithelial injury in severe RSV infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinout A Bem
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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McDougall CM, Blaylock MG, Douglas JG, Brooker RJ, Helms PJ, Walsh GM. Nasal epithelial cells as surrogates for bronchial epithelial cells in airway inflammation studies. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:560-8. [PMID: 18483420 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0325oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The nose is an attractive source of airway epithelial cells, particularly in populations in which bronchoscopy may not be possible. However, substituting nasal cells for bronchial epithelial cells in the study of airway inflammation depends upon comparability of responses, and evidence for this is lacking. Our objective was to determine whether nasal epithelial cell inflammatory mediator release and receptor expression reflect those of bronchial epithelial cells. Paired cultures of undifferentiated nasal and bronchial epithelial cells were obtained from brushings from 35 subjects, including 5 children. Cells were subject to morphologic and immunocytochemical assessment. Mediator release from resting and cytokine-stimulated cell monolayers was determined, as was cell surface receptor expression. Nasal and bronchial cells had identical epithelial morphology and uniform expression of cytokeratin 19. There were no differences in constitutive expression of CD44, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, alphavbeta3, and alphavbeta5. Despite significantly higher constitutive release of IL-8, IL-6, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 from nasal compared with bronchial cells, the increments in release of all studied mediators in response to stimulation with IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were similar, and there were significant positive correlations between nasal and bronchial cell secretion of IL-6, RANTES, vascular endothelial growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Despite differences in absolute mediator levels, the responses of nasal and bronchial epithelial cells to cytokine stimulation were similar, expression of relevant surface receptors was comparable, and there were significant correlations between nasal and bronchial cell mediator release. Therefore, nasal epithelial cultures constitute an accessible surrogate for studying lower airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M McDougall
- School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Aberdeen, UK.
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Power UF. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines—Two steps back for one leap forward. J Clin Virol 2008; 41:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McManus TE, Marley AM, Baxter N, Christie SN, Elborn JS, Heaney LG, Coyle PV, Kidney JC. Acute and latent adenovirus in COPD. Respir Med 2007; 101:2084-90. [PMID: 17631991 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COPD airway is infiltrated with CD8+ T cells, which has led to a virus being implicated in its pathogenesis. Some investigators have suggested a role for the persistence of the adenovirus E1A in bronchial epithelial cells. We examined respiratory tract specimens from COPD patients for the presence of E1A DNA and mRNA using real-time PCR. METHODS Nucleic acid extraction was performed on sputum specimens from patients with COPD. Copy numbers for GAPDH, and adenovirus 5 E1A DNA and mRNA were determined using a quantitative real-time PCR assay. All samples were screened for the adenovirus hexon gene using nested PCR. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-one patients, 80 male, aged 68.9+/-9.8 years with COPD were recruited. One hundred and thirty-six were seen during an exacerbation when admitted to hospital, 33 of whom were reviewed when clinically stable along with an additional 35 stable COPD patients. Ten patients in the exacerbation group were positive for the adenovirus hexon gene (7%), as were four in the stable group (6%). Only two patients in the exacerbation group were positive for adenovirus 5 E1A. Only one patient in the stable COPD group had detectable E1A DNA/mRNA and also tested positive for the adenovirus hexon gene. CONCLUSION Adenovirus is detected in similar frequencies in exacerbated and stable COPD patients. Adenovirus E1A DNA is infrequently detected in respiratory secretions from patients with COPD. Our data suggest that the persistence of adenovirus 5 E1A in lung cells of sputum samples in patients with COPD occurs infrequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence E McManus
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Hospital, Belfast, N. Ireland BT14 6AB, UK.
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Mosler K, Coraux C, Fragaki K, Zahm JM, Bajolet O, Bessaci-Kabouya K, Puchelle E, Abély M, Mauran P. Feasibility of nasal epithelial brushing for the study of airway epithelial functions in CF infants. J Cyst Fibros 2007; 7:44-53. [PMID: 17553758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 03/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For a better understanding of the early stages of cystic fibrosis (CF), it is of major interest to study respiratory epithelial cells obtained as early as possible. Although bronchoalveolar lavage has been proposed for this purpose, nasal brushing, which is a much less invasive technique, has seldom been used in CF infants. The aim of the present study was to examine in a few infants the feasibility of a nasal brushing technique for studies of airway epithelial functions in very young CF infants. METHODS In 5 CF (median age 12, range 1-18 months) and 10 control infants (median age 5, range 1-17 months), a nasal brushing was performed by means of a soft sterile cytology brush, after premedication with oral paracetamol (15 mg/kg body weight) and rectal midazolam (0.2 mg/kg body weight). Samples were used for microbiological, cytological and functional studies. RESULTS The procedure was well tolerated. Number of cells collected was similar in CF and non-CF patients (CF: median 230x10(3), range 42x10(3)-900x10(3); non-CF: median 340x10(3), range 140x10(3)-900x10(3)). Median number of viable cells was 67% (range 31-84%). Freshly obtained samples were successfully used for studies of ciliary beating frequency and cAMP-dependent chloride efflux. In 7 out of 17 cell cultures, confluence was obtained (CF: 2 out of 7; non-CF: 5 out of 10). The feasibility of studying protein release and mRNA expression of IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, under basal conditions and after stimulation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS By means of a simple nasal brushing technique easily performed and well tolerated, it is feasible, in infants, to harvest respiratory cells in sufficient amounts to study the airway epithelium using a broad range of techniques including cell culture.
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Kicic A, Sutanto EN, Stevens PT, Knight DA, Stick SM. Intrinsic biochemical and functional differences in bronchial epithelial cells of children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:1110-8. [PMID: 16908868 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200603-392oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Convincing evidence of epithelial damage and aberrant repair exists in adult asthmatic airways, even in the absence of inflammation. However, comparable studies in children have been limited by access and availability of clinical samples. OBJECTIVES To determine whether bronchial epithelial cells from children with asthma are inherently distinct from those obtained from children without asthma. METHODS Epithelial cells were obtained by nonbronchoscopic bronchial brushing of children with mild asthma (n = 7), atopic children without asthma (n = 9), and healthy children (n = 12). Cells were subject to morphologic, biochemical, molecular, and functional assessment. Responses were also compared with commercially available epithelial cultures and the transformed cell line 16HBE140. RESULTS All epithelial cells exhibited a "cobblestone" morphology, which was maintained throughout culture and repeated passage. Expression of cytokeratin 19 varied, with disease phenotype being greatest in healthy nonatopics and lowest in asthmatics. In contrast, expression of cytokeratin 5/14 was greatest in asthmatic samples and least in healthy nonatopic samples. Asthmatic epithelial cells also spontaneously produced significantly greater amounts of interleukin (IL)-6, prostaglandin E2, and epidermal growth factor, and equivalent amounts of IL-1beta and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1, but significantly lower amounts of transforming growth factor beta1. This profile was maintained through successive passages. Asthmatic epithelial cells also exhibited greater rates of proliferation than nonasthmatic cells. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that epithelial cells from children with mild asthma are intrinsically different both biochemically and functionally compared with epithelial cells from children without asthma. Importantly, these differences are maintained over successive passages, suggesting that they are not dependent on an in vivo environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Kicic
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, 6001, Western Australia, Australia.
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Lane C, Burgess S, Kicic A, Knight D, Stick S. The use of non-bronchoscopic brushings to study the paediatric airway. Respir Res 2005; 6:53. [PMID: 15943866 PMCID: PMC1180854 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of cytology brushes for the purpose of obtaining respiratory cells from adults for clinical and research purposes is well established. However, the safety and utility of non-bronchoscopic brushings to study the paediatric airway has not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to assess the practicality of using non-bronchoscopic brushing to sample epithelial cells from children for investigation of epithelial function in health and disease using a wide range of molecular and cellular techniques. Methods Non-bronchoscopic brushing was investigated in a non-selected cohort of healthy, and mildly asthmatic children presenting for surgery unrelated to respiratory conditions, at the major children's hospital in Perth. Safety and side-effects of the procedure were assessed. Cell number, phenotype and viability were measured for all samples. The potential of these cells for use in long-term cell culture, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, quantitative PCR and gene arraying was examined. Results Non-bronchoscopic brushing was well tolerated in all children. The only significant side effect following the procedure was cough: nursing staff reported cough in 20% of patients; parents reported cough in 40% of patients. Cells sampled were of sufficient quantity and quality to allow cell culture in 93% of samples. Similarly, protein and RNA extracted from the cells was suitable for investigation of both gene and protein expression using micro-array and real-time PCR. Conclusion Non-bronchoscopic brushing in children is safe and easy to perform, and is not associated with any complications. Using this technique, adequate numbers of epithelial cells can be retrieved to allow cell culture, western blotting, real time PCR, and microarray analysis. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of non-bronchoscopic airway brushing to obtain and study epithelial cells and to encourage others so that we can accelerate our knowledge regarding the role of the epithelium in childhood respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lane
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Scott Burgess
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, 6001, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Darryl Knight
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6Z 1Y6, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Stick
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, 6001, Western Australia, Australia
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