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Lim D, Kim K, Duysak T, So E, Jeong JH, Choy HE. Bacterial cancer therapy using the attenuated fowl-adapted Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100745. [PMID: 38053546 PMCID: PMC10694566 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here a novel anti-cancer therapy based on an avian-host-specific serotype Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) deficient in ppGpp synthesis. To monitor the tumor targeting, a bioluminescent ΔppGpp S. Gallinarum was constructed and injected intravenously into mice bearing syngeneic and human xenograft tumors. Strong bioluminescent signals were detected specifically in all grafted tumors at 2 days post-injection (dpi). The bacterial counts in normal and tumor tissue at 1 dpi revealed that ΔppGpp S. Gallinarum reached >108 CFU/g in tumor tissue and 106-107 CFU/g in endothelial organs; counts were much lower in other organs. At 16 dpi, ΔppGpp S. Gallinarum counts in tumor tissue decreased to ∼106 CFU/g, while those in the other organs became undetectable. A strong anti-cancer effect was observed after the injection of ΔppGpp S. Gallinarum into BALB/c mice grafted with CT26 colon cancer cells. This could be attributed to reduced virulence, which allowed the administration of at least a 10-fold greater dose (108 CFU) of ΔppGpp S. Gallinarum than other attenuated strains of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (≤107 CFU). An advantage of the avian-specific S. Gallinarum as a cancer therapeutic should be a reduced capacity to cause infections or harm in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Lim
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Odysseus Bio, Basic Medical Research Building, Chonnam National University Medical College, 322 Seoyangro, Hwasun, Jeonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - Taner Duysak
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - EunA. So
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61468, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E. Choy
- Odysseus Bio, Basic Medical Research Building, Chonnam National University Medical College, 322 Seoyangro, Hwasun, Jeonnam 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61468, Republic of Korea
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Influence of gut and intratumoral microbiota on the immune microenvironment and anti-cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105966. [PMID: 34728366 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota has been implicated in the regulation of tumor progression and therapeutic efficacy. However, the effect of microbiota on disease progression is context dependent, differing according to tumor types, therapeutic regimens, and composition of the microbiota, calling for a deeper understanding of host-microbiome interactions. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota influences disease progression by regulating local and systemic immunity. Notably, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technology, intratumoral microbiota has also been found and constitutes an important component of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about the identification of intra-tumor microbiota and discuss the role of gut and intratumoral microbiota in solid tumors in the angle of immune microenvironment interaction. Furthermore, we discuss how these findings may benefit current anti-cancer approaches. Key problems to be solved in ongoing and future research are highlighted.
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Kramer MG, Masner M, Ferreira FA, Hoffman RM. Bacterial Therapy of Cancer: Promises, Limitations, and Insights for Future Directions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:16. [PMID: 29472896 PMCID: PMC5810261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous tumors regression has been associated with microbial infection for 100s of years and inspired the use of bacteria for anticancer therapy. Dr. William B. Coley (1862-1936), a bone- sarcoma surgeon, was a pioneer in treating his patients with both live bacterial-based and mixture of heat-killed bacteria known as "Coley's toxins." Unfortunately, Coley was forced to stop his work which interrupted this field for about half a century. Currently, several species of bacteria are being developed against cancer. The bacterial species, their genetic background and their infectious behavior within the tumor microenvironment are thought to be relevant factors in determining their anti-tumor effectiveness in vivo. In this perspective article we will update the most promising results achieved using bacterial therapy (alone or combined with other strategies) in clinically-relevant animal models of cancer and critically discuss the impact of the bacterial variants, route of administration and mechanisms of bacteria-cancer-cell interaction. We will also discuss strategies to apply this information using modern mouse models, molecular biology, genetics and imaging for future bacterial therapy of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gabriela Kramer
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Masner
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando A. Ferreira
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratory of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates, Department of Organic Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Kramer MG, Masner M, Casales E, Moreno M, Smerdou C, Chabalgoity JA. Neoadjuvant administration of Semliki Forest virus expressing interleukin-12 combined with attenuated Salmonella eradicates breast cancer metastasis and achieves long-term survival in immunocompetent mice. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:620. [PMID: 26347489 PMCID: PMC4562361 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer is a major cause of death among women worldwide; therefore efficient therapeutic strategies are extremely needed. In this work we have developed a gene therapy- and bacteria-based combined neoadjuvant approach and evaluated its antitumor effect in a clinically relevant animal model of metastatic breast cancer. METHODS 2×10(8) particles of a Semliki Forest virus vector expressing interleukin-12 (SFV-IL-12) and/or 2×10(7) units of an aroC (-) Samonella Typhimurium strain (LVR01) were injected into 4T1 tumor nodules orthotopically implanted in mice. Tumors were surgically resected and long-term survival was determined. IL-12 and interferon-γ were quantified by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, bacteria was visualized by inmunohistochemistry and the number of lung metastasis was calculated with a clonogenic assay. RESULTS SFV-IL-12 and LVR01 timely inoculated and followed by surgical resection of tumors succeeded in complete inhibition of lethal lung metastasis and long-term survival in 90% of treated mice. The combined therapy was markedly synergistic compared to each treatment alone, since SFV-IL-12 monotherapy showed a potent antiangiogenic effect, being able to inhibit tumor growth and extend survival, but could not prevent establishment of distant metastasis and death of tumor-excised animals. On the other hand, LVR01 alone also showed a significant, although limited, antitumor potential, despite its ability to invade breast cancer cells and induce granulocyte recruitment. The efficacy of the combined therapy depended on the order in which both factors were administered; inasmuch the therapeutic effect was only observed when SFV-IL-12 was administered previous to LVR01, whereas administration of LVR01 before SFV-IL-12 had negligible antitumor activity. Moreover, pre-treatment with LVR01 seemed to suppress SFV-IL-12 antiangiogenic effects associated to lower IL-12 expression in this group. Re-challenged mice were unable to reject a second 4T1 tumor; however 100% of them could be totally cured by applying the same neoadjuvant combined regimen. To our knowledge, these are the most encouraging results obtained to date in a post-operatory setting using the highly aggressive 4T1 animal model. CONCLUSIONS SFV-IL-12-based gene therapy combined with Salmonella LVR01 neoadjuvant administration has a synergic antitumor effect and may be a promising therapeutic option to prevent and/or eradicate pre-operatory metastasis in locally advanced breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gabriela Kramer
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, (UdelaR), Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Martín Masner
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, (UdelaR), Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Erkuden Casales
- Division Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Av. Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, c/Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - María Moreno
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, (UdelaR), Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Av. Pio XII 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, c/Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - José A Chabalgoity
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, (UdelaR), Av. A. Navarro 3051, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Sharma S, Zhu L, Davoodi M, Harris-White M, Lee JM, St John M, Salgia R, Dubinett S. TLR3 agonists and proinflammatory antitumor activities. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:481-3. [PMID: 23506058 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.781585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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So EY, Ouchi T. The application of Toll like receptors for cancer therapy. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:675-81. [PMID: 21060729 PMCID: PMC2974170 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins play key roles in immune responses against infection. Using TLR proteins, host can recognize the conserved molecular structures found in pathogens called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). At the same time, some TLRs are able to detect specific host molecules, such as high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and heat shock proteins (hsp), and lead to inflammatory responses. Thus, it has been suggested that TLRs are involved in the development of many pathogenic conditions. Recent advances in TLR-related research not only provide us with scientific information, but also show the therapeutic potential against diseases, such as autoimmune disease and cancer. In this mini review, we demonstrate how TLRs pathways could be involved in cancer development and their therapeutic application, and discuss recent patentable subjects, in particular, that are targeting this unique pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Young So
- NUHS, Systems Biology Program, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Bernardes N, Seruca R, Chakrabarty AM, Fialho AM. Microbial-based therapy of cancer: current progress and future prospects. Bioeng Bugs 2009; 1:178-90. [PMID: 21326924 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.3.10903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bacteria in the regression of certain forms of cancer has been recognized for more than a century. Much effort, therefore, has been spent over the years in developing wild-type or modified bacterial strains to treat cancer. However, their use at the dose required for therapeutic efficacy has always been associated with toxicity problems and other deleterious effects. Recently, the old idea of using bacteria in the treatment of cancer has attracted considerable interest and new genetically engineered attenuated strains as well as microbial compounds that might have specific anticancer activity without side effects are being evaluated for their ability to act as new anticancer agents. This involves the use of attenuated bacterial strains and expressing foreign genes that encode the ability to convert non-toxic prodrugs to cytotoxic drugs. Novel strategies also include the use of bacterial products such as proteins, enzymes, immunotoxins and secondary metabolites, which specifically target cancer cells and cause tumor regression through growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis induction. In this review we describe the current knowledge and discuss the future directions regarding the use of bacteria or their products, in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Bernardes
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Center for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal
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Avogadri F, Mittal D, Saccheri F, Sarrafiore M, Ciocca M, Larghi P, Orecchia R, Rescigno M. Intra‐tumoralSalmonella typhimuriuminduces a systemic anti‐tumor immune response that is directed by low‐dose radiation to treat distal disease. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:1937-47. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200738035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jackson AM, Mulcahy LA, Zhu XW, O'Donnell D, Patel PM. Tumour-mediated disruption of dendritic cell function: Inhibiting the MEK1/2-p44/42 axis restores IL-12 production and Th1-generation. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:623-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chen K, Huang J, Gong W, Iribarren P, Dunlop NM, Wang JM. Toll-like receptors in inflammation, infection and cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1271-85. [PMID: 17673142 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family play key roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR proteins enable host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, viral RNA, CPG-containing DNA, and flagellin, among others. TLRs are also apparently able to mediate responses to host molecules, including one defensin, ROS, HMGB1 (high-mobility group box protein 1), surfactant protein A, fibrinogen, breakdown products of tissue matrix, heat shock proteins (hsp) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Thus, TLR are involved in the development of many pathological conditions including infectious diseases, tissue damage, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this review, the contribution of TLRs to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), lung, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and skin as well as cancer is evaluated. We hope to provide new insight into the pathogenesis and progression of diseases and more importantly, into the potential for TLRs as targets of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Devarapu SK, Sharma SC, Das SN. Triggering of T cell-mediated immune responses by allogenic tumor cell vaccine in patients with oral cancer. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28:387-95. [PMID: 16997788 DOI: 10.1080/08923970600927348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the immunomodulatory activity of allogenic whole tumor cell vaccine in oral cancer patients in vitro by two-color flow cytometry. Vaccine treatment significantly increased the expression of CD69 and HLA-DR in CD3+ T-cell subsets. The frequency of Interferon-gamma and Interleukin (IL)-2 expressing CD4+/CD8+ T-cell subsets was significantly higher with a concomitant reduction in IL-4 and IL-10 expressing T-cells in the vaccine treated group as compared with the untreated controls. Vaccine treatment significantly increased T-cell receptor (TCR), Vbeta3, Vbeta5 and Vbeta8 usage. The results indicate that the allogenic whole tumor cell vaccine is able to trigger T-cell mediated immunity in patients with intraoral squamous cell carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- HLA-DR Antigens/analysis
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interleukin-10/analysis
- Interleukin-2/analysis
- Interleukin-4/analysis
- Interleukins/analysis
- Interleukins/classification
- Jurkat Cells
- Lectins, C-Type
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/immunology
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Neoplasms, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Devarapu
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Killeen SD, Wang JH, Andrews EJ, Redmond HP. Exploitation of the Toll-like receptor system in cancer: a doubled-edged sword? Br J Cancer 2006; 95:247-52. [PMID: 16892041 PMCID: PMC2360630 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The toll-like receptor (TLR) system constitutes a pylogenetically ancient, evolutionary conserved, archetypal pattern recognition system, which underpins pathogen recognition by and activation of the immune system. Toll-like receptor agonists have long been used as immunoadjuvants in anti cancer immunotherapy. However, TLRs are increasingly implicated in human disease pathogenesis and an expanding body of both clinical and experimental evidence suggests that the neoplastic process may subvert TLR signalling pathways to advance cancer progression. Recent discoveries in the TLR system open a multitude of potential therapeutic avenues. Extrapolation of such TLR system manipulations to a clinical oncological setting demands care to prevent potentially deleterious activation of TLR-mediated survival pathways. Thus, the TLR system is a double-edge sword, which needs to be carefully wielded in the setting of neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Killeen
- Department of Academic Surgery, National University of Ireland (NUI)/University College Cork (UCC), Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - J H Wang
- Department of Academic Surgery, National University of Ireland (NUI)/University College Cork (UCC), Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - E J Andrews
- Department of Academic Surgery, National University of Ireland (NUI)/University College Cork (UCC), Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - H P Redmond
- Department of Academic Surgery, National University of Ireland (NUI)/University College Cork (UCC), Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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Saltzman DA. Cancer immunotherapy based on the killing of Salmonella typhimurium-infected tumour cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:443-9. [PMID: 15934824 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.4.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of bacteria for anticancer purposes was first attempted over 100 years ago. Recently, several strains of Salmonella have been shown to possess anticancer activity and, interestingly, Salmonella possesses a unique propensity to track to tumour tissue in vivo. This review presents the use of Salmonella for cancer immunotherapy, including the distinguishing characteristics of this organism and preclinical as well as clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Saltzman
- University of Minnesota Medical School, 195MMC 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Van Mellaert L, Barbé S, Anné J. Clostridium spores as anti-tumour agents. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14:190-6. [PMID: 16500103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The successful treatment of cancer remains a huge challenge. Consequently, efforts are being made to develop alternative methods of tumour therapy. One of these is the use of live Clostridium species, based on the observation that obligatory anaerobic bacteria specifically colonize the hypoxic and necrotic regions that are present in solid tumours but normally absent in other parts of the body. Although past results have fuelled scepticism about its clinical use, recent promising findings emphasize the potential of Clostridium-directed tumour therapy. These recent developments are reviewed and the reintroduction of this tumour-targeting protein delivery system into clinical settings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Van Mellaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Cheadle EJ, O'Donnell D, Selby PJ, Jackson AM. Closely related mycobacterial strains demonstrate contrasting levels of efficacy as antitumor vaccines and are processed for major histocompatibility complex class I presentation by multiple routes in dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:784-94. [PMID: 15664917 PMCID: PMC546964 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.784-794.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria expressing recombinant antigens are already being developed as vaccines against both infections and tumors. Little is known about how dendritic cells might process such antigens. Two different mycobacterial species, the fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis and the slow-growing M. bovis M. bovis BCG, were engineered to express a model tumor antigen, the K(b)-restricted dominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope OVA(257-264). Recombinant M. bovis BCG but not recombinant M. smegmatis conferred protection to mice challenged with the B16-OVA tumor cell line. We went on to investigate whether the contrast in antitumor efficacy could be due to differences in how dendritic cells process antigen from the two mycobacterial strains for class I presentation. Both strains of mycobacteria caused phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells, but recombinant M. smegmatis infection led to a greater degree of dendritic cell maturation than recombinant M. bovis BCG infection. Antigen from recombinant M. smegmatis was processed and presented as OVA(257-264) on K(b) molecules by the dendritic cell line DC2.4 but not by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) or splenic dendritic cells. In contrast, antigen from recombinant M. bovis BCG was presented by all three dendritic cell types as long as the mycobacteria were viable. Such presentation was dependent on proteasome function and nascent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in DC2.4 cells but independent of the proteasome and transporter associated with antigen processings (TAP) in BMDC and splenic dendritic cells. These data demonstrate for the first time that antigen vectored by the slow-growing M. bovis BCG but not that vectored by fast-growing, readily destroyed M. smegmatis is processed and presented on MHC class I by in vitro-generated dendritic cells, which has implications for recombinant microbial vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Cheadle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
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16
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Báfica A, Scanga CA, Schito ML, Hieny S, Sher A. Cutting edge: in vivo induction of integrated HIV-1 expression by mycobacteria is critically dependent on Toll-like receptor 2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1123-7. [PMID: 12874196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infection has been implicated as a possible factor in AIDS progression in populations where HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are coendemic. In support of this concept, we have previously shown that HIV-1-transgenic (Tg) mice infected with mycobacteria display enhanced viral gene and protein expression. In this study, we demonstrate that the induction of HIV-1 observed in this model is dependent on Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a pattern recognition receptor known to be involved in mycobacteria-host interaction. Spleen cells from HIV-1-Tg mice deficient in TLR2 (Tg/TLR2(-/-)) were found to be completely defective in p24 production induced in response to live M. tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium as well as certain mycobacterial products. Importantly, following in vivo mycobacterial infection, Tg/TLR2(-/-) mice failed to display the enhanced HIV-1 gag/env mRNA and p24 protein synthesis exhibited by wild-type Tg animals. Together, these results argue that TLR2 plays a crucial role in the activation of HIV-1 expression by mycobacterial coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Báfica
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and. Chemical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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