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Meade RK, Smith CM. Immunological roads diverged: mapping tuberculosis outcomes in mice. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00170-7. [PMID: 39034171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The journey from phenotypic observation to causal genetic mechanism is a long and challenging road. For pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which causes tuberculosis (TB), host-pathogen coevolution has spanned millennia, costing millions of human lives. Mammalian models can systematically recapitulate host genetic variation, producing a spectrum of disease outcomes. Leveraging genome sequences and deep phenotyping data from infected mouse genetic reference populations (GRPs), quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approaches have successfully identified host genomic regions associated with TB phenotypes. Here, we review the ongoing optimization of QTL mapping study design alongside advances in mouse GRPs. These next-generation resources and approaches have enabled identification of novel host-pathogen interactions governing one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Meade
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Clare M Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Nikonenko BV, Donnikov AE, Logunova NN, Sterzhanova NV, Shchelykalina SP, Kayukova SI. Attenuated Strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis BN: Characteristics. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:341-345. [PMID: 36723741 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the vaccine properties of a novel attenuated strain of M. tuberculosis BN (Mtb BN) and its impact on the gut microbiota in inbred female mice in comparison with a virulent strain Mtb H37Rv and a vaccine strain BCG. The Mtb BN strain demonstrated the highest anti-tuberculosis vaccine effect in I/St mice highly susceptible to tuberculosis infection and the same effect as BCG in mice of the recombinant strain B6.I-100 and in β2 microglobulin gene knockout mice. No adverse effects of the new Mtb BN strain on the gut microbiota of BALB/c mice were revealed. The virulent strain Mtb H37Rv and the vaccine strain BCG decreased the main indicators of normocenosis (Bifidobacterium spp., Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Akkermansia, and Erysipelotrichaceae) and led to disappearance of Clostridium perfingens, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., which contributed to reduction of species diversity and the development of dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Nikonenko
- Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A E Donnikov
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Logunova
- Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - S P Shchelykalina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - S I Kayukova
- Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Nikonenko BV, Logunova NN, Sterzhanova NV, Kayukova SI, Apt AS. Efficacy of BCG Vaccination Depends on Host Genetics. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:445-448. [PMID: 34542757 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis vaccination with BCG in mice of inbred strains and F1 hybrids (highly resistant to tuberculosis infection) that represent a wide range of genetically determined differences in susceptibility to infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The greatest relative effect was found in susceptible mice, with the exception of highly susceptible I/St mice that were practically not protected by vaccination. Despite significant effect of vaccination in inbred mice, their resistance to M. tuberculosis infection did not exceed that of non-vaccinated highly resistant F1 hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Nikonenko
- Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N N Logunova
- Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - S I Kayukova
- Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Apt
- Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the leading cause of death attributed to a single infectious organism. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the standard vaccine against M. tuberculosis, is thought to prevent only 5% of all vaccine-preventable deaths due to tuberculosis, thus an alternative vaccine is required. One of the principal barriers to vaccine development against M. tuberculosis is the complexity of the immune response to infection, with uncertainty as to what constitutes an immunological correlate of protection. In this paper, we seek to give an overview of the immunology of M. tuberculosis infection, and by doing so, investigate possible targets of vaccine development. This encompasses the innate, adaptive, mucosal and humoral immune systems. Though MVA85A did not improve protection compared with BCG alone in a large-scale clinical trial, the correlates of protection this has revealed, in addition to promising results from candidate such as VPM1002, M72/ASO1E and H56:IC31 point to a brighter future in the field of TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Brazier
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ UK
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5
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Linge I, Petrova E, Dyatlov A, Kondratieva T, Logunova N, Majorov K, Kondratieva E, Apt A. Reciprocal control of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections by the alleles of the classic Class II H2-Aβ gene in mice. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Steigler P, Verrall AJ, Kirman JR. Beyond memory T cells: mechanisms of protective immunity to tuberculosis infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:647-655. [PMID: 31141205 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and kills more people annually than any other single infectious agent. Although a vaccine is available, it is only moderately effective and an improved vaccine is urgently needed. The ability to develop a more effective vaccine has been thwarted by a lack of understanding of the mechanism of vaccine-induced immune protection. Over recent decades, many novel TB vaccines have been developed and almost all have aimed to generate memory CD4 T cells. In this review, we critically evaluate evidence in the literature that supports the contention that memory CD4 T cells are the prime mediators of vaccine-induced protection against TB. Because of the lack of robust evidence supporting memory CD4 T cells in this role, the potential for B-cell antibody and "trained" innate cells as alternative mediators of protective immunity is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Steigler
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDRI), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ayesha J Verrall
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Joanna R Kirman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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7
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Dyatlov AV, Apt AS, Linge IA. B lymphocytes in anti-mycobacterial immune responses: Pathogenesis or protection? Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 114:1-8. [PMID: 30711147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells and antibodies in tuberculosis (TB) immunity, protection and pathogenesis remain contradictory. The presence of organized B cell follicles close to active TB lesions in the lung tissue raises the question about the role of these cells in local host-pathogen interactions. In this short review, we summarize the state of our knowledge concerning phenotypes of B cells populating tuberculous lungs, their secretory activity, interactions with other immune cells and possible involvement in protective vs. pathogenic TB immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Dyatlov
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Apt
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, School of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia.
| | - Irina A Linge
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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Apt AS, Logunova NN, Kondratieva TK. Host genetics in susceptibility to and severity of mycobacterial diseases. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 106:1-8. [PMID: 28802396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The genetic analysis of susceptibility to infections has proven to be extremely useful for identification of key cells, molecules, pathways, and genes involved in the battle between two genomes - the essence of the infectious process. This is particularly true for tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections which traditionally attracted much attention from both immunologists and geneticists. In this short review, we observe results of genetic studies performed in human populations and in animal models and compare relative input of forward and reverse genetic approaches in our knowledge about genetic control of and immune responses to mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Apt
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, School of Biology, Moscow State M. V. Lomonosov University, Russia.
| | - N N Logunova
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - T K Kondratieva
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Linge I, Dyatlov A, Kondratieva E, Avdienko V, Apt A, Kondratieva T. B-lymphocytes forming follicle-like structures in the lung tissue of tuberculosis-infected mice: Dynamics, phenotypes and functional activity. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 102:16-23. [PMID: 28061947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During tuberculosis (TB) infection, B cells form follicles in close vicinity of lung granuloma. We assessed the dynamics of follicle formation, surface phenotypes and functional activity of lung B cells during TB course in genetically susceptible mice. The follicles appeared early post infection and peaked at weeks 7-8. Lung B cells resembled classical B2 cells (CD19+IgMloIgDhiCD1d-CD21/35intCD5-CD11b-CD43-), but differed from them by the absence of B2 marker CD23. Lung B-cells constitutively expressed MHC II molecules, presented mycobacterial antigens to immune CD4+ T-cells and produced high amounts of IL-6 and IL-11, but no classical type 1 (TNF-α, IFN-γ), or anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines. The total antibody response in tuberculous lung showed almost no specificity to mycobacteria. A panel of monoclonal antibodies obtained from lung B cells contained only few clones with reactivity to mycobacteria. Our results suggest that anti-TB B cell response in the lung has clear pathological and doubtful protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Linge
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Dyatlov
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kondratieva
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Avdienko
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Apt
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia; Department of Immunology, School of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Kondratieva
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the immunological response to the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine are highly variable in humans. Deciphering the relative importance of host genetics, environment, and vaccine preparation for the efficacy of BCG has proven difficult in natural populations. We developed a model system that captures the breadth of immunological responses observed in outbred individual mice, which can be used to understand the contribution of host genetics to vaccine efficacy. This system employs a panel of highly diverse inbred mouse strains, consisting of the founders and recombinant progeny of the "Collaborative Cross" project. Unlike natural populations, the structure of this panel allows the serial evaluation of genetically identical individuals and the quantification of genotype-specific effects of interventions such as vaccination. When analyzed in the aggregate, our panel resembled natural populations in several important respects: the animals displayed a broad range of susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, differed in their immunological responses to infection, and were not durably protected by BCG vaccination. However, when analyzed at the genotype level, we found that these phenotypic differences were heritable. M. tuberculosis susceptibility varied between lines, from extreme sensitivity to progressive M. tuberculosis clearance. Similarly, only a minority of the genotypes was protected by vaccination. The efficacy of BCG was genetically separable from susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, and the lack of efficacy in the aggregate analysis was driven by nonresponsive lines that mounted a qualitatively distinct response to infection. These observations support an important role for host genetic diversity in determining BCG efficacy and provide a new resource to rationally develop more broadly efficacious vaccines. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains an urgent global health crisis, and the efficacy of the currently used TB vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is highly variable. The design of more broadly efficacious vaccines depends on understanding the factors that limit the protection imparted by BCG. While these complex factors are difficult to disentangle in natural populations, we used a model population of mice to understand the role of host genetic composition in BCG efficacy. We found that the ability of BCG to protect mice with different genotypes was remarkably variable. The efficacy of BCG did not depend on the intrinsic susceptibility of the animal but, instead, correlated with qualitative differences in the immune responses to the pathogen. These studies suggest that host genetic polymorphism is a critical determinant of vaccine efficacy and provide a model system to develop interventions that will be useful in genetically diverse populations.
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11
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Corneth OBJ, Klein Wolterink RGJ, Hendriks RW. BTK Signaling in B Cell Differentiation and Autoimmunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:67-105. [PMID: 26341110 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the original identification of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as the gene defective in the primary immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in 1993, our knowledge on the physiological function of BTK has expanded impressively. In this review, we focus on the role of BTK during B cell differentiation in vivo, both in the regulation of expansion and in the developmental progression of pre-B cells in the bone marrow and as a crucial signal transducer of signals downstream of the IgM or IgG B cell antigen receptor (BCR) in mature B cells governing proliferation, survival, and differentiation. In particular, we highlight BTK function in B cells in the context of host defense and autoimmunity. Small-molecule inhibitors of BTK have very recently shown impressive anti-tumor activity in clinical studies in patients with various B cell malignancies. Since promising effects of BTK inhibition were also seen in experimental animal models for lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, BTK may be a good target for controlling autoreactive B cells in patients with systemic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilia B J Corneth
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Room Ee2251a, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel G J Klein Wolterink
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Room Ee2251a, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Room Ee2251a, PO Box 2040, NL 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Abstract
Relevance and accuracy of experimental mouse models of tuberculosis (TB) are the subject of constant debate. This article briefly reviews genetic aspects of this problem and provides a few examples of mycobacterial diseases with similar or identical genetic control in mice and humans. The two species display more similarities than differences regarding both genetics of susceptibility/severity of mycobacterial diseases and the networks of protective and pathological immune reactions. In the opinion of the author, refined mouse models of mycobacterial diseases are extremely useful for modelling the corresponding human conditions, if genetic diversity is taken into account.
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13
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Kondratieva TK, Rubakova EI, Linge IA, Evstifeev VV, Majorov KB, Apt AS. B cells delay neutrophil migration toward the site of stimulus: tardiness critical for effective bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination against tuberculosis infection in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1227-34. [PMID: 20028653 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the btk gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase cause X-linked immune deficiency, with impaired B lymphocyte function as the major phenotype. Earlier, we demonstrated that CBA/N-xid mice, unlike the wild-type CBA mice, were not protected by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis infection. Because IFN-gamma-producing T cells and activated macrophages are key elements of antituberculosis protection, it remained unclear how the mutation predominantly affecting B cell functions interferes with responses along the T cell-macrophage axis. In this study, we show that B cell deficiency leads to an abnormally rapid neutrophil migration toward the site of external stimulus. Using adoptive cell transfers and B cell genetic knockout, we demonstrate a previously unappreciated capacity of B cells to downregulate neutrophil motility. In our system, an advanced capture of BCG by neutrophils instead of macrophages leads to a significant decrease in numbers of IFN-gamma-producing T cells and impairs BCG performance in X-linked immune-deficient mice. The defect is readily compensated for by the in vivo neutrophil depletion.
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Apt A, Kramnik I. Man and mouse TB: contradictions and solutions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2009; 89:195-8. [PMID: 19345146 PMCID: PMC2705810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kondratieva EV, Evstifeev VV, Kondratieva TK, Petrovskaya SN, Pichugin AV, Rubakova EI, Averbakh MM, Apt AS. I/St mice hypersusceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to M. avium. Infect Immun 2007; 75:4762-8. [PMID: 17664269 PMCID: PMC2044522 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00482-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that mice of the I/St strain are extremely susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as to the taxonomically distant intracellular bacteria Chlamydia pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica. To broaden our knowledge about the control of susceptibility to intracellular pathogens, we studied the infection caused by Mycobacterium avium virulent strain 724 in a panel of inbred mouse strains and found that I/St mice are resistant to M. avium. By comparing I/St mice with B6 mice, we demonstrated that (i) B6 mice are much more susceptible to infection caused by M. avium in terms of bacterial multiplication in the lung tissue and severity of lung pathology; (ii) in B6 mice but not in I/St mice infection leads to prolonged leukocyte infiltration of the lung tissue, development of necrotic lung granulomata, and lethality; and (iii) the unfavorable infectious course in B6 mice is accompanied by elevated production of gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and especially interleukin-12 in the lungs. Importantly, M. avium-resistant I/St mice carry a functional r allele of the Slc11a1 (formerly Nramp1) gene, while B6 mice have the Slc11a1(s) genotype. Segregation genetic analysis of (I/St x B6) F2 hybrids demonstrated that susceptibility or resistance to infection caused by M. avium largely depended upon the Slc11a1 genotype and that other genetic traits had a relatively weak influence. This close-to-monogenic pattern differs sharply from the host control of many other intracellular bacterial infections, for which the involvement of numerous quantitative trait loci has been ubiquitously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Kondratieva
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow 107564, Russia
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16
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Eruslanov EB, Majorov KB, Orlova MO, Mischenko VV, Kondratieva TK, Apt AS, Lyadova IV. Lung cell responses to M. tuberculosis in genetically susceptible and resistant mice following intratracheal challenge. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 135:19-28. [PMID: 14678260 PMCID: PMC1808912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
One approach to study the role of distinct cellular mechanisms in susceptibility/resistance to tuberculosis (TB) is to compare parameters of response to infection in the lungs of mouse strains exhibiting genetically determined differences in TB susceptibility/severity. Interstrain differences in antimycobacterial macrophage reactions, T cell responses & inflammation in the lungs of TB-susceptible I/St, TB-resistant A/Sn and (I/St x A/Sn)F1 mice were analysed following intratracheal inoculation of 103 CFUs of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The antimycobacterial responses in the lungs of susceptible I/St mice were characterized by: (i) increased inflammatory infiltration by all major immune cell subsets; (ii) decreased type 1 cytokine production; (iii) impaired antimycobacterial activity of lung macrophages; (iv) unusually high proliferation of lung T lymphocytes. Differences in several parameters of anti-TB immunity between susceptible and resistant mice corresponded well to the polygenic pattern of TB control previously established in this mouse model. Importantly, lung macrophages isolated from noninfected mice were unable to respond to IFN-gamma by increasing their mycobactericidal function, but between weeks 3 and 5 of the infection this capacity developed in all mice. However, by this time point susceptible but not resistant mice demonstrated a pronounced decrease in IFN-gamma production by lung cells. This chain of events may explain the inability of I/St mice to control both early and chronic TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Eruslanov
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Abstract
In spite of a massive effort to apply the tools currently available for tuberculosis (TB) control, both in this country and abroad, it is clear that complicating factors [for example, HIV co-infection, drug resistance, lack of patient compliance with chemotherapy, variable efficacy of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine] will prevent disease control unless new drugs, vaccines and diagnostic tests are developed (1). The publication of the complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1998 (2) has facilitated a directed search for virulence genes, new drug targets, and vaccine antigens. This research effort has been made possible by the availability of highly biologically relevant animal models of pulmonary TB ((3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- D N McMurray
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA.
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18
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Lyadova IV, Eruslanov EB, Khaidukov SV, Yeremeev VV, Majorov KB, Pichugin AV, Nikonenko BV, Kondratieva TK, Apt AS. Comparative analysis of T lymphocytes recovered from the lungs of mice genetically susceptible, resistant, and hyperresistant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-triggered disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:5921-31. [PMID: 11067954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic control of susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) is being intensively studied, and immune responses to mycobacteria are considerably well characterized. However, it remains largely unknown which parameters of response distinguish resistant and susceptible TB phenotypes. Mice of I/St and A/Sn inbred strains and (A/Sn x I/St)F(1) hybrids were previously categorized as, respectively, susceptible, resistant, and hyperresistant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-triggered disease. In the present work we compared parameters of lung T cell activation and response following M. tuberculosis challenge. In all mice, the disease progression was accompanied by a marked accumulation in the lungs of activated CD4(+) (CD44(high)/CD45RB(low)) and CD8(+) (CD44(high)/CD45RB(+)) T cells capable of secreting IFN-gamma and of activating macrophages for NO production and mycobacterial growth inhibition. However, significantly more CD8(+) T cells were accumulated in the lungs of resistant A/Sn and F(1) compared with I/St mice. About 80% A/Sn and F(1) CD8(+) cells expressed CD44(high)/CD45RB(+) phenotype, while about 40% I/St CD8(+) cells did not express CD45RB marker at week 5 of infection. In contrast, in susceptible I/St mice lung CD4(+) cells proliferated much more strongly in response to mycobacterial sonicate, and a higher proportion of these cells expressed CD95 and underwent apoptosis compared with A/Sn cells. Unseparated lung cells and T cells of I/St origin produced more IL-5 and IL-10, respectively, whereas their A/Sn and F1 counterparts produced more IFN-gamma following infection. F(1) cells overall expressed an intermediate phenotype between the two parental strains. Such a more balanced type of immune reactivity could be linked to a better TB defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Lyadova
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Rhee YK, Bae EA, Kim SY, Han MJ, Choi EC, Kim DH. Antitumor activity of Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from a healthy Korean. Arch Pharm Res 2000; 23:482-7. [PMID: 11059828 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor activity of Bifidobacterium breve K-110, and K-111, and B. infantis K-525 was investigated. These Bifidobacterial cells and their cell wall preparations (WPG) significantly increased the survival rate of mice who had been intraperitoneally implanted with sarcoma 180 cells. Solid tumor growth was inhibited even when the sarcoma 180 cells were implanted into the groins of the mice. However, the Bifidobacterial cells did not show in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. Cell kinetic studies revealed that these WPGs induced neutrophils, which were followed by macrophages, at the site of peritoneal injection. The WPGs directly activated these cells to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in in vitro assays. Our results suggest that Bifidobacterial WPGs induce and activate nonspecific phagocytes in situ to reject growing tumor cells in the mouse peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Rhee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Nikonenko BV, Averbakh MM, Lavebratt C, Schurr E, Apt AS. Comparative analysis of mycobacterial infections in susceptible I/St and resistant A/Sn inbred mice. TUBERCLE AND LUNG DISEASE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE 2000; 80:15-25. [PMID: 10897380 DOI: 10.1054/tuld.1999.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
SETTING The availability and appropriate use of animal models is of significant importance for a better and more detailed understanding of the genetic, immunological and pathological mechanisms underlying the development of mycobacterial disease in humans. OBJECTIVE To define a mouse model for tuberculosis severity that can be easily adapted to genetic and immunological analysis of host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. DESIGN We describe here two inbred strains of mice, I/St and A/Sn (both Nramp1'), that differ vastly in commonly used parameters of susceptibility to infection with virulent and attenuated strains of M. tuberculosis. RESULTS Following infection with a high dose of virulent H37Rv. M. tuberculosis and compared to their resistant A/Sn counterparts, I/St mice displayed more than a 2-fold shorter mean survival time and a more rapid onset and progression of severe body weight loss (cachexia). Moreover, I/St mice supported 20-100-fold higher multiplication of M. tuberculosis following challenge with H37Rv over a large range of infectious inocula. The high susceptibility of I/St mice was also reflected by more severe lung histopathology as evidenced by larger and more numerous lung granuloma and macrophage dominated cellular infiltrates. Finally, we determined that I/St are also unable to control infection with attenuated H37Ra M. tuberculosis and two strains of M. bovis (BCG and Ravenel) indicating hyper-susceptibility of the I/St mouse strain to mycobacterial infections. CONCLUSIONS The results of our experiments suggest that comparative analysis of resistant A/Sn and susceptible I/St mice provides an ideal way to study host dependent aspects of tuberculosis susceptibility under the controlled conditions provided by an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Nikonenko
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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Kramnik I, Dietrich WF, Demant P, Bloom BR. Genetic control of resistance to experimental infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8560-5. [PMID: 10890913 PMCID: PMC26987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.150227197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 2 billion people are estimated to be infected with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet fewer than 10% progress to clinical tuberculosis within their lifetime. Twin studies and variations in the outcome of tuberculosis infection after exposure to similar environmental risks suggest genetic heterogeneity among individuals in their susceptibility to disease. In a mouse model of tuberculosis, we have established that resistance and susceptibility to virulent M. tuberculosis is a complex genetic trait. A new locus with a major effect on tuberculosis susceptibility, designated sst1 (susceptibility to tuberculosis 1), was mapped to a 9-centimorgan (cM) interval on mouse chromosome 1. It is located 10-19 cM distal to a previously identified gene, Nramp1, that controls the innate resistance of mice to the attenuated bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine strain. The phenotypic expression of the newly identified locus is distinct from that of Nramp1 in that sst1 controls progression of tuberculosis infection in a lung-specific manner. Mice segregating at the sst1 locus exhibit marked differences in the growth rates of virulent tubercle bacilli in the lungs. Lung lesions in congenic sst1-susceptible mice are characterized by extensive necrosis and unrestricted extracellular multiplication of virulent mycobacteria, whereas sst1-resistant mice develop interstitial granulomas and effectively control multiplication of the bacilli. The resistant allele of sst1, although powerful in controlling infection, is not sufficient to confer full protection against virulent M. tuberculosis, indicating that other genes located outside of the sst1 locus are likely also to be important for controlling tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kramnik
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Radaeva TV, Nikonenko BV. Peculiarities of in vitro immune response to mycobacterial antigens in inbred I/St mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2000; 129:562-3. [PMID: 11022250 DOI: 10.1007/bf02434877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/1999] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Comparative study on inbred mouse stains showed that in vitro response of T lymphocytes from tuberculosis-susceptible I/St mice to mycobacterial antigens did not differ from that of T lymphocytes from resistant mouse strains. The defect appeared only in the presence of virulent mycobacteria and was not related to T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Radaeva
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Central Institute of Tuberculosis, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow
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Yeremeev VV, Lyadova IV, Nikonenko BV, Apt AS, Abou-Zeid C, Inwald J, Young DB. The 19-kD antigen and protective immunity in a murine model of tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120:274-9. [PMID: 10792376 PMCID: PMC1905638 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 19-kD antigen is a cell wall-associated lipoprotein present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine strains. Expression of the 19-kD antigen as a recombinant protein in two saprophytic mycobacteria-M. vaccae and M. smegmatis-resulted in abrogation of their ability to confer protection against M. tuberculosis in a murine challenge model, and in their ability to prime a DTH response to cross-reactive mycobacterial antigens. Induction of an immune response to the 19-kD antigen by an alternative approach of DNA vaccination had no effect on subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge. These results are consistent with a model in which the presence of the 19-kD protein has a detrimental effect on the efficacy of vaccination with live mycobacteria. Targeted inactivation of genes encoding selected antigens represents a potential route towards development of improved vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Yeremeev
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Caruso AM, Serbina N, Klein E, Triebold K, Bloom BR, Flynn JL. Mice Deficient in CD4 T Cells Have Only Transiently Diminished Levels of IFN-γ, Yet Succumb to Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD4 T cells are important in the protective immune response against tuberculosis. Two mouse models deficient in CD4 T cells were used to examine the mechanism by which these cells participate in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Transgenic mice deficient in either MHC class II or CD4 molecules demonstrated increased susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, compared with wild-type mice. MHC class II−/− mice were more susceptible than CD4−/− mice, as measured by survival following M. tuberculosis challenge, but the relative resistance of CD4−/− mice did not appear to be due to increased numbers of CD4−8− (double-negative) T cells. Analysis of in vivo IFN-γ production in the lungs of infected mice revealed that both mutant mouse strains were only transiently impaired in their ability to produce IFN-γ following infection. At 2 wk postinfection, IFN-γ production, assessed by RT-PCR and intracellular cytokine staining, in the mutant mice was reduced by >50% compared with that in wild-type mice. However, by 4 wk postinfection, both mutant and wild-type mice had similar levels of IFN-γ mRNA and protein production. In CD4 T cell-deficient mice, IFN-γ production was due to CD8 T cells. Thus, the importance of IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells appears to be early in infection, lending support to the hypothesis that early events in M. tuberculosis infection are crucial determinants of the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edwin Klein
- †Central Animal Facilities, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; and
| | - Karla Triebold
- ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Barry R. Bloom
- ‡Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Abstract
The assumption that the antimicrobial resistance gene Nramp1 is a major determinant of resistance of mice to infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis can now be challenged on the basis of published evidence to the contrary. It is likely that, with tuberculosis, Nramp1-determined defenses are subordinate to other defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J North
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA.
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Lyadova I, Yeremeev V, Majorov K, Nikonenko B, Khaidukov S, Kondratieva T, Kobets N, Apt A. An ex vivo study of T lymphocytes recovered from the lungs of I/St mice infected with and susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1998; 66:4981-8. [PMID: 9746607 PMCID: PMC108618 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.10.4981-4988.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
I/St mice, previously characterized as susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, were given 10(3) or 10(5) CFU intravenously. At two time points postinoculation, the cell suspensions that resulted from enzymatic digestion of lungs were enumerated and further characterized phenotypically and functionally. Regarding the T-cell populations recovered at 2 and 5 weeks postinfection, two main results were obtained: (i) the population of CD44(-) CD45RB+ cells disappeared within 2 weeks postinfection, while the number of CD44(+) CD45RB-/low cells slowly increased between weeks 2 and 5; (ii) when cocultured with irradiated syngeneic splenocytes, these lung T cells proliferated in the presence of H37Rv sonicate. Using H37Rv sonicate and irradiated syngeneic splenocytes to reactivate lung T cells, we selected five CD3(+) CD4(+) CD8(-) T-cell clones. In addition to the H37Rv sonicate, the five clones react to both a short-term culture filtrate and an affinity-purified 15- to 18-kDa mycobacterial molecule as assessed by the proliferative assay. However, there was a clear difference between T-cell clones with respect to cytokine (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma] and interleukin-4 [IL-4] and IL-10) profiles: besides one Th1-like (IFN-gamma+ IL-4(-)) clone and one Th0-like (IFN-gamma+ IL-4(+) IL-10(+)) clone, three clones produced predominantly IL-10, with only marginal or no IL-4 and IFN-gamma responses. Inhibition of mycobacterial growth by macrophages in the presence of T cells was studied in a coculture in vitro system. It was found that the capacity to enhance antimycobacterial activity of macrophages fully correlated with INF-gamma production by individual T-cell clones following genetically restricted recognition of infected macrophages. The possible functional significance of cytokine diversity among T-cell clones is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lyadova
- Department of Immunology, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow 107564, Russia.
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27
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Medina E, North RJ. Resistance ranking of some common inbred mouse strains to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and relationship to major histocompatibility complex haplotype and Nramp1 genotype. Immunology 1998; 93:270-4. [PMID: 9616378 PMCID: PMC1364188 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six common inbred strains of mice and their F1 hybrids were examined for resistance to infection with the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to survival times after inoculation of 10(5) CFU intravenously (i.v.), the mice could be classified as being either highly susceptible (CBA, DBA/2, C3H, 129/SvJ) or highly resistant (BALB/c and C57BL/6). F1 hybrids of susceptible and resistant strains were resistant. Although an examination of a limited number of H-2 congenic strains showed that the H-2k haplotype could confer susceptibility on a resistant strain, it was evident that non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes were much more important. Resistant strains all possessed the susceptibility allele of the anti-microbial resistance gene, Nramp1. Results obtained with selected strains infected with 10(2) CFU of M. tuberculosis by aerosol agreed with the results obtained with mice infected i.v. The size of the bacterial inoculum was important in distinguishing between resistant and susceptible strains, in that a 10(7) inoculum overcame the resistance advantage of one strain over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Medina
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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28
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Pichugin AV, Khaidukov SV, Moroz AM, Apt AS. Capacity of murine T cells to retain long-term responsiveness to mycobacterial antigens is controlled by the H-2 complex. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:316-24. [PMID: 9486398 PMCID: PMC1904923 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is firmly established that the allelic composition of the H-2 complex has a prominent impact on the course of tuberculosis (TB) infection in mice, including granuloma formation, mycobacterial spread in the lungs, and the dynamics of mortality. Although intuitively obvious, the role of long-term specific T cell responses in the expression of corresponding phenotypes is poorly understood. In this study we have compared polyclonal lymph node cell response (cell yield, proliferation, surface markers, IL-4/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production) to Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv sonicate in repeated 10-day cycles of stimulation/rest between H-2 congenic IE-negative mouse strains, categorized on the basis of mortality following lethal challenge as TB-susceptible (C57B1/6), TB-resistant (4R) and BCG non-protected (B10.M). The capacity to retain specific responsiveness to repeated stimulation by mycobacterial antigens depended upon both the H-2 haplotype of the host and the immunizing dose of the antigen. 4R lymph node cells following either 50 microg/mouse or 100 microg/mouse immunization constantly responded to sonicate, increased in numbers, and after the third stimulation/rest cycle developed into a stable CD3+CD4+ cell line. B6 cells following either 50 microg/mouse or 100 microg/mouse immunization, and B10.M cells following 100 microg/mouse (but not 50 microg/mouse) immunization, lost the capacity to incorporate methyl-3H-thymidine during the second cycle, and died. Analogous results were obtained in the in vivo experiments, when the dynamics of the response over 12 weeks following a single immunization with the antigen was studied. In response to the antigen, cells from all three mouse strains produced significant amounts of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, but not IL-4, indicating that they belong predominantly to the Th1-like subset. Among noteworthy differences between the mouse strains was a clear deficiency of CD8+ T cells in B6 cultures, and an unusually high proportion of CD3+CD4-CD8- (double-negative) T cells in B10.M cultures following a high-dose immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Pichugin
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Moscow, Russia
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29
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30
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North RJ, Medina E. Significance of the antimicrobial resistance gene, Nramp1, in resistance to virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 147:493-9. [PMID: 9127879 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(97)85213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J North
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983, USA
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