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Effects of Omega-3 and Antioxidant Cocktail Supplement on Prolonged Bed Rest: Results from Serum Proteome and Sphingolipids Analysis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132120. [PMID: 35805205 PMCID: PMC9266137 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity or prolonged bed rest (BR) induces muscle deconditioning in old and young subjects and can increase the cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) with dysregulation of the lipemic profile. Nutritional interventions, combining molecules such as polyphenols, vitamins and essential fatty acids, can influence some metabolic features associated with physical inactivity and decrease the reactive oxidative and nitrosative stress (RONS). The aim of this study was to detect circulating molecules correlated with BR in serum of healthy male subjects enrolled in a 60-day BR protocol to evaluate a nutritional intervention with an antioxidant cocktail as a disuse countermeasure (Toulouse COCKTAIL study). The serum proteome, sphingolipidome and nitrosoproteome were analyzed adopting different mass spectrometry-based approaches. Results in placebo-treated BR subjects indicated a marked decrease of proteins associated with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) involved in lipemic homeostasis not found in the cocktail-treated BR group. Moreover, long-chain ceramides decreased while sphingomyelin increased in the BR cocktail-treated group. In placebo, the ratio of S-nitrosylated/total protein increased for apolipoprotein D and several proteins were over-nitrosylated. In cocktail-treated BR subjects, the majority of protein showed a pattern of under-nitrosylation, except for ceruloplasmin and hemopexin, which were over-nitrosylated. Collectively, data indicate a positive effect of the cocktail in preserving lipemic and RONS homeostasis in extended disuse conditions.
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Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, Kong MH, Oh YH. Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of Updated Evidence of Potential Health Risks. Korean J Fam Med 2020; 41:365-373. [PMID: 33242381 PMCID: PMC7700832 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.20.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of the global population aged 15 years and older engages in insufficient physical activities, which affects health. However, the health risks posed by sedentary behaviors are not well known. The mean daily duration of sedentary behavior is 8.3 hours among the Korean population and 7.7 hours among the American adult population. Sedentary lifestyles are spreading worldwide because of a lack of available spaces for exercise, increased occupational sedentary behaviors such as office work, and the increased penetration of television and video devices. Consequently, the associated health problems are on the rise. A sedentary lifestyle affects the human body through various mechanisms. Sedentary behaviors reduce lipoprotein lipase activity, muscle glucose, protein transporter activities, impair lipid metabolism, and diminish carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, it decreases cardiac output and systemic blood flow while activating the sympathetic nervous system, ultimately reducing insulin sensitivity and vascular function. It also alters the insulin-like growth factor axis and the circulation levels of sex hormones, which elevates the incidence of hormone-related cancers. Increased sedentary time impairs the gravitostat, the body's weight homeostat, and weight gain, adiposity, and elevated chronic inflammation caused by sedentary behavior are risk factors for cancer. Sedentary behaviors have wide-ranging adverse impacts on the human body including increased all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, cancer risk, and risks of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; musculoskeletal disorders such as arthralgia and osteoporosis; depression; and, cognitive impairment. Therefore, reducing sedentary behaviors and increasing physical activity are both important to promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ha Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Kong
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Yun Hwan Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
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3
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Trakaki A, Scharnagl H, Trieb M, Holzer M, Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Goswami N, Marsche G. Prolonged bedrest reduces plasma high-density lipoprotein levels linked to markedly suppressed cholesterol efflux capacity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15001. [PMID: 32929107 PMCID: PMC7490699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations strongly connect high-density lipoproteins (HDL) function and levels with coronary heart disease outcomes and risk for infections and sepsis. To date, our knowledge of factors determining this connection is still very limited. The immobility associated with prolonged bedrest is detrimental to health, affecting several systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and urinary. Effects of prolonged bedrest on the composition and functional properties of HDL remain elusive. We evaluated metrics of HDL composition and function in healthy male volunteers participating in a randomized, crossover head-down bedrest study. We observed that HDL cholesterol efflux capacity was profoundly decreased during bedrest, mediated by a bedrest associated reduction in plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol and major apolipoproteins (apo) apoA-I and apoA-II. Paraoxonase activity, plasma anti-oxidative capacity and the activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and cholesteryl ester transfer protein were not affected. No change was observed in the content of HDL-associated serum amyloid A, a sensitive marker of inflammation. Resistive vibration exercise countermeasure during bedrest did not correct impaired cholesterol efflux capacity and only tended to increase arylesterase activity of HDL-associated paraoxonase. In conclusion, prolonged bedrest reduces plasma HDL levels linked to markedly suppressed HDL cholesterol efflux capacity. Resistive vibration exercise during bedrest did not correct HDL levels and impaired cholesterol efflux capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Trakaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Trieb
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/D-5, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/D-5, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010, Graz, Austria. .,BioTechMed Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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4
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Biolo G, Di Girolamo FG, McDonnell A, Fiotti N, Mearelli F, Situlin R, Gonelli A, Dapas B, Giordano M, Lainscak M, Grassi G, Zauli G, Secchiero P, Mekjavic I. Effects of Hypoxia and Bed Rest on Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk: Compensatory Changes in Circulating TRAIL and Glutathione Redox Capacity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1000. [PMID: 30104982 PMCID: PMC6077233 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic diseases, hypoxia and physical inactivity are associated with atherosclerosis progression. In contrast, a lower mortality from coronary artery disease and stroke is observed in healthy humans residing at high altitude in hypoxic environments. Eleven young, male volunteers completed the following 10-day campaigns in a randomized order: hypoxic ambulatory, hypoxic bed rest and normoxic bed rest. Before intervention, subjects were evaluated in normoxic ambulatory condition. Normobaric hypoxia was achieved in a hypoxic facility simulating 4000 m of altitude. Following hypoxia, either in bed rest or ambulatory condition, markers of cardiometabolic risk shifted toward a more atherogenic pattern consisting of: (a) lower levels of total HDL cholesterol and HDL2 sub-fraction and decreased hepatic lipase; (b) activation of systemic inflammation, as determined by C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A; (c) increased plasma homocysteine; (d) decreased delta-5 desaturase index in cell membrane fatty acids, a marker of insulin sensitivity. Bed rest and hypoxia additively decreased total HDL and delta-5 desaturase index. In parallel to the pro-atherogenic effects, hypoxia activated selected anti-atherogenic pathways, consisting of increased circulating TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a protective factor against atherosclerosis, membrane omega-3 index and erythrocyte glutathione availability. Hypoxia mediated changes in TRAIL concentrations and redox glutathione capacity (i.e., GSH/GSSG ratio) were greater in ambulatory conditions (+34 ± 6% and +87 ± 31%, respectively) than in bed rest (+17 ± 7% and +2 ± 27% respectively). Hypoxia-induced cardiometabolic risk is blunted by moderate level of physical activity as compared to bed rest. TRAIL and glutathione redox capacity may contribute to the positive interaction between physical activity and hypoxia. Highlights: – Hypoxia and bed rest activate metabolic and inflammatory markers of atherogenesis. – Hypoxia and physical activity activate selected anti-atherogenic pathways. – Hypoxia and physical activity positive interaction involves TRAIL and glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo G Di Girolamo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Adam McDonnell
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicola Fiotti
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Mearelli
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberta Situlin
- Clinica Medica, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Giordano
- Ospedale Clinicizzato di Marcianise, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Marcianise, Italy
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Murska Sobota and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Igor Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Burzynska AZ, Jiao Y, Knecht AM, Fanning J, Awick EA, Chen T, Gothe N, Voss MW, McAuley E, Kramer AF. White Matter Integrity Declined Over 6-Months, but Dance Intervention Improved Integrity of the Fornix of Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:59. [PMID: 28360853 PMCID: PMC5352690 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of cerebral white matter (WM), or structural disconnection, is one of the major neural mechanisms driving age-related decline in cognitive functions, such as processing speed. Past cross-sectional studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of greater cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, cognitive training, social engagement, and nutrition on cognitive functioning and brain health in aging. Here, we collected diffusion magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging data from 174 older (age 60–79) adults to study the effects of 6-months lifestyle interventions on WM integrity. Healthy but low-active participants were randomized into Dance, Walking, Walking + Nutrition, and Active Control (stretching and toning) intervention groups (NCT01472744 on ClinicalTrials.gov). Only in the fornix there was a time × intervention group interaction of change in WM integrity: integrity declined over 6 months in all groups but increased in the Dance group. Integrity in the fornix at baseline was associated with better processing speed, however, change in fornix integrity did not correlate with change in processing speed. Next, we observed a decline in WM integrity across the majority of brain regions in all participants, regardless of the intervention group. This suggests that the aging of the brain is detectable on the scale of 6-months, which highlights the urgency of finding effective interventions to slow down this process. Magnitude of WM decline increased with age and decline in prefrontal WM was of lesser magnitude in older adults spending less time sedentary and more engaging in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. In addition, our findings support the anterior-to-posterior gradient of greater-to-lesser decline, but only in the in the corpus callosum. Together, our findings suggest that combining physical, cognitive, and social engagement (dance) may help maintain or improve WM health and more physically active lifestyle is associated with slower WM decline. This study emphasizes the importance of a physically active and socially engaging lifestyle among aging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Z Burzynska
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO, USA; The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuqin Jiao
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anya M Knecht
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jason Fanning
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Awick
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tammy Chen
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Neha Gothe
- Division of Kinesiology, Health and Sport Studies, Wayne State University Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michelle W Voss
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa Iowa City, IO, USA
| | - Edward McAuley
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Senior Vice Provost for Research and Graduate Education, Northeastern UniversityBoston, MA, USA
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6
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Dempsey PC, Owen N, Yates TE, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW. Sitting Less and Moving More: Improved Glycaemic Control for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Management. Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16:114. [PMID: 27699700 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-016-0797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that excessive time spent in sedentary behaviours (too much sitting) is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we highlight findings of experimental studies corroborating and extending the epidemiological evidence and showing the potential benefits for T2D of reducing and breaking up sitting time across the whole day. We also discuss future research opportunities and consider emerging implications for T2D prevention and management. This new evidence is stimulating an expansion of diabetes-related physical activity guidelines-suggesting that in addition to moderate-vigorous physical activity, reducing and regularly interrupting prolonged sitting time is likely to have important and varied benefits across the spectrum of diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy C Dempsey
- Physical Activity, Behavioural Epidemiology, and Metabolic & Vascular Physiology Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Neville Owen
- Physical Activity, Behavioural Epidemiology, and Metabolic & Vascular Physiology Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas E Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - Bronwyn A Kingwell
- Physical Activity, Behavioural Epidemiology, and Metabolic & Vascular Physiology Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Physical Activity, Behavioural Epidemiology, and Metabolic & Vascular Physiology Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Simpson EJ, Debevec T, Eiken O, Mekjavic I, Macdonald IA. PlanHab: the combined and separate effects of 16 days of bed rest and normobaric hypoxic confinement on circulating lipids and indices of insulin sensitivity in healthy men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:947-55. [PMID: 26769956 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00897.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PlanHab is a planetary habitat simulation study. The atmosphere within future space habitats is anticipated to have reduced Po2, but information is scarce as to how physiological systems may respond to combined exposure to moderate hypoxia and reduced gravity. This study investigated, using a randomized-crossover design, how insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and circulating lipids were affected by 16 days of horizontal bed rest in normobaric normoxia [NBR: FiO2 = 0.209; PiO2 = 133.1 (0.3) mmHg], horizontal bed rest in normobaric hypoxia [HBR: FiO2 = 0.141 (0.004); PiO2 = 90.0 (0.4) mmHg], and confinement in normobaric hypoxia combined with daily moderate intensity exercise (HAMB). A mixed-meal tolerance test, with arterialized-venous blood sampling, was performed in 11 healthy, nonobese men (25-45 yr) before (V1) and on the morning ofday 17of each intervention (V2). Postprandial glucose and c-peptide response were increased at V2 of both bed rest interventions (P< 0.05 in each case), with c-peptide:insulin ratio higher at V2 in HAMB and HBR, both in the fed and fasted state (P< 0.005 in each case). Fasting total cholesterol was reduced at V2 in HAMB [-0.47 (0.36) mmol/l;P< 0.005] and HBR [-0.55 (0.41) mmol/l;P< 0.005]. Fasting HDL was lower at V2 in all interventions, with the reduction observed in HBR [-0.30 (0.21) mmol/l] greater than that measured in HAMB [-0.13 (0.14) mmol/l;P< 0.005] and NBR [-0.17 (0.15) mmol/l;P< 0.05]. Hypoxia did not alter the adverse effects of bed rest on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance but appeared to increase insulin clearance. The negative effect of bed rest on HDL was compounded in hypoxia, which may have implications for long-term health of those living in future space habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Simpson
- MRC/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ola Eiken
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- MRC/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Dickie K, Micklesfield LK, Chantler S, Lambert EV, Goedecke JH. Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Light-Intensity Physical Activity Are Independently Associated with Reduced Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Urban Black South African Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2015; 14:23-32. [PMID: 26565756 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of physical activity, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and a sedentary lifestyle have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Few studies have examined their independent associations in an urban black sub-Saharan African population. OBJECTIVES To examine the independent associations of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and sedentary time on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors for CVD and T2D in black South African women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A subsample (n = 76; 18-45 years) was recruited, as part of a cross-sectional study. Accelerometry, cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and blood pressure were measured. RESULTS Light- but not moderate- to vigorous intensity physical activity was inversely associated with trunk fat mass (r = -0.25, P = 0.03). Sedentary time was associated with triglyceride (TG) (r = 0.36, P = 0.01) and TG/HDL-C (r = 0.34, P = 0.04), and these relationships were independent of body fat. Cardiorespiratory fitness was inversely associated with body fat % (r = -0.34, P = 0.02), central fat mass (r = -0.31, P = 0.03), visceral adipose tissue (VAT, r = -0.47, P < 0.01), and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; r = -0.41, P = 0.01). The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and HOMA-IR was independent of body fat and physical activity, but not VAT. Cardiorespiratory fitness was inversely associated with sedentary time (r = -0.31, P = 0.03), but not with any of the physical activity variables (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Both physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with reduced total and central fat mass, VAT, and reduced cardiometabolic risk for CVD and T2D. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm whether the promotion of increasing light physical activity, while reducing sedentary time and increasing cardiorespiratory fitness, reduces the risk for obesity, CVD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasha Dickie
- 1 Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- 1 Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa .,2 MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sarah Chantler
- 1 Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- 1 Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- 1 Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa .,3 Non-Communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council , Tygerberg, South Africa
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9
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Burzynska AZ, Chaddock-Heyman L, Voss MW, Wong CN, Gothe NP, Olson EA, Knecht A, Lewis A, Monti JM, Cooke GE, Wojcicki TR, Fanning J, Chung HD, Awick E, McAuley E, Kramer AF. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are beneficial for white matter in low-fit older adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107413. [PMID: 25229455 PMCID: PMC4167864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with better cognitive function in late life, but the neural correlates for these relationships are unclear. To study these correlates, we examined the association of both PA and CRF with measures of white matter (WM) integrity in 88 healthy low-fit adults (age 60–78). Using accelerometry, we objectively measured sedentary behavior, light PA, and moderate to vigorous PA (MV-PA) over a week. We showed that greater MV-PA was related to lower volume of WM lesions. The association between PA and WM microstructural integrity (measured with diffusion tensor imaging) was region-specific: light PA was related to temporal WM, while sedentary behavior was associated with lower integrity in the parahippocampal WM. Our findings highlight that engaging in PA of various intensity in parallel with avoiding sedentariness are important in maintaining WM health in older age, supporting public health recommendations that emphasize the importance of active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zofia Burzynska
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Chaddock-Heyman
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michelle W. Voss
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chelsea N. Wong
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Neha P. Gothe
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erin A. Olson
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anya Knecht
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew Lewis
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jim M. Monti
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gillian E. Cooke
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Wojcicki
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jason Fanning
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hyondo David Chung
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Awick
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Edward McAuley
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Kulinski JP, Khera A, Ayers CR, Das SR, de Lemos JA, Blair SN, Berry JD. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and accelerometer-derived physical activity and sedentary time in the general population. Mayo Clin Proc 2014; 89:1063-71. [PMID: 25012770 PMCID: PMC5152946 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and sedentary behavior, independent of exercise activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 2223 participants (aged 12-49 years; 1053 females [47%]) without known heart disease who had both cardiovascular fitness testing and at least 1 day of accelerometer data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. From accelerometer data, we quantified bouts of exercise as mean minutes per day for each participant. Sedentary time was defined as less than 100 counts per minute in mean minutes per day. Cardiorespiratory fitness was derived from a submaximal exercise treadmill test. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses were performed with fitness as the dependent variable. Models were stratified by sex, adjusted for age, body mass index, and wear time, and included sedentary and exercise time. RESULTS An additional hour of daily exercise activity time was associated with a 0.88 (0.37-1.39; P<.001) metabolic equivalent of task (MET) higher fitness for men and a 1.37 (0.43-2.31; P=.004) MET higher fitness for women. An additional hour of sedentary time was associated with a -0.12 (-0.02 to -0.22; P=.03) and a -0.24 (-0.10 to -0.38; P<.001) MET difference in fitness for men and women, respectively. CONCLUSION After adjustment for exercise activity, sedentary behavior appears to have an inverse association with fitness. These findings suggest that the risk related to sedentary behavior might be mediated, in part, through lower fitness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn P Kulinski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Amit Khera
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Colby R Ayers
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Sandeep R Das
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - James A de Lemos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Steven N Blair
- Department of Exercise Science and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Jarett D Berry
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
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Holtermann A, Mork PJ, Nilsen TIL. Hours lying down per day and mortality from all-causes and cardiovascular disease: the HUNT Study, Norway. Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 29:559-65. [PMID: 25027589 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-014-9939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Time spent sitting has been positively associated with mortality in several studies, whereas time lying down per day has not been extensively studied. The authors prospectively examined the association between hours lying down per day and risk of death from all-causes and from cardiovascular disease among 39,175 persons aged 20-79 years in the population-based HUNT Study in Norway. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from Cox regression, using people lying down for 7 h per day as reference. During a median follow-up of 12.3 years a total of 2,659 persons died (851 from cardiovascular disease). People lying 11-18 h per day had a HR of 1.60 (95 % CI 1.29, 1.98) for death from all causes and a HR of 1.91 (95 % CI 1.35, 2.71) for cardiovascular death. Analyses stratified by leisure time physical activity showed a positive association with cardiovascular mortality also among physically active people, with HRs of 1.38 (95 % CI 0.97, 1.96) and 1.84 (95 % CI 1.07, 3.16) among people lying down 10 and 11-18 h per day, respectively. In this large prospective study, excessive hours lying down per day were associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, even among physically active persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Holtermann
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lerso Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Brooks NE, Cadena SM, Cloutier G, Vega-López S, Roubenoff R, Castaneda-Sceppa C. Influence of exercise on the metabolic profile caused by 28 days of bed rest with energy deficit and amino acid supplementation in healthy men. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:1248-57. [PMID: 25317071 PMCID: PMC4196126 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.9694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle loss and metabolic changes occur with disuse [i.e. bed rest (BR)]. We hypothesized that BR would lead to a metabolically unhealthy profile defined by: increased circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, decreased circulating insulin-like-growth-factor (IGF)-1, decreased HDL-cholesterol, and decreased muscle density (MD; measured by mid-thigh computerized tomography). METHODS We investigated the metabolic profile after 28 days of BR with 8 ± 6% energy deficit in male individuals (30-55 years) randomized to resistance exercise with amino acid supplementation (RT, n=24) or amino acid supplementation alone (EAA, n=7). Upper and lower body exercises were performed in the horizontal position. Blood samples were taken at baseline, after 28 days of BR and 14 days of recovery. RESULTS We found a shift toward a metabolically unfavourable profile after BR [compared to baseline (BLN)] in both groups as shown by decreased HDL-cholesterol levels (EAA: BLN: 39 ± 4 vs. BR: 32 ± 2 mg/dL, RT: BLN: 39 ± 1 vs. BR: 32 ± 1 mg/dL; p<0.001) and Low MD (EAA: BLN: 27 ± 4 vs. BR: 22 ± 3 cm(2), RT: BLN: 28 ± 2 vs. BR: 23 ± 2 cm(2); p<0.001). A healthier metabolic profile was maintained with exercise, including NormalMD (EAA: BLN: 124 ± 6 vs. BR: 110 ± 5 cm(2), RT: BLN: 132 ± 3 vs. BR: 131 ± 4 cm(2); p<0.001, time-by-group); although, exercise did not completely alleviate the unfavourable metabolic changes seen with BR. Interestingly, both groups had increased plasma IGF-1 levels (EAA: BLN:168 ± 22 vs. BR 213 ± 20 ng/mL, RT: BLN:180 ± 10 vs. BR: 219 ± 13 ng/mL; p<0.001) and neither group showed TNFα changes (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that RT can be incorporated to potentially offset the metabolic complications of BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Brooks
- 1. Health & Exercise Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland UK
| | - Samuel M Cadena
- 2. Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - Gregory Cloutier
- 3. Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston MA
| | - Sonia Vega-López
- 4. School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Ronenn Roubenoff
- 5. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - Carmen Castaneda-Sceppa
- 3. Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston MA ; 5. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston MA
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13
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Kim Y, Wilkens LR, Park SY, Goodman MT, Monroe KR, Kolonel LN. Association between various sedentary behaviours and all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 42:1040-56. [PMID: 24062293 PMCID: PMC3781003 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that time spent sitting increases all-cause mortality, but evidence to support this hypothesis, especially the relative effects of various sitting activities alone or in combination, is very limited. METHODS The association between various sedentary behaviours (time spent: sitting watching television (TV); in other leisure activities; in a car/bus; at work; and at meals) and mortality (all-cause and cause-specific) was examined in the Multiethnic Cohort Study, which included 61 395 men and 73 201 women aged 45-75 years among five racial/ethnic groups (African American, Latino, Japanese American, Native Hawaiian and White) from Hawaii and Los Angeles, USA. RESULTS Median follow-up was 13.7 years and 19 143 deaths were recorded. Total daily sitting was not associated with mortality in men, whereas in women the longest sitting duration (≥ 10 h/day vs <5 h/day) was associated with increased all-cause (11%) and cardiovascular (19%) mortality. Multivariate hazard ratios (HR) for ≥ 5 h/day vs <1 h/day of sitting watching TV were 1.19 in men (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.29) and 1.32 in women (95% CI 1.21-1.44) for all-cause mortality. This association was consistent across four racial/ethnic groups, but was not seen in Japanese Americans. Sitting watching TV was associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality, but not for cancer mortality. Time spent sitting in a car/bus and at work was not related to mortality. CONCLUSIONS Leisure time spent sitting, particularly watching television, may increase overall and cardiovascular mortality. Sitting at work or during transportation was not related to mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Kim
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Present affiliation: Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Present affiliation: Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Song-Yi Park
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Present affiliation: Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc T Goodman
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Present affiliation: Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristine R Monroe
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Present affiliation: Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurence N Kolonel
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Present affiliation: Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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14
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Physical activity, by enhancing parasympathetic tone and activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, is a therapeutic strategy to restrain chronic inflammation and prevent many chronic diseases. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:548-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Peeters GMEEG, Burton NW, Brown WJ. Associations between sitting time and a range of symptoms in mid-age women. Prev Med 2013; 56:135-41. [PMID: 23262361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore longitudinal associations between sitting and physical and psychological symptoms in mid-age women. METHOD Mid-age (53-58 years) participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health completed mail surveys in 2004 (n=10,286), 2007 (n=10,128) and 2010 (n=9452) with questions about sitting time (<6, 6-9, and ≥ 9 h/day) and frequency of 19 symptoms in the preceding 12 months (often vs. never/rarely/sometimes). Associations between sitting and symptoms were examined using two logistic generalized estimating equations models: (a) sequential cross-sectional data from 3 surveys, and (b) prospective model with a 3-year time lag (significance level=0.01). RESULTS Approximately 53%, 30% and 17% of the women were classified as sitting <6, 6-9 and ≥ 9 h/day in 2004. In adjusted cross-sectional models, women sitting ≥ 9 h/day had significantly higher odds of breathing difficulties (OR=1.52, 99% CI=1.17-2.00), tiredness (OR=1.21, CI=1.05-1.40), bowel problems (OR=1.26, CI=1.02-1.56), eyesight problems (OR=1.16, CI=1.01-1.34), and depression (OR=1.39, CI=1.15-1.68) than women sitting <6h/day. Adjusted prospective models showed higher odds of breathing difficulties (OR=1.94, CI=1.40-2.69), chest pain (OR=2.04, CI=1.14-3.70), and tiredness (OR=1.24, CI=1.04-1.48). Associations with breathing difficulties and chest pain remained significant after excluding participants with chronic conditions in 2004. CONCLUSION Prolonged sitting may a determinant of breathing difficulties and chest pain three years later in mid-age women.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M E E Geeske Peeters
- The University of Queensland, School of Human Movement Studies, St Lucia Queensland 4072, Australia.
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16
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Morgan JLL, Zwart SR, Heer M, Ploutz-Snyder R, Ericson K, Smith SM. Bone metabolism and nutritional status during 30-day head-down-tilt bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012. [DOI: 10.115210.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed rest studies provide an important tool for modeling physiological changes that occur during spaceflight. Markers of bone metabolism and nutritional status were evaluated in 12 subjects (8 men, 4 women; ages 25–49 yr) who participated in a 30-day −6° head-down-tilt diet-controlled bed rest study. Blood and urine samples were collected twice before, once a week during, and twice after bed rest. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects linear regression with a priori contrasts comparing all days to the second week of the pre-bed rest acclimation period. During bed rest, all urinary markers of bone resorption increased ∼20% ( P < 0.001), and serum parathyroid hormone decreased ∼25% ( P < 0.001). Unlike longer (>60 days) bed rest studies, neither markers of oxidative damage nor iron status indexes changed over the 30 days of bed rest. Urinary oxalate excretion decreased ∼20% during bed rest ( P < 0.001) and correlated inversely with urinary calcium ( R = −0.18, P < 0.02). These data provide a broad overview of the biochemistry associated with short-duration bed rest studies and provide an impetus for using shorter studies to save time and costs wherever possible. For some effects related to bone biochemistry, short-duration bed rest will fulfill the scientific requirements to simulate spaceflight, but other effects (antioxidants/oxidative damage, iron status) do not manifest until subjects are in bed longer, in which case longer studies or other analogs may be needed. Regardless, maximizing research funding and opportunities will be critical to enable the next steps in space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. L. Morgan
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities/NASA Post-Doctoral Fellow, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sara R. Zwart
- Universities Space Research Association and NASA, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martina Heer
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Profil Institute for Metabolic Research, Neuss, Germany
| | - Robert Ploutz-Snyder
- Universities Space Research Association and NASA, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Ericson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana; and
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17
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Morgan JLL, Zwart SR, Heer M, Ploutz-Snyder R, Ericson K, Smith SM. Bone metabolism and nutritional status during 30-day head-down-tilt bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1519-29. [PMID: 22995395 PMCID: PMC3524659 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed rest studies provide an important tool for modeling physiological changes that occur during spaceflight. Markers of bone metabolism and nutritional status were evaluated in 12 subjects (8 men, 4 women; ages 25-49 yr) who participated in a 30-day -6° head-down-tilt diet-controlled bed rest study. Blood and urine samples were collected twice before, once a week during, and twice after bed rest. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects linear regression with a priori contrasts comparing all days to the second week of the pre-bed rest acclimation period. During bed rest, all urinary markers of bone resorption increased ~20% (P < 0.001), and serum parathyroid hormone decreased ~25% (P < 0.001). Unlike longer (>60 days) bed rest studies, neither markers of oxidative damage nor iron status indexes changed over the 30 days of bed rest. Urinary oxalate excretion decreased ~20% during bed rest (P < 0.001) and correlated inversely with urinary calcium (R = -0.18, P < 0.02). These data provide a broad overview of the biochemistry associated with short-duration bed rest studies and provide an impetus for using shorter studies to save time and costs wherever possible. For some effects related to bone biochemistry, short-duration bed rest will fulfill the scientific requirements to simulate spaceflight, but other effects (antioxidants/oxidative damage, iron status) do not manifest until subjects are in bed longer, in which case longer studies or other analogs may be needed. Regardless, maximizing research funding and opportunities will be critical to enable the next steps in space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L L Morgan
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Balci B. The modification of serum lipids after acute coronary syndrome and importance in clinical practice. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 7:272-6. [PMID: 22758629 PMCID: PMC3322446 DOI: 10.2174/157340311799960690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a pathology characterized by low-grade vascular inflammation rather than a mere accumulation of lipids. Inflammation is central at all stages of atherosclerosis. Acute coronary syndrome significantly affects the concentration and composition of the lipids and lipoproteins in plasma. Plasma triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein levels increase, while high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels decrease. Early treatment of hyperlipidemia provides potential benefits. However, post-event changes in lipid and lipoproteins lead to delays in the choice of the treatment. This review focuses on the mechanism and the clinical importance of the relevant changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahattin Balci
- The University of Kafkas, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, 36100, KARS, Turkey.
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Tremblay MS, Colley RC, Saunders TJ, Healy GN, Owen N. Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 35:725-40. [PMID: 21164543 DOI: 10.1139/h10-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 763] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary behaviour is associated with deleterious health outcomes, which differ from those that can be attributed to a lack of moderate to vigorous physical activity. This has led to the field of "sedentary physiology", which may be considered as separate and distinct from exercise physiology. This paper gives an overview of this emerging area of research and highlights the ways that it differs from traditional exercise physiology. Definitions of key terms associated with the field of sedentary physiology and a review of the self-report and objective methods for assessing sedentary behaviour are provided. Proposed mechanisms of sedentary physiology are examined, and how they differ from those linking physical activity and health are highlighted. Evidence relating to associations of sedentary behaviours with major health outcomes and the population prevalence and correlates of sedentary behaviours are reviewed. Recommendations for future research are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stephen Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada.
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Mazzucco S, Agostini F, Mangogna A, Cattin L, Biolo G. Prolonged inactivity up-regulates cholesteryl ester transfer protein independently of body fat changes in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:2508-12. [PMID: 20228163 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Physical inactivity is associated with insulin resistance and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is involved in cholesterol metabolism, being responsible for the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to very low- and low-density lipoproteins. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that physical inactivity could decrease HDL cholesterol through changes in CETP availability. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty-four healthy, male volunteers (aged 23.1 +/- 0.5 yr) were investigated in eucaloric conditions before and at the end of 35 d of experimental bed rest. MEASURES Changes in body composition were monitored by bioimpedance throughout the study. Before and at the end of the experimental period, plasma insulin and glucose and plasma lipid pattern as well as CETP concentrations were determined. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that during bed rest, fat mass did not change significantly, whereas fat-free mass decreased by 3.9 +/- 0.4% (P < 0.01). The homeostatic model assessment index of insulin resistance significantly (P < 0.001) increased by 47 +/- 11% after bed rest. Bed rest decreased HDL cholesterol by 12 +/- 3% (P < 0.05), increased triglycerides by 51 +/- 10% (P < 0.05), whereas it did not change significantly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Plasma CETP concentration increased after bed rest by 27 +/- 9% (P < 0.01). Bed rest-induced changes in CETP concentrations inversely correlated with changes in the ratio between HDL and non-HDL cholesterol (n = 24; R = -0.43; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Physical inactivity decreases HDL cholesterol, at least in part, through CETP up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mazzucco
- Department of Medical, Technological, and Translational Science, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, 34139 Trieste, Italy
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21
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Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 2007; 56:2655-67. [PMID: 17827399 DOI: 10.2337/db07-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 987] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is not uncommon for people to spend one-half of their waking day sitting, with relatively idle muscles. The other half of the day includes the often large volume of nonexercise physical activity. Given the increasing pace of technological change in domestic, community, and workplace environments, modern humans may still not have reached the historical pinnacle of physical inactivity, even in cohorts where people already do not perform exercise. Our purpose here is to examine the role of sedentary behaviors, especially sitting, on mortality, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome risk factors, and obesity. Recent observational epidemiological studies strongly suggest that daily sitting time or low nonexercise activity levels may have a significant direct relationship with each of these medical concerns. There is now a need for studies to differentiate between the potentially unique molecular, physiologic, and clinical effects of too much sitting (inactivity physiology) separate from the responses caused by structured exercise (exercise physiology). In theory, this may be in part because nonexercise activity thermogenesis is generally a much greater component of total energy expenditure than exercise or because any type of brief, yet frequent, muscular contraction throughout the day may be necessary to short-circuit unhealthy molecular signals causing metabolic diseases. One of the first series of controlled laboratory studies providing translational evidence for a molecular reason to maintain high levels of daily low-intensity and intermittent activity came from examinations of the cellular regulation of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (a protein important for controlling plasma triglyceride catabolism, HDL cholesterol, and other metabolic risk factors). Experimentally reducing normal spontaneous standing and ambulatory time had a much greater effect on LPL regulation than adding vigorous exercise training on top of the normal level of nonexercise activity. Those studies also found that inactivity initiated unique cellular processes that were qualitatively different from the exercise responses. In summary, there is an emergence of inactivity physiology studies. These are beginning to raise a new concern with potentially major clinical and public health significance: the average nonexercising person may become even more metabolically unfit in the coming years if they sit too much, thereby limiting the normally high volume of intermittent nonexercise physical activity in everyday life. Thus, if the inactivity physiology paradigm is proven to be true, the dire concern for the future may rest with growing numbers of people unaware of the potential insidious dangers of sitting too much and who are not taking advantage of the benefits of maintaining nonexercise activity throughout much of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Hamilton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. Exercise physiology versus inactivity physiology: an essential concept for understanding lipoprotein lipase regulation. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2005; 32:161-6. [PMID: 15604935 PMCID: PMC4312662 DOI: 10.1097/00003677-200410000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Some health-related proteins such as lipoprotein lipase may be regulated by qualitatively different processes over the physical activity continuum, sometimes with very high sensitivity to inactivity. The most powerful process known to regulate lipoprotein lipase protein and activity in muscle capillaries may be initiated by inhibitory signals during physical inactivity, independent of changes in lipoprotein lipase messenger RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Hamilton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Bey L, Hamilton MT. Suppression of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity during physical inactivity: a molecular reason to maintain daily low-intensity activity. J Physiol 2003; 551:673-82. [PMID: 12815182 PMCID: PMC2343229 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in skeletal muscle during physical inactivity in comparison to low-intensity contractile activity of ambulatory controls. From studies acutely preventing ambulatory activity of one or both the hindlimbs in rats, it was shown that approximately 90-95 % of the heparin-releasable (HR) LPL activity normally present in rat muscle with ambulatory activity is lost, and thus dependent on local contractile activity. Similarly, approximately 95 % of the differences in LPL activity between muscles of different fibre types was dependent on ambulatory activity. The robustness of the finding that physical inactivity significantly decreases muscle LPL activity was evident from confirmatory studies with different models of inactivity, in many rats and mice, both sexes, three muscle types and during both acute and chronic (11 days) treatment. Inactivity caused a local reduction of plasma [3H]triglyceride uptake into muscle and a decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. LPL mRNA was not differentially expressed between ambulatory controls and either the acutely or chronically inactive groups. Instead, the process involved a rapid loss of the HR-LPL protein mass (the portion of LPL largely associated with the vascular endothelium) by an actinomycin D-sensitive signalling mechanism (i.e. transcriptionally dependent process). Significant decreases of intracellular LPL protein content lagged behind the loss of HR-LPL protein. Treadmill walking raised LPL activity approximately 8-fold (P < 0.01) within 4 h after inactivity. The striking sensitivity of muscle LPL to inactivity and low-intensity contractile activity may provide one piece of the puzzle for why inactivity is a risk factor for metabolic diseases and why even non-vigorous activity provides marked protection against disorders involving poor lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Bey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA
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Henkin Y, Crystal E, Goldberg Y, Friger M, Lorber J, Zuili I, Shany S. Usefulness of lipoprotein changes during acute coronary syndromes for predicting postdischarge lipoprotein levels. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89:7-11. [PMID: 11779514 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the lipoprotein changes that occur during acute coronary events, and to determine the lipoprotein threshold levels that identify patients who require future statin therapy. Lipoprotein levels were measured at admission, at 6 hours, the morning after admission, before discharge, and 3 months after discharge in patients with myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Patients with myocardial infarction on thrombolytic therapy (n = 63) and patients with unstable angina (n = 33) had a decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels < or = 24 hours after admission (-12 +/- 20% and -6 +/- 23%, respectively), but these levels returned to baseline before discharge. In patients with myocardial infarction who did not receive thrombolytic therapy (n = 37), the decrease was more gradual and peaked before hospital discharge (-7 +/- 19%). There was good correlation between LDL cholesterol levels at admission and after discharge, especially in normotriglyceridemic patients. Over 90% of patients with LDL cholesterol > or = 125 mg/dl on the morning after admission were candidates for statin therapy after discharge. Thus, the need for future statin therapy can be predicted with fair reliability during the initial 24 hours after admission. However, elevated baseline triglyceride levels significantly affect these LDL cholesterol changes and complicate prediction of long-term lipoprotein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaakov Henkin
- Department of Cardiology, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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