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Minhas K, Roebuck DJ, Sebire N, Cho A, Patel PA. Diagnostic yield and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous testicular biopsies in children. Pediatr Radiol 2023; 53:1903-1910. [PMID: 37052631 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, testicular biopsy is performed using an open surgical approach. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy is a less invasive alternative and can be performed in children. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to report our technique and to assess the diagnostic accuracy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy of testicular masses in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a 16-year retrospective review of ultrasound-guided percutaneous testicular biopsies at a single pediatric hospital. RESULTS We performed nine ultrasound-guided testicular biopsies in 9 patients (median age: 3 years, range: 4 months-11 years; median weight: 20.9 kg, range: 8.4-35 kg; median volume of testicular lesion biopsied: 4.4 mL, range: 1.2-17 mL). A percutaneous co-axial technique was used for 5/9 biopsies with absorbable gelatin sponge tract embolization performed in 4 of those biopsies. A non-co-axial technique was used in 4/9 biopsies. A median of three cores, range 2-6, were obtained. The diagnostic yield was 89% with one biopsy yielding material suggestive of, but insufficient for, a definitive diagnosis. The most common histological diagnosis was leukemic infiltration, occurring in 6/9 biopsies. Of the remaining three biopsies, one biopsy was suggestive of, but not confirmatory for, juvenile granulosa cell tumor and two biopsies confirmed normal testicular tissue; the long-term follow-up of which demonstrated normal growth and no lasting damage. There was one (clinically insignificant) complication out of nine biopsies (11%, 95% confidence interval 0-44%): a mild, self-resolving scrotal hematoma. CONCLUSION Ultrasound-guided testicular biopsy can be performed safely in children as an alternative to open surgical biopsy, with a high diagnostic yield and low complication rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Minhas
- Interventional Radiology, Radiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Derek J Roebuck
- Interventional Radiology, Radiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Division of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Medical Imaging, Perth Children's Hospital, Locked Bag 2010, Nedlands, WA, 6909, Australia
| | - Neil Sebire
- Department of Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Alexander Cho
- Department of Urology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Premal A Patel
- Interventional Radiology, Radiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Jiménez-Heffernan JA, Rodríguez-García AM, Cima L, Gordillo CH, López-Ferrer P, Vicandi B. A comprehensive review of the "tigroid" background cytological concept: what, when, where and why? Pathologica 2022; 114:121-127. [PMID: 35481562 PMCID: PMC9248253 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of “tigroid” background is used in cytology to describe a peculiar smear background characterized by the presence of a relatively granular, reticulated material that was described as “foamy, lazy, tiger-striped or astrakhan”. It was used to describe the background seen in smears obtained from seminoma. In addition to seminoma, we now know that it can be present in different tumours, mostly carcinomas and round cell sarcomas. These share with seminoma a cytoplasm with high glycogen content and many times clear cell morphology. The “tigroid” background is seen when smears are air-dried and Romanowsky-based stains are used (May-Grunwald-Giemsa and Diff-Quik stains). It is only seen in fine needle aspiration or intraoperative squashing or scrapping samples, but not in specimens obtained from effusions or liquid-based cytology. Wet-fixed cytologic samples with alcohol or with formaldehyde tend to dissolve the background so it is not usually present in Papanicolaou stained smears. In this review, we discuss tumours in which the “tigroid” background is observed and its potential diagnostic utility and aetiology. It is interesting to remark that except for parathyroid adenoma and adenomatoid tumour all the neoplasms in which this background has been observed are malignant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Cima
- Pathology Unit, Department of Clinical Services, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Carlos H Gordillo
- Departments of Pathology, University Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Blanca Vicandi
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Wang L, Matloob A, Asiry S, Khader SN. Educational Case: Testicular Germ Cell Tumor: Clinical Presentation, Pathogenesis, and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Modalities. Acad Pathol 2020; 7:2374289520975173. [PMID: 33354624 PMCID: PMC7734537 DOI: 10.1177/2374289520975173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, seehttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.1
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ammar Matloob
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Saeed Asiry
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Samer N Khader
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current role of percutaneous testicular biopsy in the diagnosis of focal testicular lesions. CONCLUSION Percutaneous testicular biopsy can be either fine needle aspiration biopsy or trucut core needle biopsy. It is a well-tolerated and effective procedure useful in small testicular lesions, multifocal lesions, hematological malignancies, and focal lesions in single testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniyan Ramanathan
- Department of Radiology, Al-Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 82228, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Radiology, Weil Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Vikram Dogra
- Department of Imaging Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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5
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Yang X, Cole A, Cajigas A, Khader S. Fine Needle Aspiration of a Metastatic Germ Cell Tumor to Supraclavicular Lymph Node. Lab Med 2014; 45:151-5. [DOI: 10.1309/lmgj1bmdiioxzjvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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6
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Suciu V, Fabre M, Klijanienko J, Pohar-Marinsek Z, Vielh P. Childhood tumours. Diagn Cytopathol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3154-0.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Alsharif M, Aslan DL, Jessurun J, Gulbahce HE, Pambuccian SE. Cytologic diagnosis of metastatic seminoma to the prostate and urinary bladder: a case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2008; 36:734-8. [PMID: 18773441 DOI: 10.1002/dc.20881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 42-year-old man presented with severe abdominal pain, constipation, and hematuria. The patient had a history of seminoma treated by chemotherapy followed by bilateral orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection 16 years earlier. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed a 8.0 x 6.0 x 5.0 cm mass in the retrovesical space, encompassing the left side of his proximal bladder, the prostate, and the rectum. A urine cytologic specimen showed loosely cohesive cell clusters composed of highly atypical large cells and occasional large, single cells with macronucleoli present in a background of mainly lymphocytes and histiocytes was diagnosed as recurrent seminoma. Prostate biopsies showed extensively necrotic seminoma with accompanying granulomatous reaction. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for c-kit (CD117), placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), D2-40, and OCT4. To our knowledge, this is the second report on urine cytology of metastatic seminoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alsharif
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Gupta R, Mathur SR, Arora VK, Sharma SG. Cytologic features of extragonadal germ cell tumors. Cancer 2008; 114:504-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Soh E, Berman LH, Grant JW, Bullock N, Williams MV. Ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy of the testis for focal indeterminate intratesticular lesions. Eur Radiol 2008; 18:2990-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-008-1072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pérez-Guillermo M, García-Solano J, Sánchez-Sánchez C, Montalbán-Romero S, Acosta-Ortega J. Diagnostic limitations in testicular cytopathology: To what extent is fine-needle aspiration reliable for the diagnosis of epidermoid cyst of the testis? Diagn Cytopathol 2004; 31:83-6. [PMID: 15282718 DOI: 10.1002/dc.10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the cytologic and histologic findings of a epidermoid cyst of the testis diagnosed by means of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. The gross and cytologic features are creamy aspirate, squamous cells, squamae, and fragments of granulomatous tissue. The cytologic features are fairly typical and similar to those observed in cutaneous epidermoid cysts; however, in this setting, the differential diagnosis should be carried out mainly with teratoma and dermoid cysts. The patient's age and precise location of the mass are paramount in the differential diagnosis. We believe that FNA is a reliable tool for the diagnosis of testicular epidermoid cysts, but the differential diagnosis with dermoid cysts should be based on histology.
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López-Ríos F, Pérez-Barrios A, Alberti N, Vargas J, Lozano F, de Agustín P. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the retroperitoneum: a series of 111 cases not including specific organs. Diagn Cytopathol 2002; 27:85-9. [PMID: 12203874 DOI: 10.1002/dc.10149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on our experience in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the retroperitoneum: 111 FNA biopsies performed on 99 patients. Cytologic diagnoses were divided into four groups: nondiagnostic (unsatisfactory samples because of a low cellularity and/or improperly prepared smears) aspirates (20%), benign (16%), suspicious for malignancy (13%), and malignant (50%). There were no known false-positive samples. We had two false-negative diagnoses due to sampling errors. Among diagnostic smears, the procedure showed a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100%. The predictive value of a positive result was 100% and the predictive value of a negative result was 90%. The overall accuracy was 98%. Metastatic carcinomas accounted for the largest number of lesions in the group of malignant tumors. A primary tumor site was known for the majority of the cases before the aspiration was performed. In the remaining cases we were unable to suggest an origin. It is therefore important to emphasize the role of ancillary studies in patients that are at the first assessment of the disease or when a second intercurrent malignancy is suspected. In our limited experience, a suggestion of the correct subtype of retroperitoneal sarcoma was not possible. As in the rest of cytopathology, a multidisciplinary approach is mandatory in this setting to improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando López-Ríos
- Department of Pathology, "12 de Octubre" University Hospital, Carretera de Andalucía, Madrid, Spain
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Bruno C, Minniti S, Procacci C. Diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2002; 30:181-183. [PMID: 11948575 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis is a very rare tumor that is not usually diagnosed until surgery is undertaken. In only a few cases has the correct diagnosis been obtained preoperatively by cytologic examination of fluid from the hydrocele. We describe a case of mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis that was suspected on sonography because of the presence of a hydrocele and focal nodularities. The diagnosis was confirmed preoperatively by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology aimed at 1 of the focal nodularities. Our patient was an 85-year-old man with concomitant cancer of the sigmoid colon; because of his age and the spread of his colon cancer, we did not remove the scrotal lesion. We recommend consideration of ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology of the solid masses instead of the fluid from the hydrocele in cases of suspected malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Bruno
- Department of Radiology, University of Verona, Istituto di Radiologia dell'Università, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
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