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Suriyapha C, Phupaboon S, Dagaew G, Sommai S, Matra M, Prachumchai R, Haitook T, Wanapat M. In vitro fermentation end-products and rumen microbiome as influenced by microencapsulated phytonutrient pellets (LEDRAGON) supplementation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14425. [PMID: 38910145 PMCID: PMC11194279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of microencapsulated bioactive compounds from lemongrass mixed dragon fruit peel pellet (MiEn-LEDRAGON) supplementation on fermentation characteristics, nutrient degradability, methane production, and the microbial diversity using in vitro gas production technique. The study was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five levels of MiEn-LEDRAGON supplementation at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of the total dry matter (DM) substrate. Supplementation of MiEn-LEDRAGON in the diet at levels of 3 or 4% DM resulted in increased (p < 0.05) cumulative gas production at 96 hours (h) of incubation time, reaching up to 84.842 ml/ 0.5 g DM. Furthermore, supplementation with 3% MiEn-LEDRAGON resulted in higher in vitro nutrient degradability and ammonia-nitrogen concentration at 24 h of the incubation time when compared to the control group (without supplementation) by 5.401% and 11.268%, respectively (p < 0.05). Additionally, supplementation with MiEn-LEDRAGON in the diet led to an increase in the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes at 24 h and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens at 12 h, while decreasing the population of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Methanobacteriales (p < 0.05). Moreover, supplementation of MiEn-LEDRAGON in the diet at levels of 2 to 4% DM resulted in a higher total volatile fatty acids (VFA) at 24 h, reaching up to 73.021 mmol/L (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was an increased proportion of propionic acid (C3) and butyric acid (C4) at 12 h (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, there was a decrease in the proportion of acetic acid (C2) and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (C2:C3), along with a reduction of methane (CH4) production by 11.694% when comparing to the 0% and 3% MiEn-LEDRAGON supplementation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that supplementing MiEn-LEDRAGON at 3% of total DM substrate could be used as a feed additive rich in phytonutrients for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaichana Suriyapha
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Srisan Phupaboon
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Gamonmas Dagaew
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukruthai Sommai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Rittikeard Prachumchai
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, 12130, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Theerachai Haitook
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Cabral LDS, Weimer PJ. Megasphaera elsdenii: Its Role in Ruminant Nutrition and Its Potential Industrial Application for Organic Acid Biosynthesis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:219. [PMID: 38276203 PMCID: PMC10819428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii was first isolated from the rumen in 1953 and is common in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Its ability to use either lactate or glucose as its major energy sources for growth has been well documented, although it can also ferment amino acids into ammonia and branched-chain fatty acids, which are growth factors for other bacteria. The ruminal abundance of M. elsdenii usually increases in animals fed grain-based diets due to its ability to use lactate (the product of rapid ruminal sugar fermentation), especially at a low ruminal pH (<5.5). M. elsdenii has been proposed as a potential dietary probiotic to prevent ruminal acidosis in feedlot cattle and high-producing dairy cows. However, this bacterium has also been associated with milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows, although proving a causative role has remained elusive. This review summarizes the unique physiology of this intriguing bacterium and its functional role in the ruminal community as well as its role in the health and productivity of the host animal. In addition to its effects in the rumen, the ability of M. elsdenii to produce C2-C7 carboxylic acids-potential precursors for industrial fuel and chemical production-is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano da Silva Cabral
- Department of Animal Science and Rural Extension, Agronomy and Animal Science School, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 780600-900, Mato Grosso, Brazil;
| | - Paul J. Weimer
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Matra M, Phupaboon S, Totakul P, Prommachart R, Shah AA, Shah AM, Wanapat M. Microencapsulation of Mitragyna leaf extracts to be used as a bioactive compound source to enhance in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbial dynamics. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:74-83. [PMID: 37946435 PMCID: PMC10766463 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitragyna speciosa Korth is traditionally used in Thailand. They have a high level of antioxidant capacities and bioactive compounds, the potential to modulate rumen fermentation and decrease methane production. The aim of the study was to investigate the different levels of microencapsulated-Mitragyna leaves extracts (MMLE) supplementation on nutrient degradability, rumen ecology, microbial dynamics, and methane production in an in vitro study. METHODS A completely randomized design was used to assign the experimental treatments, MMLE was supplemented at 0%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of the total dry matter (DM) substrate. RESULTS The addition of MMLE significantly increased in vitro dry matter degradability both at 12, 24, and 48 h, while ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration was improved with MMLE supplementation. The MMLE had the greatest propionate and total volatile fatty acid production when added with 6% of total DM substrate, while decreased the methane production (12, 24, and 48 h). Furthermore, the microbial population of cellulolytic bacteria and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens were increased, whilst Methanobacteriales was decreased with MMLE feeding. CONCLUSION The results indicated that MMLE could be a potential alternative plant-based bioactive compound supplement to be used as ruminant feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharach Matra
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
| | - Srisan Phupaboon
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
| | - Pajaree Totakul
- Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12130,
Thailand
| | - Ronnachai Prommachart
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology, Tawan-Ok 20110,
Thailand
| | - Assar Ali Shah
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
| | - Ali Mujtaba Shah
- Department of Livestock Production, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sakrand 67210, Sindh,
Pakistan
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002,
Thailand
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Salehian Z, Khalilvandi-Behroozyar H, Pirmohammadi R, Ahmadifard N, Almasi H, Ramin M. Investigating the effect of supplementing different levels of Isochrysis galbana on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13929. [PMID: 38400743 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing Isochrysis galbana (I. galbana) at levels of 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (g/100 g DM) of the diet on the gas production kinetics, methane production, rumen fermentation parameters, and relative microbial population in vitro. Supplementation of I. galbana at high level (5 g/100 g DM) caused a significant decrease in total gas production (p < 0.05). High supplementation rates (4 and 5 g/100 g DM) decreased CH4 production relative to the control by 18.4% and 23.2%, respectively. Although rumen ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations were affected by dietary treatments, but the VFA profile did not changed. The relative proportion of protozoa and methanogenic archaea as well as Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Prevotella spp., Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes were decreased significantly as a result of microalgae supplementation. However, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus albus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Selenomonas ruminantium were significantly increased (p < 0.05), related to the control group. As well, the pH was not affected by dietary treatments. It was concluded that I. galbana reduced in vitro CH4 production and methanogenic archaea that its worth to be investigated further in in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salehian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Rasoul Pirmohammadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Ahmadifard
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Artemia and Aquaculture Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hadi Almasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramin
- Department of Applied Animal Science and Welfare, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Kim H, Kim BW, Yoo D, Moon J, Kwon I, Lee Y, Seo J. In vitro evaluation of Aloe saponaria as a potential feed additive to modulate ruminal fermentation and microbial diversity. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2023.2165086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanbeen Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekyum Yoo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonbeom Moon
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yookyung Lee
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Korea
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
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Chang X, Liu D, Lambo MT. Nanofiber could deliver lactic acid bacteria to the intestine of ruminant in vitro experiment. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:165-172. [PMID: 34726311 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the use of nanofiber microcapsules produced by electrostatic spinning as a carrier for the delivery of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to the intestine of ruminants. We hypothesized that the LAB encapsulated into nanofiber microcapsules can be delivered to a ruminant's intestinal tract with little effect on the rumen fermentation and related bacteria. The in vitro experiment included three treatments: control group; 0.01g Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (L. acidophilus NCFM) encapsulated in nanofiber microcapsules by electrostatic spinning group (ELAN, 2.0 × 1011 CFU/g); and 0.01g L. acidophilus NCFM powder group (LANP, 2.0 × 1011 CFU/g), each incubated with 30 ml of buffer rumen fluid for 48h to determine the effect on rumen fermentation, then the abundance of L. acidophilus NCFM in the intestine was estimated using the modified in vitro three-step procedure. Treatment responses were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that compared to the control, the ELAN group had a significant increase in pH (p < 0.05), while the LANP group had a non-significant decrease in pH (p > 0.05). LANP and ELAN groups had no significant influence on total volatile fatty acid and individual volatile fatty acids (p > 0.05), apart from isobutyric acid of both groups, which reduced (p < 0.05). ELAN group had a decreasing trend of gas production and dry matter digestion, while the LANP group increased them significantly (p < 0.05). During the 16h and 48h rumen incubation, compared with control, there was no significant change in all bacteria in the ELAN group (p > 0.05), while the LANP group increased the relative abundance levels of S. bovis, S. ruminantium, M. elsdenii, F. succinogenes, B. fibrisolvens, Lactobacillus, L. acidophilus NCFM (p < 0.05). In the intestinal part, compared with control, the relative abundance of L. acidophilus NCFM in the ELAN group increased significantly (p < 0.05), while the result was not observed in the LANP group. We concluded based on our findings that L. acidophilus NCFM could be protected by nanofiber microcapsules and delivered to the intestinal site with little influence on the rumen fermentation and bacterial community, suggesting nanofiber microcapsules prepared by electrospinning technology could be used as a carrier for rumen-protected study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dasen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,College of Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Modinat Tolani Lambo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Salfer I, Crawford C, Rottman L, Harvatine K. The effects of feeding rations that differ in neutral detergent fiber and starch within a day on the daily pattern of key rumen microbial populations. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:334-339. [PMID: 36337113 PMCID: PMC9623771 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rumen microbial relative abundance follows a daily pattern. Feeding 2 diets differing in starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) modifies microbial daily pattern. Streptococcus bovis and Butyrivibrio peaked before feeding of a high-NDF diet in the morning. Ruminococcus albus, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Fibrobacter succinogenes increased before feeding a low NDF diet.
The effect of feeding a single TMR versus multiple rations across the day that differ in concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch on the daily pattern of rumen microbial populations was characterized. Diets included a control total mixed ration (CON; 33.3% NDF), a low-fiber diet (LF; 29.6% NDF), and a high-fiber diet (HF; 34.8% NDF). Nine cannulated Holstein cows were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment sequences in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments included feeding CON ad libitum at 0900 h, feeding HF at 70% of daily offering at 0900 h and LF at 30% of daily offering at 2200 h (H/L), and feeding LF at 30% of daily offering at 0900 h and HF at 70% of daily offering at 1300 h (L/H). Rumen digesta was collected to represent every 3 h across the day, microbial DNA was extracted, and real-time quantitative PCR was used to determine the relative abundances of total bacteria, total fungi, total protozoa, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Butyrivibrio hungatei, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Megasphaera elsdenii, Prevotella bryantii, Ruminococcus albus, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Streptococcus bovis. The relative abundances of total bacteria, total ciliated protozoa, F. succinogenes, P. bryantii, R. albus, S. ruminantium, and Strep. bovis were affected by time of day. Additionally, treatment affected the relative abundance of certain microbial groups at specific times of day. Notably, H/L treatment dramatically increased the relative abundances of B. fibrisolvens, B. hungatei, and Strep. bovis at 0900 h, by 2.5-, 5.4-, and 4.4-fold, respectively. Furthermore, the relative abundances of B. hungatei (3.9-fold), M. elsdenii (3.9-fold), R. albus (1.3-fold), S. ruminantium (1.3-fold), and Strep. bovis (4.5-fold) were greatly increased by L/H at 0900 h. At 0600 h, the relative abundance of F. succinogenes was 58% greater in L/H than H/L and the relative abundance of P. bryantii was 49% greater in H/L than L/H. Results suggest that there is a daily pattern of selected microbial populations that is altered by feeding rations that differ in NDF and starch within a day, with the greatest difference occurring before morning feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.J. Salfer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - C.E. Crawford
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - L.W. Rottman
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - K.J. Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
- Corresponding author
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Zhang X, Dong X, Wanapat M, Shah AM, Luo X, Peng Q, Kang K, Hu R, Guan J, Wang Z. Ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and related bacteria in response to dietary live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation in beef cattle. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:184-195. [PMID: 34474533 PMCID: PMC8738953 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and associated bacteria in beef cattle. Methods This work comprised of in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro fermentation was conducted by incubating 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.125%, and 0.15% active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ADY) with total mixed ration substrate to determine its dose effect. According to in vitro results, 0.1% ADY inclusion level was assigned in in vivo study for continuously monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbes. Six ruminally cannulated steers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (Control and ADY supplementation) as two-period crossover design (30-day). Blood samples were harvested before-feeding and rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-feeding on 30 d. Results After 24 h in vitro fermentation, pH and gas production were increased at 0.1% ADY where ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein also displayed lowest and peak values, respectively. Acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids concentrations heightened with increasing ADY doses and plateaued at high levels, while acetate to propionate ratio was decreased accordingly. In in vivo study, ruminal pH was increased with ADY supplementation that also elevated acetate and propionate. Conversely, ADY reduced lactate level by dampening Streptococcus bovis and inducing greater Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii populations involved in lactate utilization. The serum urea nitrogen decreased, whereas glucose, albumin and total protein concentrations were increased with ADY supplementation. Conclusion The results demonstrated dietary ADY improved ruminal fermentation dose-dependently. The ruminal lactate reduction through modification of lactate metabolic bacteria could be an important reason for rumen pH stabilization induced by ADY. ADY supplementation offered a complementary probiotics strategy in improving gluconeogenesis and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle, potentially resulted from optimized rumen pH and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Zhang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China.,Institute of Plateau Animals, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 610097, P. R. China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ali Mujtaba Shah
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Institute of Plateau Animals, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 610097, P. R. China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Kun Kang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Rui Hu
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jiuqiang Guan
- Institute of Plateau Animals, Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu 610097, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Low Carbon Breeding Cattle and Safety Production-University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
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Sousa D, Velasquez A, Oliveira C, Souza J, Nadeau E, Silva L. Effect of sugarcane genotype and maturity stage at harvest on feed intake and ruminal parameters of growing steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Demirtas A, Ozturk H, Sudagidan M, Keyvan E, Yavuz O, Gulay OY, Musa SAA. Effects of commercial aldehydes from green leaf volatiles (green odour) on rumen microbial population and fermentation profile in an artificial rumen (Rusitec). Anaerobe 2019; 55:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Chen R, Wu P, Cai Z, Fang Y, Zhou H, Lasanajak Y, Tang L, Ye L, Hou C, Zhao J. Puerariae Lobatae Radix with chuanxiong Rhizoma for treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke by remodeling gut microbiota to regulate the brain-gut barriers. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 65:101-114. [PMID: 30710886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix (PLR) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CXR) is commonly used to treat cerebrovascular diseases. This work aimed to clarify the mechanisms of their action in treating cerebral ischemic stroke from the perspective of gut microecology. The PLR and CXR combination effectively improved the neurological function, reduced the cerebral infarction and relieved the complications of cerebral ischemic stroke, including dyslipidemia, increased blood viscosity and thrombotic risk. Cerebral ischemic stroke triggered gut microbial disturbances by enriching pathogens and opportunistic microorganisms, including Bacteroides, Escherichia_Shigella, Haemophilus, Eubacterium_nodatum_group, Collinsella, Enterococcus, Proteus, Alistipes, Klebsiella, Shuttleworthia and Faecalibacterium. Cerebral ischemic stroke also increased the intestinal permeability, disrupted the gut barrier and caused intestinal microbial translocation. Occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 levels in the brain-gut barriers showed a high positive correlation. However, the combination remodeled the gut microecology by modulating endogenous bacteria whose effects may mitigate cerebral damage, such as Alloprevotella, Ruminococcaceae, Oscillospira, Lachnospiraceae_NK4B4_group, Akkermansia and Megasphaera, protected the brain-gut barriers by increasing claudin-5 and ZO-1 levels; and weakened the gut microbiota translocation by decreasing diamine oxidase, lipopolysaccharide and d-lactate. Although nimodipine effectively reduced the cerebral infarction, it did not relieve the gut microbiota dysbiosis and instead aggravated the gut barrier disruption and microbiota translocation. In conclusion, cerebral ischemic stroke caused gut microbiota dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, disrupted the gut barrier and triggered gut microbiota translocation. The PLR and CXR combination was an effective treatment for cerebral ischemic stroke that relieved the gut microbiota dysbiosis and brain-gut barriers disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Fang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Hospital Infection Management of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lan Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqi Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Castagnino PS, Dallantonia EE, Fiorentini G, Vito ES, Messana JD, Lima LO, Simioni TA, Berchielli TT. Changes in ruminal fermentation and microbial population of feedlot Nellore cattle fed crude glycerin and virginiamycin. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee M, Jeong S, Seo J, Seo S. Changes in the ruminal fermentation and bacterial community structure by a sudden change to a high-concentrate diet in Korean domestic ruminants. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:92-102. [PMID: 30056686 PMCID: PMC6325399 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in rumen fermentation characteristics and bacterial community by a sudden change to a high concentrate diet (HC) in Korean domestic ruminants. METHODS Major Korean domestic ruminants (each of four Hanwoo cows; 545.5±33.6 kg, Holstein cows; 516.3±42.7 kg, and Korean native goats; 19.1±1.4 kg) were used in this experiment. They were housed individually and were fed ad libitum with a same TMR (800 g/kg timothy hay and 200 g/kg concentrate mix) twice daily. After two-week feeding, only the concentrate mix was offered for one week in order to induce rapid rumen acidosis. The rumen fluid was collected from each animals twice (on week 2 and week 3) at 2 h after morning feeding using an oral stomach tube. Each collected rumen fluid was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and NH3-N. In addition, differences in microbial community among ruminant species and between normal and an acidosis condition were assessed using two culture-independent 16S polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and quantitative real-time PCR). RESULTS The HC decreased ruminal pH and altered relative concentrations of ruminal VFA (p<0.01). Total VFA concentration increased in Holstein cows only (p<0.01). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and real-time quantitative PCR analysis using culture-independent 16S PCR-based techniques, revealed rumen bacterial diversity differed by species but not by HC (p<0.01); bacterial diversity was higher in Korean native goats than that in Holstein cows. HC changed the relative populations of rumen bacterial species. Specifically, the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes was decreased while Lactobacillus spp. and Megasphaera elsdenii were increased (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The HC altered the relative populations, but not diversity, of the ruminal bacterial community, which differed by ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sinyong Jeong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Hartinger T, Gresner N, Südekum KH. Does intra-ruminal nitrogen recycling waste valuable resources? A review of major players and their manipulation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:33. [PMID: 29721317 PMCID: PMC5911377 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the inadequate provision of N to ruminants, leading to an excess of ammonia in the rumen, which is subsequently excreted. Depending on the size and molecular structure, various bacterial, protozoal and fungal species are involved in the ruminal breakdown of nitrogenous compounds (NC). Decelerating ruminal NC degradation by controlling the abundance and activity of proteolytic and deaminating microorganisms, but without reducing cellulolytic processes, is a promising strategy to decrease N emissions along with increasing N utilization by ruminants. Different dietary options, including among others the treatment of feedstuffs with heat or the application of diverse feed additives, as well as vaccination against rumen microorganisms or their enzymes have been evaluated. Thereby, reduced productions of microbial metabolites, e.g. ammonia, and increased microbial N flows give evidence for an improved N retention. However, linkage between these findings and alterations in the rumen microbiota composition, particularly NC-degrading microbes, remains sparse and contradictory findings confound the exact evaluation of these manipulating strategies, thus emphasizing the need for comprehensive research. The demand for increased sustainability in ruminant livestock production requests to apply attention to microbial N utilization efficiency and this will require a better understanding of underlying metabolic processes as well as composition and interactions of ruminal NC-degrading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartinger
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Gresner
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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15
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Schofield BJ, Lachner N, Le OT, McNeill DM, Dart P, Ouwerkerk D, Hugenholtz P, Klieve AV. Beneficial changes in rumen bacterial community profile in sheep and dairy calves as a result of feeding the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:855-866. [PMID: 29314469 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57 increased weight gain, increased nitrogen retention and increased feed intake in ruminants when administered to the diet. This study aims to develop a better understanding of this probiotic effect by analysing changes in the rumen prokaryotic community. METHODS AND RESULTS Sequencing the 16S rRNA gene PCR amplicons of the rumen microbiome, revealed that ewes fed H57 had a significantly different rumen microbial community structure to Control sheep. In contrast, dairy calves showed no significant differences in rumen community structure between treatment groups. In both instances, H57 was below detection in the rumen community profile and was only present at low relative abundance as determined by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The altered rumen microbial community in sheep likely contributes to increased weight gain through more efficient digestion of plant material. As no change occurred in the rumen community of dairy calves it is suggested that increased weight gain may be due to changes in community function rather than structure. The low relative abundance of H57 as determined by qPCR, suggests that weight gain was not directly mediated by the probiotic, but rather by influencing animal behaviour (feed consumption) and/or altering the native rumen community structure or function. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a novel look at the rumen prokaryotic community in both sheep and dairy calves when fed H57. These findings improve our understanding for the potential rumen community involvement in H57-enabled weight gain. The study reveals that the probiotic B. amyloliquefaciens H57 is capable of benefiting ruminants without colonizing the rumen, suggesting an indirect mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Schofield
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - N Lachner
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - O T Le
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - D M McNeill
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - P Dart
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - D Ouwerkerk
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Agri-Science Queensland, Dutton Park, Qld, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - P Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - A V Klieve
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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16
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Grain grinding size of cereals in complete pelleted diets for growing lambs: Effects on ruminal microbiota and fermentation. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Ji Y, Guo Q, Yin Y, Blachier F, Kong X. Dietary proline supplementation alters colonic luminal microbiota and bacterial metabolite composition between days 45 and 70 of pregnancy in Huanjiang mini-pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29423216 PMCID: PMC5789534 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy is associated with important changes in gut microbiota composition. Dietary factors may affect the diversity, composition, and metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota. Among amino acids, proline is known to play important roles in protein metabolism and structure, cell differentiation, conceptus growth and development, and gut microbiota re-equilibration in case of dysbiosis. Results Dietary supplementation with 1% proline decreased (P < 0.05) the amounts of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Peptostreptococcus productus, Pseudomonas, and Veillonella spp. in distal colonic contents than that in the control group. The colonic contents of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Bifidobacterium sp., Clostridium coccoides, Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale, Clostridium leptum subgroup, Escherichia coli, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fusobacterium prausnitzii, and Prevotella increased (P < 0.05) on d 70 of pregnancy as compared with those on d 45 of pregnancy. The colonic concentrations of acetate, total straight-chain fatty acid, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the proline-supplemented group were lower (P < 0.05), and butyrate level (P = 0.06) decreased as compared with the control group. Almost all of the SCFA displayed higher (P < 0.05) concentrations in proximal colonic contents on d 70 of pregnancy than those on d 45 of pregnancy. The concentrations of 1,7-heptyl diamine (P = 0.09) and phenylethylamine (P < 0.05) in proximal colonic contents were higher, while those of spermidine (P = 0.05) and total bioamine (P = 0.06) tended to be lower in the proline-supplemented group than those in the control group. The concentrations of spermidine, spermine, and total bioamine in colonic contents were higher (P < 0.05) on d 70 of pregnancy than those measured on d 45 of pregnancy. In contrast, the concentration of phenylethylamine was lower (P < 0.05) on d 70 than on d 45 of pregnancy. Conclusion These findings indicate that L-proline supplementation modifies both the colonic microbiota composition and the luminal concentrations of several bacterial metabolites. Furthermore, our data show that both the microbiota composition and the concentrations of bacterial metabolites are evolving in the course of pregnancy. These results are discussed in terms of possible implication in terms of luminal environment and consequences for gut physiology and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Ji
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Yulong Yin
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China.,Research Center of Mini-pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosysterms, Huanjiang, Guangxi 547100 China
| | - Francois Blachier
- UMR 914 INRA/AgroParisTech/Universite Paris-Sacaly, Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- 1National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China.,Research Center of Mini-pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosysterms, Huanjiang, Guangxi 547100 China
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18
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Seradj AR, Gimeno A, Fondevila M, Crespo J, Armengol R, Balcells J. Effects of the citrus flavonoid extract Bioflavex or its pure components on rumen fermentation of intensively reared beef steers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to study the effects of the citrus flavonoid extract Bioflavex (BF; Interquim SA, FerrerHealthTech, Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain) or its components on the rumen fermentation of a high-concentrate diet. In an in vivo experiment, eight Friesian steers (398 ± 12.2 kg bodyweight) fitted with a rumen cannula were given a basal concentrate (CTR) or a CTR supplemented with BF (450 mg/kg dry matter, DM) in a 2 × 4 crossover design. No differences were observed in performance parameters of BF and CTR steers. Diet BF increased pH values and the molar proportion of propionate and reduced lactate concentration as a result of an increase in the relative abundance of lactate-consuming microorganism Selenomomas ruminantium (P < 0.01) and Megaesphaera elsdenii (P = 0.06). In an in vitro experiment, the effect of BF and its pure flavonoid components added to the incubation medium was studied separately. Bioflavex and its main components naringine, neohesperidine (NH) and poncirine (PC) were added to the incubation medium at 500 µg/g DM, with the unsupplemented substrate also included as a control (CTR). After 12 h of incubation, flavonoid mixture and NH and PC reduced (P < 0.01) the volume of gas produced and the molar proportion of acetate (P < 0.01), and increased that of propionate (P < 0.01). PC reduced the relative quantification of Streptococcus bovis, whereas NH and BF increased the relative quantification of M. elsdenii in relation to CTR (P < 0.01). Bioflavex supplementation in steers in feedlot was effective in preventing a collapse in pH and it enhanced rumen fermentation efficiency through modifying the activity of lactate-consuming bacteria and a greater molar proportion of propionate and a reduction of that of acetate, suggesting its positive role in modulating the activity of rumen microbiota.
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19
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Feed efficiency and the liver proteome of fattening lambs are modified by feed restriction during the suckling period. Animal 2018; 12:1838-1846. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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20
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He Y, Qiu Q, Shao T, Niu W, Xia C, Wang H, Li Q, Gao Z, Yu Z, Su H, Cao B. Dietary Alfalfa and Calcium Salts of Long-Chain Fatty Acids Alter Protein Utilization, Microbial Populations, and Plasma Fatty Acid Profile in Holstein Freemartin Heifers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10859-10867. [PMID: 29179547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presented the effects of alfalfa and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CSFA) on feed intake, apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial community, plasma biochemical parameters, and fatty acid profile in Holstein freemartin heifers. Eight Holstein freemartin heifers were randomly divided into a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment with 2 × 2 factorial diets, with or without alfalfa or CSFA. Dietary supplementation of CSFA significantly increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, and significantly reduced N retention (P < 0.05). CSFA increased the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the ruminal fluid (P < 0.05), but alfalfa increased the concentration of valerate and isovalerate (P < 0.05). CSFA increased the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and the relative population of Streptococcus bovis in the rumen (P < 0.05) and inhibited the relative population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, methanogens, and protozoa (P < 0.05). Alfalfa instead of Leymus chinensis increased the relative population of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Ruminobacter amylophilus in the rumen (P < 0.05) and reduced the relative population of the Ruminococcus albus and Megasphaera elsdenii (P < 0.05). Supplemental CSFA increased the concentration of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the plasma (P < 0.05). And it also altered the composition of fatty acids in the plasma, which was expressed in reducing saturated fatty acid (ΣSFA) ratio and C14-C17 fatty acids proportion except C16:0 (P < 0.05) and increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (ΣPUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (ΣUFA) (P < 0.05). The results showed that alfalfa and CSFA had interaction effect on the apparent digestibility of ether extracts, plasma triglyceride concentration, isobutyrate concentration, and Ruminococcus albus relative abundance in the rumen. It was concluded that alfalfa substituting Leymus chinensis did not change the apparent digestibility of nutrients in the final stage of fattening Holstein freemartin heifers, while CSFA increased the cholesterol and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in plasma. Alfalfa and CSFA had mutual interaction effect on fat digestion and plasma triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Taoqi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Chuanqi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Zhibiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Zhantao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Huawei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Binghai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University , 100193 Beijing, China
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de Souza JM, de Sousa DO, de Mesquita BS, Mesquita LG, Silva LFP. Effect of sugarcane fiber digestibility, conservation method and concentrate level on the ruminal ecosystem of beef cattle. AMB Express 2017; 7:55. [PMID: 28265975 PMCID: PMC5339260 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0356-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sugarcane neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), conservation method, and concentrate level on the ruminal microbial population of steers. Eight ruminal-cannulated Nellore steers were distributed in two contemporary 4 × 4 Latin Square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experiment 1: diets were formulated with 60% of concentrate level, and two sugarcane genotypes (high or low NDFD) either freshly cut or as silage. Experiment 2: diets were formulated with two levels of concentrate (60 or 80%), and two sugarcane genotypes (high or low NDFD) offered as freshly cut. Each experimental period lasted for 14 d, with the last 4 d used for ruminal fluid collection. Three cellulolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens), two amylolytic (Streptococcus bovis, Ruminobacter amylophilus), and a lactate fermenting microorganism (Megasphaera elsdenii) were quantified by qPCR. Experiment 1: diets with fresh sugarcane increased the population of S. bovis, and M. elsdenii. Sugarcane with high NDFD increased F. succinogenes population only when sugarcane was offered as freshly cut. Experiment 2: increasing concentrate in the diet decreased S. bovis population, and increased R. amylophilus. Sugarcane with high NDFD increased the population of cellulolytic bacteria only at the 60% concentrate diet. Providing sugarcane with high NDFD favored the growth of fibrolytic bacteria, and this effect were dependent on the conservation method and on diet concentrate level. In addition, sucrose appears to have great effect on the composition of ruminal microflora, especially S. bovis.
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Nakamura SI, Kim YH, Takashima K, Kimura A, Nagai K, Ichijo T, Sato S. Composition of the microbiota in forestomach fluids and feces of Japanese Black calves with white scours1. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Zotti CA, Silva AP, Carvalho R, Marino CT, Rodrigues PHM, Silva LFP, McAllister TA, Leme PR. Monensin and a blend of castor oil and cashew nut shell liquid used in a high-concentrate diet abruptly fed to Nellore cattle1. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Zotti
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Xanxerê, Santa Catarina, Brazil 89820-000
| | - A. P. Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
| | - R. Carvalho
- Universidade de São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
| | - C. T. Marino
- Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil 79106-550
| | - P. H. M. Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
| | - L. F. P. Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - P. R. Leme
- Universidade de São Paulo (FZEA-USP), Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900
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24
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Kim M, Park T, Yu Z. Metagenomic investigation of gastrointestinal microbiome in cattle. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1515-1528. [PMID: 28830126 PMCID: PMC5666186 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the rumen and the other intestinal segments of cattle, harbors a diverse, complex, and dynamic microbiome that drives feed digestion and fermentation in cattle, determining feed efficiency and output of pollutants. This microbiome also plays an important role in affecting host health. Research has been conducted for more than a century to understand the microbiome and its relationship to feed efficiency and host health. The traditional cultivation-based research elucidated some of the major metabolism, but studies using molecular biology techniques conducted from late 1980’s to the late early 2000’s greatly expanded our view of the diversity of the rumen and intestinal microbiome of cattle. Recently, metagenomics has been the primary technology to characterize the GI microbiome and its relationship with host nutrition and health. This review addresses the main methods/techniques in current use, the knowledge gained, and some of the challenges that remain. Most of the primers used in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification and diversity analysis using metagenomics of ruminal bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa were also compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tansol Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zhongtang Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Jeon BS, Kim S, Sang BI. Megasphaera hexanoica sp. nov., a medium-chain carboxylic acid-producing bacterium isolated from a cow rumen. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:2114-2120. [PMID: 28742009 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Strain MHT, a strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, spherical coccus or coccoid-shaped microorganism, was isolated from a cow rumen during a screen for hexanoic acid-producing bacteria. The microorganism grew at 30-40 °C and pH 5.5-7.5 and exhibited production of various short- and medium-chain carboxylic acids (acetic acid, butyric acid, pentanoic acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid and octanoic acid), as well as H2 and CO2 as biogas. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that MHT represents a member of the genus Megasphaera, with the closest relatives being Megapsphaera indica NMBHI-10T (94.1 % 16S rRNA sequence similarity), Megasphaera elsdenii DSM 20460T (93.8 %) and Megasphaera paucivorans DSM 16981T (93.8 %). The major cellular fatty acids produced by MHT included C12 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 1cis 9, and C18 : 0, and the DNA G+C content of the MHT genome is 51.8 mol%. Together, the distinctive phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of MHT indicate that this microorganism represents a novel species of the genus Megasphaera, for which the name Megasphaera hexanoica sp. nov. is herein proposed. The type strain of this species is MHT (=KCCM 43214T=JCM 31403T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Seung Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seil Kim
- Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Oh S, Koike S, Kobayashi Y. Effect of ginkgo extract supplementation onin vitrorumen fermentation and bacterial profiles under different dietary conditions. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1737-1743. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Oh
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita Sapporo Japan
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Hokkaido University; Kita Sapporo Japan
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Vargas JE, Andrés S, Snelling TJ, López-Ferreras L, Yáñez-Ruíz DR, García-Estrada C, López S. Effect of Sunflower and Marine Oils on Ruminal Microbiota, In vitro Fermentation and Digesta Fatty Acid Profile. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1124. [PMID: 28676798 PMCID: PMC5476686 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) investigated the changes in the ruminal microbiota and anaerobic fermentation in response to the addition of different lipid supplements to a ruminant diet. A basal diet with no oil added was the control, and the treatment diets were supplemented with sunflower oil (2%) only, or sunflower oil (2%) in combination with fish oil (1%) or algae oil (1%). Four fermentation units were used per treatment. RUSITEC fermenters were inoculated with rumen digesta. Substrate degradation, fermentation end-products (volatile fatty acids, lactate, gas, methane, and ammonia), and microbial protein synthesis were determined. Fatty acid profiles and microbial community composition were evaluated in digesta samples. Numbers of representative bacterial species and microbial groups were determined using qPCR. Microbial composition and diversity were based on T-RFLP spectra. The addition of oils had no effect on substrate degradation or microbial protein synthesis. Differences among diets in neutral detergent fiber degradation were not significant (P = 0.132), but the contrast comparing oil–supplemented diets with the control was significant (P = 0.039). Methane production was reduced (P < 0.05) with all oil supplements. Propionate production was increased when diets containing oil were fermented. Compared with the control, the addition of algae oil decreased the percentage C18:3 c9c12c15 in rumen digesta, and that of C18:2 c9t11 was increased when the control diet was supplemented with any oil. Marine oils decreased the hydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids. Microbial diversity was not affected by oil supplementation. Cluster analysis showed that diets with additional fish or algae oils formed a group separated from the sunflower oil diet. Supplementation with marine oils decreased the numbers of Butyrivibrio producers of stearic acid, and affected the numbers of protozoa, methanogens, Selenomonas ruminantium and Streptococcus bovis, but not total bacteria. In conclusion, there is a potential to manipulate the rumen fermentation and microbiota with the addition of sunflower, fish or algae oils to ruminant diets at appropriate concentrations. Specifically, supplementation of ruminant mixed rations with marine oils will reduce methane production, the acetate to propionate ratio and the fatty acid hydrogenation in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Vargas
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de LeónLeón, Spain.,Grupo CIENVET, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de CaldasManizales, Colombia
| | - Sonia Andrés
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Timothy J Snelling
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de LeónLeón, Spain.,Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of AberdeenAberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de LeónLeón, Spain.,Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Secundino López
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de LeónLeón, Spain
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Zhu W, Wei Z, Xu N, Yang F, Yoon I, Chung Y, Liu J, Wang J. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on performance and rumen fermentation and microbiota in dairy cows fed a diet containing low quality forage. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:36. [PMID: 28465826 PMCID: PMC5408399 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A possible option to meet the increased demand of forage for dairy industry is to use the agricultural by-products, such as corn stover. However, nutritional value of crop residues is low and we have been seeking technologies to improve the value. A feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of four levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP; Original XP; Diamond V) on lactation performance and rumen fermentation in mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows fed a diet containing low-quality forage. Eighty dairy cows were randomly assigned into one of four treatments: basal diet supplemented with 0, 60, 120, or 180 g/d of SCFP per head mixed with 180, 120, 60, or 0 g of corn meal, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 wks, with the first 2 weeks for adaptation. RESULTS Dry matter intake was found to be similar (P > 0.05) among the treatments. There was an increasing trend in milk production (linear, P ≤ 0.10) with the increasing level of SCFP supplementation, with no effects on contents of milk components (P > 0.05). Supplementation of SCFP linearly increased (P < 0.05) the N conversion, without affecting rumen pH and ammonia-N (P > 0.05). Increasing level of SCFP linearly increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of ruminal total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, with no difference in molar proportion of individual acids (P > 0.05). The population of fungi and certain cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus albus, R. flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes) increased linearly (P < 0.05) but those of lactate-utilizing (Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii) and lactate-producing bacteria (Streptococcus bovis) decreased linearly (P ≤ 0.01) with increasing level of SCFP. The urinary purine derivatives increased linearly (P < 0.05) in response to SCFP supplementation, indicating that SCFP supplementation may benefit for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. CONCLUSIONS The SCFP supplementation was effective in maintaining milk persistency of mid-lactation cows receiving diets containing low-quality forage. The beneficial effect of SCFP could be attributed to improved rumen function; 1) microbial population shift toward greater rumen fermentation efficiency indicated by higher rumen fungi and cellulolytic bacteria and lower lactate producing bacteria, and 2) rumen microbial fermentation toward greater supply of energy and protein indicated by greater ruminal VFA concentration and increased N conversion. Effects of SCFP were dose-depended and greater effects being observed with higher levels of supplementation and the effect was more noticeable during the high THI environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Zihai Wei
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Xu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakun Wang
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
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Rapid changes in key ruminal microbial populations during the induction of and recovery from diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:358-67. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ruminant provides a powerful model for understanding the temporal dynamics of gastrointestinal microbial communities. Diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in the dairy cow is caused by rumen-derived bioactive fatty acids, and is commonly attributed to the changes in the microbial population. The aim of the present study was to determine the changes occurring in nine ruminal bacterial taxa with well-characterised functions, and abundance of total fungi, ciliate protozoa and bacteria during the induction of and recovery from MFD. Interactions between treatment and time were observed for ten of the twelve populations. The total number of both fungi and ciliate protozoa decreased rapidly (days 4 and 8, respectively) by more than 90 % during the induction period and increased during the recovery period. The abundance ofStreptococcus bovis(amylolytic) peaked at 350 % of control levels on day 4 of induction and rapidly decreased during the recovery period. The abundance ofPrevotella bryantii(amylolytic) decreased by 66 % from day 8 to 20 of the induction period and increased to the control levels on day 12 of the recovery period. The abundance ofMegasphaera elsdeniiandSelenomonas ruminantium(lactate-utilising bacteria) increased progressively until day 12 of induction (>170 %) and decreased during the recovery period. The abundance ofFibrobacter succinogenes(fibrolytic) decreased by 97 % on day 4 of induction and increased progressively to an equal extent during the recovery period, although smaller changes were observed for other fibrolytic bacteria. The abundance of theButyrivibrio fibrisolvens/Pseudobutyrivibriogroup decreased progressively during the induction period and increased during the recovery period, whereas the abundance ofButyrivibrio hungateiwas not affected by treatment. Responsive taxa were modified rapidly, with the majority of changes occurring within 8 d and their time course was similar to the time course of the induction of MFD, demonstrating a strong correlation between changes in ruminal microbial populations and MFD.
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Molecular methods for studying methanogens of the human gastrointestinal tract: current status and future directions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5801-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Asanuma N, Yokoyama S, Hino T. Effects of nitrate addition to a diet on fermentation and microbial populations in the rumen of goats, with special reference to Selenomonas ruminantium having the ability to reduce nitrate and nitrite. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:378-84. [PMID: 25439583 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary nitrate addition on ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial populations in goats. The involvement of Selenomonas ruminantium in nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen was also examined. As the result of nitrate feeding, the total concentration of ruminal volatile fatty acids decreased, whereas the acetate : propionate ratio and the concentrations of ammonia and lactate increased. Populations of methanogens, protozoa and fungi, as estimated by real-time PCR, were greatly decreased as a result of nitrate inclusion in the diet. There was modest or little impact of nitrate on the populations of prevailing species or genus of bacteria in the rumen, whereas Streptococcus bovis and S. ruminantium significantly increased. Both the activities of nitrate reductase (NaR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) per total mass of ruminal bacteria were increased by nitrate feeding. Quantification of the genes encoding NaR and NiR by real-time PCR with primers specific for S. ruminantium showed that these genes were increased by feeding nitrate, suggesting that the growth of nitrate- and nitrite-reducing S. ruminantium is stimulated by nitrate addition. Thus, S. ruminantium is likely to play a major role in nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narito Asanuma
- Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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Seradj A, Abecia L, Crespo J, Villalba D, Fondevila M, Balcells J. The effect of Bioflavex® and its pure flavonoid components on in vitro fermentation parameters and methane production in rumen fluid from steers given high concentrate diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mills JAN, Crompton LA, Ellis JL, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Hook S, Benchaar C, France J. A dynamic mechanistic model of lactic acid metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2398-414. [PMID: 24565322 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current feed evaluation systems for ruminants are too imprecise to describe diets in terms of their acidosis risk. The dynamic mechanistic model described herein arises from the integration of a lactic acid (La) metabolism module into an extant model of whole-rumen function. The model was evaluated using published data from cows and sheep fed a range of diets or infused with various doses of La. The model performed well in simulating peak rumen La concentrations (coefficient of determination = 0.96; root mean square prediction error = 16.96% of observed mean), although frequency of sampling for the published data prevented a comprehensive comparison of prediction of time to peak La accumulation. The model showed a tendency for increased La accumulation following feeding of diets rich in nonstructural carbohydrates, although less-soluble starch sources such as corn tended to limit rumen La concentration. Simulated La absorption from the rumen remained low throughout the feeding cycle. The competition between bacteria and protozoa for rumen La suggests a variable contribution of protozoa to total La utilization. However, the model was unable to simulate the effects of defaunation on rumen La metabolism, indicating a need for a more detailed description of protozoal metabolism. The model could form the basis of a feed evaluation system with regard to rumen La metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A N Mills
- The University of Reading, Centre for Dairy Research, Department of Agriculture, Reading, RG6 6AT, UK
| | - L A Crompton
- The University of Reading, Centre for Dairy Research, Department of Agriculture, Reading, RG6 6AT, UK
| | - J L Ellis
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 8219 PH, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - S Hook
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C Benchaar
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - J France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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REVIEW: The rumen microbiome: Composition, abundance, diversity, and new investigative tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Klieve AV, Ouwerkerk D, Maguire AJ. Archaea in the foregut of macropod marsupials: PCR and amplicon sequence-based observations. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1065-75. [PMID: 22897363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate, using culture-independent techniques, the presence and diversity of methanogenic archaea in the foregut of kangaroos. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA was extracted from forestomach contents of 42 kangaroos (three species), three sheep and three cattle. Four qualitative and quantitative PCR assays targeting the archaeal domain (16S rRNA gene) or the functional methanogenesis gene, mcrA, were used to determine the presence and population density of archaea in kangaroos and whether they were likely to be methanogens. All ruminal samples were positive for archaea, produced PCR product of expected size, contained high numbers of archaea and high numbers of cells with mcrA genes. Kangaroos were much more diverse and contradictory. Fourteen kangaroos had detectable archaea with numbers 10- to 1000-fold fewer than sheep and cattle. Many kangaroos that did not possess archaea were positive for the mcrA gene and had detectable numbers of cells with this gene and vice versa. DNA sequence analysis of kangaroos' archaeal 16S rRNA gene clones show that many methanogens were related to Methanosphaera stadmanae. Other sequences were related to non-methanogenic archaea (Thermoplasma sp.), and a number of kangaroos had mcrA gene sequences related to methane oxidising archaea (ANME). CONCLUSIONS Discrepancies between qualitative and quantitative PCR assays for archaea and the mcrA gene suggest that the archaeal communities are very diverse and it is possible that novel species exist. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Archaea (in general) were below detectable limits in many kangaroos, especially Red kangaroos; when present they are in lower numbers than in ruminants, and the archaea are not necessarily methanogenic. The determination of why this is the case in the kangaroo foregut could assist in reducing emissions from other ecosystems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Klieve
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences and School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld, Australia.
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36
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Chiquette J, Allison MJ, Rasmussen M. Use of Prevotella bryantii 25A and a commercial probiotic during subacute acidosis challenge in midlactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5985-95. [PMID: 22901468 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of Prevotella bryantii 25A as a probiotic during a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge using a commercial probiotic as a positive control. Six multiparous ruminally fistulated cows (BW=685 ± 65 kg; (mean ± SD) in the mid-phase of lactation (70 to 148 DIM) received the following treatments in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design: (1) total mixed ration (TMR; control, CON), (2) TMR + 2g/head per day of a probiotic combination of Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EFSC), or (3) TMR + Prevotella bryantii 25A. The Latin square consisted of 3 wk of adaptation to the respective treatments during which the animals were fed ad libitum once per day a conventional early-lactation TMR and 1.5 kg of hay. The adaptation was followed by 4 d of SARA (no hay) and 10d of rest (adaptation diet without probiotics). Dry matter intake and milk production were depressed during SARA (22.0 and 31.8 kg/d, respectively) compared with adaptation (24.4 and 34.0 kg/d, respectively) and did not recover during rest (22.3 and 30.7 kg/d, respectively). During SARA, P. bryantii 25A had no effect on rumen pH, whereas EFSC reduced the percentage of time with pH <6.0 (71%) compared with CON (85%) and increased maximum pH. The EFSC treatment tended to increase mean pH over 24h (5.65) compared with CON (5.45). Proportion of time with pH <5.6 tended to be lower with EFSC (46%) than with CON (62%). Populations of bacteria considered to be the most important cellulose digesters in the rumen (Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminococcus albus, and Fibrobacter succinogenes) were also monitored during these treatments using culture-independent real-time PCR methods. The population of R. flavefaciens was similar between the 2 feeding phases, whereas F. succinogenes and R. albus were lower during SARA compared with rest. In light of the present study, P. bryantii 25A did not prove to be an effective preventative for SARA. The role of EFSC in regulating rumen pH was confirmed, with a possible effect of maintaining R. flavefaciens populations during SARA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chiquette
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 0C8.
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Aldai N, Klieve AV, Dugan MER, Kramer JKG, Ouwerkerk D, Aalhus JL, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA. Evaluation of rumen fatty acid hydrogenation intermediates and differences in bacterial communities after feeding wheat- or corn-based dried distillers grains to feedlot cattle1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2699-709. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Aldai
- Lacombe Research Center, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, T4L 1W1, Alberta, Canada
| | - A. V. Klieve
- Ecosciences Precinct, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - M. E. R. Dugan
- Lacombe Research Center, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, T4L 1W1, Alberta, Canada
| | - J. K. G. Kramer
- Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph N1G 5C9, Ontario, Canada
| | - D. Ouwerkerk
- Ecosciences Precinct, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - J. L. Aalhus
- Lacombe Research Center, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, T4L 1W1, Alberta, Canada
| | - J. J. McKinnon
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - T. A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, T1J 4B1, Alberta, Canada
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Balcells J, Aris A, Serrano A, Seradj AR, Crespo J, Devant M. Effects of an extract of plant flavonoids (Bioflavex) on rumen fermentation and performance in heifers fed high-concentrate diets. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4975-84. [PMID: 22829622 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To study the effects of an extract of plant flavonoids [Bioflavex (FL)] in cattle fed high-concentrate diets, 2 experiments were designed. In the first experiment, the effects of Bioflavex on the development of rumen acidosis was evaluated in 8 Holstein-Friesian crossbreed heifers (451 kg; SEM 14.3 kg of BW) using a crossover design. Each experimental period lasted 22 d; from d 1 to 20, the animals were fed rye grass, on d 21 the animals were fasted, and on d 22, rumen acidosis was induced by applying 5 kg of wheat without [ CONTROL (CTR) heifers who did not receive Bioflavex] or with flavonoids [heifers who received FL; 300 mg/kg DM] through a rumen cannula. Rumen pH was recorded continuously (from d 19 to d 22). On d 22, average rumen pH was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the FL animals (6.29; SEM = 0.031) than it was in the CTR heifers (5.98; SEM = 0.029). After the wheat application, the rumen VFA concentration increased (P < 0.01), the proportion of acetic acid decreased (P < 0.01), and lactate concentration (mmol/L) increased, but the increase was not as great (P = 0.09) in the FL as it was in the CTR heifers (0.41 to 1.35 mmol/L; SEM = 0.24). On d 22, Streptococcus bovis and Selenomonas ruminantium titers increased after the wheat application, but Megasphaera elsdenii titers increased (P < 0.05) only in the FL heifers. In the second experiment, the effect of Bioflavex on the performance and rumen fermentation in finishing heifers was evaluated. Forty-eight Fleckvieh heifers (initial BW = 317 kg; SEM = 5.34) were used in a completely randomized design. Heifers were assigned to 1 of 4 blocks based on their BW and, within each block, assigned to 1 of 2 pens (6 heifers/pen). In addition, 16 heifers (2/pen) were rumen cannulated. Individual BW and group consumption of concentrate and straw were recorded weekly until the animals reached the target slaughter weight. Supplementation with FL did not affect ADG, feed consumption, or feed conversion ratio. Rumen pH and molar proportions of propionate were greater (P < 0.01) and acetate proportion was less in the FL (P < 0.01) than they were in the CTR heifers. Flavonoid supplementation might be effective in improving rumen fermentation and reducing the incidence of rumen acidosis. This effect of flavonoids may be partially explained by increasing the numbers of lactate-consuming microorganisms (e.g., M. elsdenii) in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balcells
- Departament Producció Animal, ETSEA, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Sirohi SK, Singh N, Dagar SS, Puniya AK. Molecular tools for deciphering the microbial community structure and diversity in rumen ecosystem. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1135-54. [PMID: 22782251 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rumen microbial community comprising of bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protozoa is characterized not only by the high population density but also by the remarkable diversity and the most complex microecological interactions existing in the biological world. This unprecedented biodiversity is quite far from full elucidation as only about 15-20 % of the rumen microbes are identified and characterized till date using conventional culturing and microscopy. However, the last two decades have witnessed a paradigm shift from cumbersome and time-consuming classical methods to nucleic acid-based molecular approaches for deciphering the rumen microbial community. These techniques are rapid, reproducible and allow both the qualitative and quantitative assessment of microbial diversity. This review describes the different molecular methods and their applications in elucidating the rumen microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Sirohi
- Nutrition Biotechnology Laboratory, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
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Marano AV, Gleason FH, Bärlocher F, Pires-Zottarelli CLA, Lilje O, Schmidt SK, Rasconi S, Kagami M, Barrera MD, Sime-Ngando T, Boussiba S, de Souza JI, Edwards JE. Quantitative methods for the analysis of zoosporic fungi. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 89:22-32. [PMID: 22360942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative estimations of zoosporic fungi in the environment have historically received little attention, primarily due to methodological challenges and their complex life cycles. Conventional methods for quantitative analysis of zoosporic fungi to date have mainly relied on direct observation and baiting techniques, with subsequent fungal identification in the laboratory using morphological characteristics. Although these methods are still fundamentally useful, there has been an increasing preference for quantitative microscopic methods based on staining with fluorescent dyes, as well as the use of hybridization probes. More recently however PCR based methods for profiling and quantification (semi- and absolute) have proven to be rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for assessing zoosporic fungal assemblages in environmental samples. Further application of next generation sequencing technologies will however not only advance our quantitative understanding of zoosporic fungal ecology, but also their function through the analysis of their genomes and gene expression as resources and databases expand in the future. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to complement these molecular-based approaches with cultivation-based methods in order to gain a fuller quantitative understanding of the ecological and physiological roles of zoosporic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina V Marano
- Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini, calle 53 N 477, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Klieve AV, McLennan SR, Ouwerkerk D. Persistence of orally administered Megasphaera elsdenii and Ruminococcus bromii in the rumen of beef cattle fed a high grain (barley) diet. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/an11111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When cattle are fed grain, acidotic ruminal conditions and decreased efficiency in starch utilisation can result from the rapid production and accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen. The efficacy of drenching cattle with Megasphaera elsdenii and Ruminococcus bromii to improve animal performance was investigated. A feedlot trial was undertaken with 80 Bos indicus crossbred steers (initial liveweight 347.1 (s.d. 31.7) kg) in 10 pens in a randomised complete block design. An empty-pen-buffer was maintained between treated (inoculated) and untreated (control) groups to avoid transfer of inoculant bacteria to the control steers. Inoculated steers were orally drenched with M. elsdenii YE34 and R. bromii YE282, and populations increased rapidly over 3–14 days. The steers were fed for a total of 70 days with commercial, barley-based, feedlot rations. High growth rates (1.91 kg per day) were achieved throughout the experiment in both the inoculated and control steers. Intakes averaged 21.3 g dry matter (DM) per kg liveweight per day. There was probably no acidosis achieved in this trial following challenge (i.e. no change in pH occurred). There were no differences in any production or carcass measurements between the control and inoculated steers overall. However, the control group acquired dense ruminal populations of M. elsdenii by Day 14, while R. bromii populations established at high densities within the first 2 weeks but then declined and were undetectable by Day 50. R. bromii appears to be only transiently dominant, and once its dominance waned, it appeared that Ruminobacter spp. established in the rumen. Ruminobacter spp. became dominant between 14 and 28 days in all the steers examined and persisted through to the end of the study. These Ruminobacter spp. may be of future interest in the development of probiotics for grain-fed cattle.
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Stanton TB, Humphrey SB. Persistence of antibiotic resistance: evaluation of a probiotic approach using antibiotic-sensitive Megasphaera elsdenii strains to prevent colonization of swine by antibiotic-resistant strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7158-66. [PMID: 21821757 PMCID: PMC3194883 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00647-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Megasphaera elsdenii is a lactate-fermenting, obligately anaerobic bacterium commonly present in the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals, including humans. Swine M. elsdenii strains were previously shown to have high levels of tetracycline resistance (MIC=64 to >256 μg/ml) and to carry mosaic (recombinant) tetracycline resistance genes. Baby pigs inherit intestinal microbiota from the mother sow. In these investigations we addressed two questions. When do M. elsdenii strains from the sow colonize baby pigs? Can five antibiotic-sensitive M. elsdenii strains administered intragastrically to newborn pigs affect natural colonization of the piglets by antibiotic-resistant (AR) M. elsdenii strains from the mother? M. elsdenii natural colonization of newborn pigs was undetectable (<10(4) CFU/g [wet weight] of feces) prior to weaning (20 days after birth). After weaning, all pigs became colonized (4 × 10(5) to 2 × 10(8) CFU/g feces). In a separate study, 61% (76/125) of M. elsdenii isolates from a gravid sow never exposed to antibiotics were resistant to chlortetracycline, ampicillin, or tylosin. The inoculation of the sow's offspring with mixtures of M. elsdenii antibiotic-sensitive strains prevented colonization of the offspring by maternal AR strains until at least 11 days postweaning. At 25 and 53 days postweaning, however, AR strains predominated. Antibiotic susceptibility phenotypes and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based identities of M. elsdenii isolated from sow and offspring were unexpectedly diverse. These results suggest that dosing newborn piglets with M. elsdenii antibiotic-sensitive strains delays but does not prevent colonization by maternal resistant strains. M. elsdenii subspecies diversity offers an explanation for the persistence of resistant strains in the absence of antibiotic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thad B Stanton
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Klevenhusen F, Meile L, Kreuzer M, Soliva CR. Effects of monolaurin on ruminal methanogens and selected bacterial species from cattle, as determined with the rumen simulation technique. Anaerobe 2011; 17:232-8. [PMID: 21787874 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Before being able to implement effective ruminal methane mitigation strategies via feed supplementation, the assessment of side effects on ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial populations is indispensable. In this respect we investigated the effects of monolaurin, a methane-mitigating lipid, on methanogens and important carbohydrate-degrading bacteria present in ruminal fluid of dairy cattle in continuous culture employing the rumen simulation technique. In six experimental runs, each lasting for 10 days, four diets with different carbohydrate composition, based on hay, maize, wheat and a maize-wheat mixture, either remained non-supplemented or were supplemented with monolaurin and incubated in a ruminal-fluid buffer mixture. Incubation liquid samples from days 6 to 10 of incubation were analyzed with relative quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of 16S rRNA genes to assess monolaurin-induced shifts in specific rumen microbial populations in relation to the corresponding non-supplemented diets. Monolaurin completely inhibited Fibrobacter succinogenes in all diets while the response of the other cellulolytic bacteria varied in dependence of the diet. Megasphaera elsdenii remained unaffected by monolaurin in the two diets containing maize, but was slightly stimulated by monolaurin with the wheat and largely with the hay diet. The supply of monolaurin suppressed Methanomicrobiales below the detection limit with all diets, whereas relative 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of Methanobacteriales increased by 7-fold with monolaurin in case of the hay diet. Total Archaea were decreased by up to over 90%, but this was significant only for the wheat containing diets. Thus, monolaurin exerted variable effects mediated by unknown mechanisms on important ruminal microbes involved in carbohydrate degradation, along with its suppression of methane formation. The applicability of monolaurin for methane mitigation in ruminants thus depends on the extent to which adverse effects on carbohydrate-degrading bacteria actually impair the supply of digested carbohydrates to the animal.
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Kumar S, Dagar SS, Mohanty AK, Sirohi SK, Puniya M, Kuhad RC, Sangu KPS, Griffith GW, Puniya AK. Enumeration of methanogens with a focus on fluorescence in situ hybridization. Naturwissenschaften 2011; 98:457-72. [PMID: 21475941 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methanogens, the members of domain Archaea are potent contributors in global warming. Being confined to the strict anaerobic environment, their direct cultivation as pure culture is quite difficult. Therefore, a range of culture-independent methods have been developed to investigate their numbers, substrate uptake patterns, and identification in complex microbial communities. Unlike other approaches, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is not only used for faster quantification and accurate identification but also to reveal the physiological properties and spatiotemporal dynamics of methanogens in their natural environment. Aside from the methodological aspects and application of FISH, this review also focuses on culture-dependent and -independent techniques employed in enumerating methanogens along with associated problems. In addition, the combination of FISH with micro-autoradiography that could also be an important tool in investigating the activities of methanogens is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
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45
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Performance, ruminal changes, behaviour and welfare of growing heifers fed a concentrate diet with or without barley straw. Animal 2011; 5:294-303. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110001904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Fernando SC, Purvis HT, Najar FZ, Sukharnikov LO, Krehbiel CR, Nagaraja TG, Roe BA, DeSilva U. Rumen microbial population dynamics during adaptation to a high-grain diet. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7482-90. [PMID: 20851965 PMCID: PMC2976194 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00388-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grain adaptation programs are widely used with feedlot cattle to balance enhanced growth performance against the risk of acidosis. This adaptation to a high-grain diet from a high-forage diet is known to change the rumen microbial population structure and help establish a stable microbial population within the rumen. Therefore, to evaluate bacterial population dynamics during adaptation to a high-grain diet, 4 ruminally cannulated beef steers were adapted to a high-grain diet using a step-up diet regimen containing grain and hay at ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20. The rumen bacterial populations were evaluated at each stage of the step-up diet after 1 week of adaptation, before the steers were transitioned to the next stage of the diet, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, 16S rRNA gene libraries, and quantitative real-time PCR. The T-RFLP analysis displayed a shift in the rumen microbial population structure during the final two stages of the step-up diet. The 16S rRNA gene libraries demonstrated two distinct rumen microbial populations in hay-fed and high-grain-fed animals and detected only 24 common operational taxonomic units out of 398 and 315, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene libraries of hay-fed animals contained a significantly higher number of bacteria belonging to the phylum Fibrobacteres, whereas the 16S rRNA gene libraries of grain-fed animals contained a significantly higher number of bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. Real-time PCR analysis detected significant fold increases in the Megasphaera elsdenii, Streptococcus bovis, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Prevotella bryantii populations during adaptation to the high-concentrate (high-grain) diet, whereas the Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Fibrobacter succinogenes populations gradually decreased as the animals were adapted to the high-concentrate diet. This study evaluates the rumen microbial population using several molecular approaches and presents a broader picture of the rumen microbial population structure during adaptation to a high-grain diet from a forage diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - H. T. Purvis
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - F. Z. Najar
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - L. O. Sukharnikov
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - C. R. Krehbiel
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - T. G. Nagaraja
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - B. A. Roe
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - U. DeSilva
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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Huws SA, Lee MRF, Muetzel SM, Scott MB, Wallace RJ, Scollan ND. Forage type and fish oil cause shifts in rumen bacterial diversity. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 73:396-407. [PMID: 20491929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite evidence supporting improved incorporation of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) into ruminant products, such as meat and milk, following red clover and fish oil (FO) inclusion in the ruminant diet, little is known regarding the concomitant bacterial diversity. We evaluated the effects of feeding grass vs. red clover silage with incremental FO inclusion on known lipolytic, biohydrogenating, cellulolytic and proteolytic rumen bacterial communities of steers. Following 14 days of dietary adaptation, liquid-associated (LAB) and solid-associated (SAB) bacterial communities were harvested, DNA extracted and bacterial denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and specific-bacterial quantitative PCR (QPCR) were undertaken. DGGE-derived dendrograms showed that diet caused the greatest change in LAB and SAB bacterial diversity, with FO inclusion at the 2% and 3% dry matter intake also causing some changes. QPCR revealed that diet resulted in changes in the DNA concentration of Anaerovibrio lipolytica, the Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus group, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. FO inclusion caused changes in A. lipolytica, F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens DNA concentration only. In the B. proteoclasticus group, which are the only known bacteria with the capacity to biohydrogenate PUFA to 18:0, DNA concentration did not correlate to 18:0 flow to the duodenum, however, suggesting that other bacteria may play a role in biohydrogenation. A greater understanding of microbial changes that accompany beneficial dietary changes will lead to novel strategies to improve ruminant product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Huws
- Animal and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
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Joachimsthal EL, Reeves R, Hung J, Nielsen L, Ouwerkerk D, Klieve A, Vickers C. Production of bacteriocins byStreptococcus bovisstrains from Australian ruminants. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:428-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bekele AZ, Koike S, Kobayashi Y. Genetic diversity and diet specificity of ruminal Prevotella revealed by 16S rRNA gene-based analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 305:49-57. [PMID: 20158525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
16S rRNA gene-based analysis of rumen Prevotella was carried out to estimate the diversity and diet specificity of bacteria belonging to this genus. Total DNA was extracted from the rumen digesta of three sheep fed two diets with different hay-to-concentrate ratios (10 : 1 and 1 : 2). Real-time PCR quantification of Prevotella revealed that the relative abundance of this genus in the total rumen bacteria was up to 19.7%, while the representative species Prevotella bryantii and Prevotella ruminicola accounted for only 0.6% and 3.8%, respectively. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis for Prevotella revealed shifts in the community composition with the diet. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries showed significant differences (P=0.001) between clones detected from the sheep on the diets with different hay-to-concentrate ratios. The majority (87.8%) of Prevotella clones had <97% sequence similarity with known rumen Prevotella. These data suggest that uncultured Prevotella is more abundant than known Prevotella and that members of this genus appear to have specific metabolic niches.
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Effects of acarbose on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and microbial profile involved in ruminal acidosis in lactating cows fed a high-carbohydrate ration. J DAIRY RES 2010; 77:123-8. [PMID: 20053317 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029909990562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of an inhibitor of alpha-amylase and glucosidase (acarbose, Pfizer Limited, Corby, UK) on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolism and microbial profile in dairy cows in a 2x2 cross-over experiment. Eight Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas (milk yield, 24.3+/-2.35 kg/d, body weight, 622+/-54 kg, days in milk, 183+/-67, 5 multiparous and 3 primiparous) were used. Treatments were: control (no additive, CTR) and alpha-amylase and glucosidase inhibitor (0.75 g acarbose-premix/cow per d, AMI). Animals were given ad-libitum access to a high non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) partial mixed ration (PMR) containing 17.6% crude protein, 28.3% neutral detergent fibre, and 46.5% NFC in the dry matter and supplementary concentrate during milking. Blood samples were taken to determine blood glucose, insulin and urea within the first hour after the morning feeding on two separate days in each period. Samples of ruminal contents were collected during 3 d in each period at 0, 4 and 8 h after feeding to determine volatile fatty acid and ammonia-N concentrations and to quantify protozoa, Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii. Rumen pH was recorded electronically at 22-min intervals during 6 d in each period. Results were analysed using a mixed-effects model. Cows on AMI treatment spent less time with ruminal pH <5.6 compared with cows in the CTR group (3.74 and 6.52+/-0.704 h/d, respectively). Cows in the AMI group had greater daily average pH compared with those in the CTR group (6.05 and 5.92+/-0.042, respectively). AMI animals tended (P=0.09) to have lower Str. bovis to Meg. elsdenii ratio than CTR (4.09 and 26.8+/-12.0, respectively). These results indicate that dietary supplementation with acarbose in dairy cattle fed high-production rations may be effective in reducing the time for which rumen pH is suboptimal, with no negative effects on ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites.
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